8例ARVC患者心电图表现及分析

目的 探讨心电图对致心律失常性右室心肌病（ARVC）的早期诊断价值.方法 选择8例于我院经心电图初诊为ARVC,其后根据2009年欧洲心律失常学会新修订诊断标准确诊的患者,对其心电图表现进行回顾性分析.结果 8例在无右心衰竭情况下,心电图均以起源于右心室的室性心律失常为主要表现,并有右胸导联T波倒置、Epsilon波、QRS时程≥120 ms等特征性表现.结论 心电图对ARVC早期筛查具有重要价值,且具有方便、快捷的优点.     

心电图评价致心律失常性右心室心肌病病变程度的临床价值

目的 分析致心律失常性右心室心肌病(ARVC)患者的病变程度与心电图表现之间的关系.方法 分析61例已确诊的ARVC患者,根据心脏核磁共振成像(MRI)检查结果,将其按病变侵犯部位分为右心室局部病变组、右心室弥漫病变组、双心室病变组,分析比较三组的心电图特征.结果 心脏MRI结果显示右心室局部病变组19例(31%),右心室弥漫病变组28例(46%),双心室病变组14例(23%).心电图正常者3例,三组中各1例.伴有Epsilon波的患者24例(39%)、V1～V3导联的QRS波时限≥110 ms的患者21例(34%)、V1～V3导联S波升支≥55 ms的患者17例(28%)、完全右束支传导阻滞的患者10例(16%)、病理性Q波的患者9例(15%),这些指标的发生率均随病变程度的加重而增高(右心室局部病变组＜右心室弥漫病变组＜双心室病变组).Epsilon波、V1～V3导联的QRS波时限≥110 ms、完全性右束支传导阻滞(RBBB)、病理性Q波的发生率在双心室病变组中要高于右心室局部病变组,且两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).V1～V3导联S波升支≥55 ms的发生率在双心室病变组中要高于右心室局部病变组,且两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在双心室病变组要高于右心室弥漫病变组,且两组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).一度房室传导阻滞的发生率在双心室病变组中要高于右心室弥漫病变组,且两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).右心室局部病变组患者心电图T波倒置多局限于V1导联,右心室弥漫病变组和双心室病变组T波倒置多数表现于胸前导联V1～V3或超过V3导联的胸前导联、以及下壁导联.结论 心电图正常并不能排除ARVC.ARVC患者T波倒置在12导联心电图上具有很高的发生率,并且T波倒置在胸部导联的延伸与病变程度是相关的,T波倒置的范围可以提示ARVC病变累及的程度.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the relationship between electrocardiographic (ECG) features and disease severity in patients with the arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Method The study group consisted of 61 subjects with a definite diagnosis of ARVC on the basis of published guideline criteria and patients were divided into 3 subgroups according to the extent of diseased myocardium defined by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Group A: local involvement (n = 19, 31% ), Group B: diffuse involvement of whole right ventricle ( n = 28, 46% ) and Group C: involvement of both right and left ventricles ( n = 14, 23% ). Results Normal electrocardiogram was shown in 1 patient in each group.Epsilon wave was detected in 24 (39%) patients, QRS duration was prolonged [≥ 110 ms( V1 -V3 )] in 21 (34%) patients, S-wave upstroke was prolonged (≥55 ms) in 17 (28%) patients, complete right branch bundle block was evidenced in 10 ( 16% ) patients and pathologic Q waves was found in 9 ( 15% ) patients. The incidence of above abnormal ECG changes was increased in proportion to the degree of disease severity (group A ＜ group B ＜ group C). Incidence of Epsilon wave and prolonged QRS duration [≥ 110 ms (V1 - V3 )] were significantly higher in Group C than in Group A. Incidence of prolonged S-wave upstroke ( ≥55 ms) was significantly higher in Group C than in Group A and Group B. T-wave inversion in V1 leads was often found in Group A. T-wave inversion in inferior leads ( V1 - V3 leads or beyond V3 ) was often presented in Group B and Group C. Conclusions Normal ECG does not exclude the possibility of diagnosis of ARVC. The extent of T-wave inversion in the precordial leads and incidence of Epsilon wave, prolonged QRS duration [≥ 110 ms (Vt -V3 )] and prolonged S-wave upstroke ( ≥55 ms) were related to degree of disease severity in patients with ARVC.     

致心律失常性右室心肌病的心电图特征和临床观察

目的观察致心律失常性右室心肌病(ARVC)的心电图特征及临床特点。方法选取我院2012年5月~2015年2月收治的致心律失常右室心肌病患者50例。全部患者窦性心律下常规同步12导联心电图扫描,放大全部图像结果,测量心电图参数,将精确度升高到1 ms。结果出现Epsilon波4例(28.0%),V1~V3导联QRS平均时限为(121±20)ms,其中41例(82%)患者110 ms;V4~V6导联QRS平均时限为(104±21)ms;QRSd1/QRSd2=1.15。出现T波倒置27例,S波升支时间≥55 ms 21例,室壁阻滞22例,持续性或是非持续性心动过速29例。结论 ARVC多见于青年男性,多数ARVC患者会出现Epsilon波异常、V1~V3导联QRS时限110 ms、T波倒置、QRSd1/QRSd21.2、室壁阻滞、S波升支时间延长等,在诊断时应结合患者个人情况、家庭情况、临床症状等进行综合判定。     

碎裂QRS波在致心律失常性右心室心肌病诊断中的价值

目的评价碎裂QRS波（fQRs波）在致心律失常性右心室心肌病（ARVC）诊断中的价值。方法43例符合ARVC诊断标准的患者,男性33例,平均年龄（40．4±13．9）岁。采集临床资料,记录静息状态下标准12导联心电图,描述fQRs波的心电图特征,判断是否存在fQRs波、epsilon波和右胸前导联T波倒置（TWI）并比较其阳性率之间的差异。结果本组患者fQRs波以下壁导联（44．3％）和右胸前导联（24．2％）最为多见。QRS波中,fQRs波见于R波者多于S波者（58．4％对32．9％,Z=4．30,P〈0．01）。共31例患者判断为fQRS波阳性,2～9（4．6±1．7）个／例。fQRs波阳性率较epsilon波（73．8％VS30．2％,Z=3．67,P〈0．01）和TWI（73．8％对41．9％,Z=2．61,P〈0．01）显著增高。结论fQRs波阳性是ARVC患者常见的心电图异常,常见于下壁和右胸前导联,可作为提示诊断的无创心电指标。     

致心律失常性右室心肌病的临床研究和家系调查

目的 对7例致心律失常性右室心肌病(ARVC)及其中的3个家系中的34个成员进行调查。方法病史、临床检查、标准12导联心电图、超声心动图和心室晚电位测定。5例进行电生理检查。结果 超声心动图发现5例右室扩大伴搏动减弱，8例右室前壁局限性运动减弱或收缩期膨出，1例下壁局限性变薄和收缩期膨出。心电图显示完全性和不完全右束支阻滞样改变各5例，肢体导联低电压2例，23例右胸(V1-V4)和／或下壁(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF)导联T波倒置，25例V1导联QRS时间明显延长(P<0．01)．13例心室晚电位阳性。电生理检查，5例患者可诱发≥2种的呈左束支阻滞图形室性心动过速(室速)，2例诱发心室颤动(室颤)；右室一处或多处起搏阈值增高或不能有效起搏。1家系2例猝死。1例ARVC合并侏儒症。5例患者反复发作呈左束支阻滞图形的室性心动过速，1例伴有配对间期极短的多形性室速和反复晕厥发作，12例有呈左束支阻滞图形室性早搏。结论 本研究结果提示ARVC是一遗传性疾病．右室结构与功能异常、心电图复极异常和起源于右室室性心律失常是其最常见的表现。     

36例致心律失常性右室心肌病的心电图特征和临床观察

目的探讨致心律失常性右室心肌病(ARVC)的心电图特征和临床表现。方法回顾分析符合欧洲心脏病协会ARVC诊断标准的36例患者的心电图参数、临床表现、超声心动图、腔内电生理检查等临床资料。结果36例中男26例、女10例,年龄37±13岁;33例表现为心悸、胸闷,11例同时伴有晕厥,2例有家族性猝死史。心电图研究发现10例(28%)出现Epsilon波,29例(81%)右胸(V1～V3)导联QRS波时限≥110ms;在29例无右束支传导阻滞的患者中,右胸导联分别有16例(55%)出现T波倒置、18例(62%)出现S波升支时间≥55ms;17例(47%)QRSd1/QRSd2(V1～V3导联与V4～V6导联QRS波时间平均值之比)≥1.2;24例(67%)出现室壁阻滞;27例(75%)记录到持续性或非持续性室性心动过速。29例超声心动图表现为严重的右室受累。25例行腔内电生理检查,20例诱发出右室起源的室性心动过速,即刻射频消融成功11例。结论ARVC好发于青年男性,是引起晕厥、室性心律失常和室壁运动异常的重要原因,Epsilon波、右胸导联QRS波时限≥110ms与T波倒置、右室起源的室性心律失常为其特征性的心电图改变,QRSd1/QRSd2≥1.2、室壁阻滞、右胸导联S波升支时间≥55ms有助于该病的诊断,经导管射频消融治疗室性心动过速成功率低。     

致心律失常性右室心肌病的临床特点和心电图分析

目的探讨致心律失常性右室心肌病(arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy,ARVC)的临床特点及心电图表现。方法对本院在2015年1月至2018年1月收治的29例ARVC患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,观察患者的临床特点及其胸部X线片、心脏超声心动图、心脏MRI和心电图检查结果的特征性表现,重点分析心电图特征。结果 29例患者中,临床特点表现为室性心律失常的占34.48%,右心衰竭占17.24%,无症状型占48.28%,无症状型占比较高(P=0.01);48.28%的患者超声发现右心增大伴三尖瓣反流,48.28%的患者X线片发现右心增大,48.28%的患者心电图检查发现V_1~V_3导联表现出Epsilon波。将V_1~V_3、V_4~V_6导联QRS平均值分别记作QRS_1和QRS_2。所有患者平均QRS_1为(0.13±0.04)s,平均QRS_2为(0.12±0.02)s;QRS_1≥0.13 s的患者占37.93%,QRS_1/QRS_2≥1.2的患者占62.07%。V_1~V_3导联T波倒置者占31.03%。结论 ARVC患者临床主要表现为无症状型及心律失常型。心电图特点是出现Epsilon波与右胸导联QRS波延长。掌握心电图特点为临床提供了ARVC诊断线索,对降低误诊率有一定的价值。     

急性肺栓塞的心电图变化

目的 　 探讨心电图在诊断急性肺栓塞中的作用。　方法　回顾性分析近两年收治的 13例急性肺栓塞患者入院时、溶栓后及治疗 2～ 4周后心电图的变化。　结果　 (1)入院时心电图变化 :心动过速 8例 ,右束支阻滞 3例 ,V1 导联T波、V1 ～V2 导联T波、V1 ～V3导联T波、V1 ～V4 导联T波、V1 ～V5导联T波、V1 ～V6 导联T波倒置为 10、 6、 4、 3、 2和 1例 ,SⅠ >0 1mV、TⅢ 、QⅢ 、SⅠQⅢTⅢ 分别为 7、 7、 9和 7例 ;(2 )溶栓后心电图变化 :心动过速消失 7例 ,右束支阻滞消失 1例 ,胸前导联T波倒置加深 4例 ,SⅠ 变浅 ,QⅢ 减小或消失 ,TⅢ 倒置变浅或直立 3～ 4例 :(3)治疗 2～ 4周后心电图变化 :心动过速消失 ;胸前导联T波直立数增加 ,ST段回基线 ,QⅢ 进一步减小或消失 ,TⅢ 倒置变浅或直立。　结论　急性肺栓塞心电图变化是多变的 ,需动态观察并密切结合临床加以识别。     

家族史在致心律失常性右心室心肌病危险分层中的地位

目的 探讨家族史在致心律失常性右心室心肌病(ARVC)危险分层中的地位.方法 根据1994年ARVC诊断标准,纳入34例ARVC先证者,男性26例,女性8例,平均年龄(38±15)岁.对其家族成员行临床筛查,项目包括:(1)心电图V1～V3导联QRS≥110 ms、V1～V3导联S波升支≥55 ms、Epsilon波、T波倒置(V1～V3导联倒置)、(V1+V2+V3)/(V4+V5+V6)QRS≥1.2、V1～V3导联与V6导联QRS差值≥25 ms,QRS离散度≥40 ms,QT离散度≥65 ms;(2)动态心电图记录室性早搏≥2000个/24 h或室性心动过速(VT);(3)超声心动图记录双心房、双心室及右心室流出道、流人道内径大小.比较ARVC家族史和上述各项临床参数的关系.分类变量用Fisher检验,连续变量使用t检验.P≤0.05为差异有统计学意义.结果 34例ARVC先证者中55个家族成员接受评估,男性28例(6例诊断ARVC)、女性27例(3例诊断ARVC),平均年龄(35±16)岁.8例先证者有家庭成员受累,其中5例有左束支阻滞形室性心动过速(LBBB-VT,63%);26例先证者家庭成员无受累,其中20例有LBBB-VT(77%),P=0.649.家族史和室性心动过速的发生筹异无统计学意义.结论 家族史并不能反映ARVC的危险程度.     

巨大Epsilon波致心律失常性右室心肌病临床和心电图特点

目的总结心电图表现为巨大Epsilon波致心律失常右室心肌病(ARVC)患者的临床和心电图特点。方法分析本院于2011年1月至2014年12月收治的12导联心电图示巨大Epsilon波ARVC患者的临床和心电图特点。通过查询Medline、CNKI、VIP和万方数据库等总结该心电图特征ARVC患者的特点。结果 5例患者中男性4例。首发症状均为心悸、头昏。发作时心电图为右室起源室性心动过速。心脏超声示右室扩大;右室壁变薄,可见小凹。心电图V_1导联QRS呈"M"型;巨大Epsilon波振幅为(0.37±0.16)mV,振幅与S波比值为1.20±0.23;持续时间为(90±12.75)ms,持续时间与QRS波相比为0.60±0.06。文献报道5例患者均为男性。临床表现为心悸,晕厥发作。心电图V_1导联QRS均呈rsR′,Fontain导联、心向量和晚电位证实该R′波为Epsilon波。V_1导联Epsilon波振幅为(0.52±0.35)mV,振幅与S波比值为1.18±0.74;持续时间(96.0±11.4)ms,持续时间与QRS波相比为0.65±0.08。结论临床上巨大Epsilon波ARVC患者少见,右室激动延缓,心律失常发生率高。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.