长骨血管瘤的影像诊断

目的 分析长骨血管瘤的影像特征,旨在提高其诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的18例长骨血管瘤患者的X线平片(14例)、CT(9例)及MRI(6例).结果 18例长骨血管瘤中髓型10例、骨膜型5例、皮质内型3例.X线表现:髓型8例,其中3例表现为典型的蜂窝状,3例为溶骨性病灶周围骨质硬化明显,单纯溶骨、毛玻璃样密度各1例;骨膜型3例,表现为骨皮质增厚、硬化;皮质内型3例,表现为边界清晰的溶骨性病灶.CT表现:髓型6例,表现为溶骨膨胀型病灶5例,其中3例可见薄厚不一的硬化边,蜂窝状骨嵴影2例,骨皮质呈筛孔状1例,垂直于骨皮质的放射状骨膜增生2例;毛玻璃样密度1例.2例骨膜型表现为骨皮质均匀增厚1例,不规则骨膜增厚1例,局部髓腔狭窄消失.1例皮质内病变表现为病灶呈均匀软组织密度,局部皮质膨胀、增厚.MRI表现:2例显示髓腔内斑片状T1WI稍低信号,T2WI均呈稍高信号,边界清晰;1例T1WI及T2WI均呈等或稍低信号,病灶与正常组织分界不清;1例显示病灶突破局部骨皮质,肿物向外突出,外突肿物及相连髓腔部分T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI呈高信号;2例显示骨膜增厚,其中1例呈等信号,1例无信号;2例周围肌肉组织内可见不均匀斑片状长T2信号,T1WI与肌肉组织呈等信号.结论 长骨血管瘤的囊性蜂窝状X线表现较为特征型;CT及MRI有助于长骨血管瘤的诊断.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the imaing features of hemangioma in the long bone and improve the diagnostic level of this disease. Methods The X-ray(14 cases), CT(9 cases) and MRI(6 cases)findings of 18 patientswith histologically proven hemangioma in the long bone after surgery were retrospectively reviewed. Results Ten tumors occurred in medullary cavity or bone end(medullary type),6 on the surface of bone (periosteal type) and 3 in cortex (intracortical type). X-ray findings: among 8 cases of medullary type, 3 showed honeycomb appearance, 3 lytic areas with sclerotic borders, one purely osteolyticchanges, and 1 frosted glass; 3 cases of periosteal type showed sclerosis and thickening of the underlying cortex; 3 cases of intracortical type showed well-defined osteolytic foci. CT findings: among 6 cases of medullary type, 5 appeared as expansile lytic lesion with uneven selerotic rim (3 cases)orhoneycomb appearance (2 cases), 1 cribriform appearance in the cortical bone, 2 periostealnew bone formation in vertical radiation pattern; 1 ground-glass appearance; among 2 cases of periosteal typeone showed regular cortical thickening, and the other irregular periosteal proliferation with marrowing of medullarycavity; 1 case of intracorticaltype showed density similar to that of soft tissue, with cortical thickening and expansion . MRI findings: 2 apeared as well-defined lesions with low signal intensity on T1WI and high signal intensity on T2WI; 1 appeared as ill-defined lesion with low to intermediate signal intensity on T1 WI and T2 WI. One showed breakthrogh of cortex and formation of soft tissue mass with low signal intensity on T1 WI and high signal on T2WI. Two showed thickening of periosteumwith intermediate signal intensity in one of them and very low signal intensity in the other. Two showed abnormal signal intensity in surrounding muscles, which was high on T2 WI and intermediate on T1 WI. Conclusions The soap-bubble or honeycomb appearance is the typical radiographic finding of hemangioma in long bone. CT and MRI can provide useful information for the diagnosis of hemangioma in long bone.     

长骨血管瘤的影像诊断

目的 分析长骨血管瘤的影像特征,旨在提高其诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的18例长骨血管瘤患者的X线平片(14例)、CT(9例)及MRI(6例).结果 18例长骨血管瘤中髓型10例、骨膜型5例、皮质内型3例.X线表现:髓型8例,其中3例表现为典型的蜂窝状,3例为溶骨性病灶周围骨质硬化明显,单纯溶骨、毛玻璃样密度各1例;骨膜型3例,表现为骨皮质增厚、硬化;皮质内型3例,表现为边界清晰的溶骨性病灶.CT表现:髓型6例,表现为溶骨膨胀型病灶5例,其中3例可见薄厚不一的硬化边,蜂窝状骨嵴影2例,骨皮质呈筛孔状1例,垂直于骨皮质的放射状骨膜增生2例;毛玻璃样密度1例.2例骨膜型表现为骨皮质均匀增厚1例,不规则骨膜增厚1例,局部髓腔狭窄消失.1例皮质内病变表现为病灶呈均匀软组织密度,局部皮质膨胀、增厚.MRI表现:2例显示髓腔内斑片状T1WI稍低信号,T2WI均呈稍高信号,边界清晰;1例T1WI及T2WI均呈等或稍低信号,病灶与正常组织分界不清;1例显示病灶突破局部骨皮质,肿物向外突出,外突肿物及相连髓腔部分T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI呈高信号;2例显示骨膜增厚,其中1例呈等信号,1例无信号;2例周围肌肉组织内可见不均匀斑片状长T2信号,T1WI与肌肉组织呈等信号.结论 长骨血管瘤的囊性蜂窝状X线表现较为特征型;CT及MRI有助于长骨血管瘤的诊断.     

肝血管瘤的影像诊断

肝血管瘤属良性肿瘤，对其发生发展的机理尚不十分清楚，其主要有两种类型：肝海绵状血管瘤和毛细血管瘤，前者发病率在人口中占15％，后者罕见，过去对该病诊断手段较少，现在随着螺旋CT、MRI及DSA的普及，对该病定性诊断精确率极高，本文主要对肝海绵状血管瘤影像诊断作一综述。（下文内均称肝血管瘤）     

肺硬化性血管瘤的影像诊断

肺硬化性血管瘤是一种极少见的肺部原发性良性肿瘤 [1] ,文献报道较少 ,近期我院收治 2例 ,均行手术治疗 ,术后病理示肺硬化性血管瘤 ,结合近 5年国内外文献报道 ,分析其影像学表现 ,为手术决策提供帮助。1　病例报告例 1 ,患者 ,女 ,46岁。体检发现右下肺阴影 1天收入院。既往有高血压病史 ,长期服用降压药 ,血压控制良好。查体未见阳性体征。辅助检查 :胸片示 :右肺下叶可见 5 cm× 4.5 cm× 5 .8cm不规则结节影 ,分叶状 ,密度欠均匀 ,边缘光滑 (图 1 )。术前诊断右肺癌可能性大。 2 0 0 1 - 0 7- 1 2行右开胸探查术中见右肺下叶内基底段…     

脊椎血管瘤的影像诊断（附30例分析）

目的：探讨脊椎血管瘤的影像表现特征及临床意义。材料与方法：结合临床资料回顾性分析３０例脊椎血管瘤的Ｘ线、ＣＴ或ＭＲＩ影像特征。结果：Ｘ线片可见椎体呈典型的栅栏样改变，ＣＴ可见网眼状影像中夹杂着低密度脂肪，在ＭＲＩ Ｔ１加权像上呈等或高低混杂信号，Ｔ２加权像上呈均匀高信号，并见随回波时间延长信号逐渐变亮这一典型血管瘤信号特征，ＭＲＩ可发现脊髓受压变性程度。据ＭＲＩ表现和临床资料，作者提出了脊椎血管瘤     

脊椎血管瘤的X线诊断

脊椎血管瘤的Ｘ线诊断严德全骨血管瘤较少见，据统计骨血管瘤只占骨肿瘤的０．４／［１］。脊椎血管瘤占脊柱肿瘤的２％～３％［２］。典型的脊椎血管瘤诊断不难，当椎体以破坏为主时，则诊断困难。现将我们所见６例报告如下。一般资料男４例，女２例。年龄６～３２岁，平...     

彩超对周围浅表血管瘤的诊断价值

目的:探讨彩超对周围浅表血管瘤的诊断价值。方法:30例周围浅表血管瘤行彩超检查,全部病例均经手术及病理证实。结果:毛细血管瘤6例,表现为不规则的点状强回声或实质性低回声结节,频谱多普勒示为低速低阻血流。海绵状血管瘤15例,表现多为内部呈网格状或蜂窝状,可夹杂小片状无回声区,频谱多普勒显示有动脉及静脉血流频谱。蔓状血管瘤4例,表现为不均质的低回声区伴有片状无回声区,频谱多普勒可显示高速的血流频谱。混合性血管瘤5例,同时具备毛细血管瘤及海绵状血管瘤各自的特征,频谱多普勒显示既有高速低阻的动脉血流,亦有低速的静脉血流。结论:彩超对周围浅表血管瘤的诊断具有重要价值。     

腮腺血管瘤的超声诊断

腮腺血管瘤系先天性良性肿瘤或血管畸形,本文通过对12例经手术病理证实的腮腺血管瘤作一回顾性分析,探讨腮腺血管瘤的超声诊断价值。1材料与方法本组12例腮腺血管瘤,均在我院口腔科做腮腺血管瘤切除并经病理证实,年龄1~15岁,平均6岁。其中男5例,女7例。血管瘤均位于一侧腮腺区,左侧8例,右侧4例。临床表现为病人颜面不对称,局部隆起,皮肤颜色可正常或透出青紫色,肿瘤边界不清,扪之柔软,可被压缩,部分产生疼痛、面瘫等症状。术前超声均诊断为腮腺血管瘤可能性大。仪器采用西门子G50,HDI-4000彩超诊断仪,探头频率10MHz,超声检查时患者仰卧,…     

颅内海绵状血管瘤的影像诊断

目的：分析颅内海绵状血管瘤的ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ征象，以提高对其的认识。材料和方法：经病理证实的海绵状血管瘤３２例，２６例作ＣＴ检查，３０例作ＭＲＩ检查。结果：颅内海绵状血管瘤多为单发，脑内海绵状血管瘤多于脑外。ＣＴ平扫病灶呈高密度或稍高密度，增强扫描病灶呈轻至中度强化。ＭＲＩＴ２ＷＩ常显示海绵状血管瘤核心为混杂高信号，周边有一圈环状低信号。结论：ＭＲＩ对微小病灶的显示较ＣＴ优越，ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ结合是诊断海绵状血管瘤的有效方法，能全面提供诊断资料。     

Juxta-articular hemangioma of long bone

We report on a rare case of an intraosseous hemangioma involving the proximal tibia in a 70-year-old man. Radiographically, the lesion was a well-defined osteolytic lesion with marginal sclerosis. The CT images demonstrated a well-defined osteolytic lesion with partial cortical breakthrough. T1-weighted MR images showed a hypointense lesion, while T2-weighted images revealed hyperintense areas, with internal, hypointense septa. Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images showed lattice-like enhancement of the lesion. Received: 28 December 1999 Revision requested: 3 March 2000 Revision received: 23 May 2000 Accepted: 26 May 2000     

Imaging features of sclerosed hemangioma

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to review the imaging features of sclerosed hemangioma. CONCLUSION: In our series, suggestive features of sclerosed hemangiomas include geographic outline, capsular retraction, decrease in size over time, and loss of previously seen regions of enhancement. Additional features include presence of transient hepatic attenuation difference (THAD), rim enhancement, and nodular regions of intense enhancement as seen in typical hemangiomas. Although not pathognomonic, some features of sclerosed hemangioma can suggest it as a diagnostic possibility and lead to biopsy rather than more extensive intervention.     

长骨孤立性浆细胞瘤的影像学表现

目的：探讨四肢长骨骨孤立性浆细胞瘤的影像学表现。方法：回顾性分析11例经手术或穿刺活检病理证实的四肢长骨骨孤立性浆细胞瘤的临床及影像学资料,分析其影像学征象。观察指标包括骨质破坏形态、骨皮质改变、骨膜反应、MRI信号特征、瘤周骨髓水肿、软组织改变以及MRI增强改变等。结果：11例肿瘤发生在肱骨4例,股骨7例。11例在X线片和CT上均呈溶骨性骨质破坏伴有轻度的膨胀,边界较清。10例骨皮质变薄,1例骨皮质增厚。9例可见骨皮质呈虫蚀样或锯齿状骨质破坏,未见骨膜反应。所有病例均未见瘤周骨髓水肿,且均可见软组织侵犯,3例可见明显的软组织肿块。与肌肉信号相比,10例T1WI表现为稍高信号,1例呈等信号,11例T2WI表现为高信号。MRI增强扫描,大部分病例表现为明显均匀性强化,仅1例中央可见无强化区。结论：四肢长骨骨孤立性浆细胞瘤的影像学表现具有一定的特征性,X线、CT和MRI综合评价有助于提高四肢长骨骨孤立性浆细胞瘤的诊断准确性。     

骨良性纤维组织细胞瘤的影像表现

目的 分析骨良性纤维组织细胞瘤(BFH)的影像表现,以提高影像诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的11例BFH的影像表现.全部患者均经X线检查,其中MR检查6例、CT检查4例.结果 11例BFH均为单发病灶,9例位于下肢,其中胫骨5例、股骨3例、腓骨1例;1例位于胸椎,1例位子骶骨.11例X线平片表现为偏心性(7例)或中心性(2例)溶骨性骨破坏区,边界清晰,薄层骨皮质完整,7例伴有不同程度的硬化边;4例CT平扫显示骨质破坏区为与肌肉密度相仿的软组织密度影,3例位于膨胀的骨壳内,2例位于胫骨及1例位于胸椎的病灶穿破骨皮质,胸椎病灶形成软组织肿块;所有的病灶均未见骨膜反应.6例在MR T1WI呈等低信号,T2WI呈混杂高信号.增强扫描肿块呈均匀或不均匀中度或明显强化.结论 骨BFH的影像表现可为临床诊断提供依据.     

骨外周性原始神经外胚层瘤的影像学表现

目的探讨骨外周性原始神经外胚层瘤(pPNETs)的临床和影像学表现。方法分析10例骨pPNETs的临床和X线、CT及MR影像资料。结果pPNETs多以局部疼痛(9例)伴肿块(7例)为主诉。X线示溶骨性骨质破坏8例，伴有不规则硬化和轻度膨胀的溶骨性骨质破坏1例，未见异常1例；7例见软组织肿块；均未见骨膜反应。7例CT扫描中，边界不清的溶骨性骨质破坏6例。伴有不规则硬化和轻度膨胀的溶骨性骨质破坏1例，均有软组织肿块形成，2例伴有细小的点状钙化，均未见骨膜反应；10例MR扫描中，9例在T1WI呈等信号，1例呈中等偏高信号；在T2WI和短时反转恢复(STIR)序列，8例呈不均匀中、高信号，2例呈均匀高信号；均见明显软组织肿块形成；4个疗程化疗以后，肿瘤有明显缩小。结论骨pPNETs以溶骨性骨质破坏伴明显的软组织肿块、无骨膜反应为主要表现，缺乏特征性，但影像学检查有助于了解病变的范围、治疗措施的制定和治疗效果的评价。     

眼眶海绵状血管瘤的影像学分析

眼眶海绵状血管瘤是眼眶内较常见的肿瘤,经手术切除尚能痊愈,故明确肿瘤位置、组织学特性对选择手术进路至关重要。通过分析眼眶海绵状血管瘤的影像学特点,包括超声、CT、MRI及99mTc-红细胞(99mTc-RBC)显像等,可以提高对眼眶海绵状血管瘤的认识。     

Primary diaphyseal osteosarcoma in long bones: Imaging features and tumor characteristics

Objective

This study aims to assess retrospectively the imaging features of diaphyseal osteosarcoma and compare its characteristics with that of metaphyseal osteosarcoma.

Materials and methods

Eighteen pathologically confirmed diaphyseal osteosarcomas were reviewed. Images of X-ray (n = 18), CT (n = 12) and MRI (n = 15) were evaluated by two radiologists. Differences among common radiologic findings of X-ray, CT and MRI, and between diaphyseal osteosarcomas and metaphyseal osteosarcomas in terms of tumor characteristics were compared.

Results

The common imaging features of diaphyseal osteosarcoma were bone destruction, lamellar periosteal reaction with/without Codman triangle, massive soft tissue mass/swelling, neoplastic bone and/or calcification. CT and MRI had a higher detection rate in detecting bone destruction (P = 0.001) as compared with that of X-ray. X-ray and CT resulted in a higher percentage in detecting periosteal reaction (P = 0.018) and neoplastic bone and/or calcification (P = 0.043) as compared with that of MRI. There was no difference (P = 0.179) in detecting soft tissue mass among three imaging modalities. When comparing metaphyseal osteosarcoma to diaphyseal osteosarcoma, the latter had the following characteristics: a higher age of onset (P = 0.022), a larger extent of tumor (P = 0.018), a more osteolytic radiographic pattern (P = 0.043).

Conclusion

As compared with metaphyseal osteosarcoma, diaphysial osteosarcoma is a special location of osteosarcoma with a lower incidence, a higher age of onset, a larger extent of tumor, a more osteolytic radiographic pattern. The osteoblastic and mixed types are diagnosed easily, but the osteolytic lesion should be differentiated from Ewing sarcoma. X-ray, CT and MRI can show imaging features from different aspects with different detection rates.     

Epithelioid hemangioma of bone

Epithelioid hemangioma of bone is a rare type of angiomatous tumor. We report a documented case of epithelioid hemangioma occurring in the distal femur of a 35-year-old man. The clinical, radiographic, MR imaging and histologic findings of the tumor are described. Radiographs showed a well-defined expanding, osteolytic lesion in the diaphysis of the femur. MR imaging showed the lesion to have low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and intermediate signal intensity on T2-weighted images. Grossly the lesion was multiloculated with a dark brown, jelly-like content. To characterize the imaging appearances of epithelioid hemangioma, we reviewed the available literature on the subject. Received: 14 February 2000 Revision requested: 28 March 2000 Revision received: 31 May 2000 Accepted: 1 June 2000