西部某镇大棚蔬菜种植者禁用农药知识和使用现状

目的 了解青海省乐都县某镇大棚蔬菜种植者关于禁用农药的知晓情况和使用情况,为禁用农药的管理和控制提供依据.方法 2012年8月选择乐都县某镇常住5年以上的非流动人口为调查对象,采用整群随机抽样的方法抽取5个村的267名大棚蔬菜种植者进行问卷调查.结果 共收集有效问卷249份,有效回收率为93.26％(249/267).禁用农药知识知晓率为34.9％(87/249),不同文化程度被调查者的禁用农药知晓率的差异有统计学意义(x2=11.061,P=0.011).非条件Logistic回归分析显示,只有文化程度进入回归方程.仅有2.0％(5/249)的被调查者知道禁用农药及其具体内容;249名被调查者近5年均不同程度地使用过禁用农药;仅有9.0％(17/189)的大棚蔬菜种植者知道我国最初禁用农药的时间.结论 乐都县某镇禁用农药的相关知识知晓率较低,禁用农药知晓率受文化程度影响.应开展禁用农药知识及其危害的宣传.     

乐都区某镇蔬菜大棚中禁用农药的管理和监督分析

目的了解乐都区某镇大棚蔬菜种植者关于禁用农药的相关知识、管理和监督情况,为今后开展禁用农药的管理和控制工作提供参考和依据。方法 2015年6月选择乐都区某镇常住5年以上的非流动人口为研究对象,采用整群随机抽样的方法抽取5个村的267名大棚种植者进行问卷调查。结果共收集有效问卷249份,有效回收率为93.26%;过去一年仅有38.2%的种植者接受过农药安全使用的培训,到本地检查过禁用农药的仅占15.7%,相关部门很少到当地做禁用农药的相关宣传和培训。结论乐都区某镇对禁用农药的监督和管理情况不容乐观,应开展多层次的禁用农药知识及其危害的宣传和培训,通过宣传、培训、教育等途径加强农村大棚种植者的素质,提高农药使用方面的知识水平。     

乐都县某镇大棚蔬菜农药使用现状调查分析

目的了解乐都县某镇蔬菜大棚中农药的使用情况。方法 2014年8月选择乐都县某镇常住5年以上的非流动人口为研究对象,采用整群随机抽样的方法抽取267名大棚种植者进行问卷调查。结果共收集有效问卷249份,有效回收率为93.26%;存在大棚农药使用率高,使用率最高的为高效氯氟氰菊酯(30.50%),使用种类多,含有机磷、有机氯和菊酯类共10种农药,还存在使用国家明令禁止的高毒农药,近80.00%的种植者混配过农药;农药主要在乡村农药零售店获取,获取途径在性别间有统计学意义(P0.05),相关部门很少到当地做农药的相关宣传和培训。结论乐都县某镇大棚农药使用率高,使用种类多,还存在使用国家明令禁止的高毒农药,农药混配情况严重,应以村为单位,定期、经常性开展农药安全使用培训,增加农民的农药知识,引导农民积极实行病虫害的综合防治,科学使用农药。     

2012年乐都县某镇大棚中蔬菜和土壤禁用农药残留调查

目的了解乐都县某镇大棚中禁用农药在蔬菜和土壤中的残留情况。方法 2012年8月采用梅花形抽样法抽取乐都县某镇蔬菜大棚的蔬菜和土壤,进行禁用农药克百威和甲拌磷的残留检测。结果共抽取蔬菜和土壤样品84份,禁用农药克百威在蔬菜和土壤的总检出率为56.3%和16.7%,其中蔬菜超标率12.5%,最大残留量高达0.112 mg/kg,甲拌磷在蔬菜和土壤中均低于检出限。结论乐都县某镇大棚中禁用农药克百威的检出率和超标率较高,应开展多层次的禁用农药知识和安全使用的宣传和培训,加强管理,开展蔬菜中农药残留的快速、常规监测。     

银川市郊蔬菜大棚种植者农药的知信行调查

目的了解银川市大棚种植者农药使用知识、态度和行为,为指导其安全、合理、有效用药提供依据。方法选择银川市郊在本地居住5年以上的非流动人口。采用整群抽样的方法,抽取某镇2个村的全部大棚种植者为调查对象,对其进行问卷调查。内容包括人员基本信息和大棚蔬菜种植者的一般资料、农药的知信行、自我症状报告3方面的情况。结果共收集到有效问卷192份,显示大棚种植者初中以下文化程度占93.8%;对国家禁用的农药知晓率仅为41.6%;喷洒农药时有53.7%的人群不采取任何措施;在对农药知识的了解和正确使用等方面都存在很大的问题。结论银川市郊大棚蔬菜种植者对于有关农药知识的知信行情况不容乐观。应开展多层次农药安全使用技术培训,进一步加强农村大棚种植者的素质,提高有关农药使用方面的知识水平。     

乐都区暖房蔬菜种植者对禁(限)用农药知晓调查

目的了解乐都区暖房蔬菜种植者对禁(限)用农药的知晓情况。方法采用整群随机抽样方法抽取乐都区某镇暖房蔬菜种植者268人进行问卷调查。结果种植者对禁(限)用农药的总知晓率为34.94%,初中及以上学历种植者对禁(限)用农药的知晓率高于小学及以下学历者(χ~2=8.27,P0.05),相关部门进行实地检查的知晓率高于未进行检查者(χ~2=5.43,P0.05)。结论暖房蔬菜种植者对禁(限)用农药的知晓率较低,应加强农药相关知识及其危害防治的宣传和培训。     

颍上县乡村两级医务人员手足口病防治知识知晓率调查结果分析

目的了解乡、村两级医务人员手足口病有关知识掌握情况,为开展医务人员培训提供依据。方法从颍上县30个乡镇中,每乡镇抽取2~4名镇卫生院内科医生及2~4名村卫生室乡村医生,通过现场调查的方式,了解医务人员手足口病知识知晓率。结果医务人员手足口病知识知晓率为84.50%,乡镇卫生院医务人员手足口病知识知晓率高于村卫生室医务人员(χ2=8.959,P=0.003),有助理医师、执业医师资格证的医务人员手足口病知识知晓率高于无资格证人员(χ2=7.685,P=0.021);知识知晓率最低的项目为手足口病重症的早期识别症状,仅18.41%的人知道持续发热不退、呕吐、肢体抖动是手足口病重症早期易识别的症状。结论乡村两级医务人员手足口病防治知识知晓情况不平衡,应针对关键知识开展培训,提高医务人员手足口病防治水平。     

上海市郊某区大棚果蔬种植者农药使用行为调查

目的了解大棚果蔬生产行业从业人员农药使用知识、态度和行为,为指导其安全、合理、有效用药提供依据。方法随机抽取4个镇,分别从大棚种植比较集中的几个村,各选取70人作问卷调查,内容包括人员基本信息和农药使用各环节的知、信、行等。结果共收集到有效问卷274份;大棚从业人员对有关农药购买和安全使用要求有较高的知晓率(73.89%),但应用时重视不够,有61.68%的人能按安全隔离期施药,不记录施药情况的达42.7%。仅有23.36%的被调查户采用了正确的存放农药方式,对使用后的农药包装随意丢弃的达86.13%。87.96%的被调查者在购买农药时首先考虑防治效果,能按说明书要求配制农药浓度的占66.42%;在农药使用各环节的个人防护方面,85.77%的人会穿长袖衣裤,但帽子、口罩、防护眼镜的穿戴率低,分别为29.2%、24.09%和10.58%。86.41%的被调查者认为需要有关农药知识的培训,农技部门专家和农药销售人员对大棚果蔬种植者农药使用行为影响较大。结论要进一步加强农技队伍和农资销售网络人员的建设、培训,并以此为主要的工作平台,将农药安全使用和防护的知识作为培训、推广的内容,推动农业农民职业安全健康和农产品安全卫生保障。     

宁夏城乡居民棘球蚴病防治知识知晓情况分析

目的了解宁夏城乡居民棘球蚴病防治宣传知识知晓情况,为棘球蚴病防治工作提供参考依据。方法利用《健康宁夏(2003-2020年)中期评估行动》调查中棘球蚴病防治宣传调查数据。结果 5条核心知识知晓率调查中,城市居民知晓率分别为61.87%、90.81%、63.93%、52.52%、62.89%,农村居民知晓率分别为66.95%、83.50%、63.83%、45.57%、59.65%;除核心知识5外,其余4条知晓率城乡居民之间均有统计学差异(χ~2=11.664、32.351、7.966、20.678;P0.05),以核心知识4的知晓率最低(52.2%、45.57%)。总知晓率调查中,不同性别(χ~2=8.673,P0.05),文化程度(χ~2=102.437,P0.05)、职业(χ~2=62.807,P0.05)、婚姻状况(χ~2=50.443,P0.05)、民族(χ~2=21.469,P0.05)、地域分布(χ~2=20.841,P0.05)均存在统计学差异。结论宁夏城乡居民棘球蚴病防治知晓率较低,且主要影响因素为文化程度、民族、地域分布等,应进一步加大对不同地域人群的棘球蚴病防治宣传力度。     

乐都区温室蔬菜有机磷农药残留现状研究

目的了解乐都区温室蔬菜中有机磷农药现状。方法 2014年8月用梅花形抽样法抽取乐都区5个乡镇温室蔬菜样品106份,利用气相色谱-质谱法进行有机磷农药的残留量检测。结果检出44个有机磷农药残留样品和28个超标样品,检出率和超标率分别为41.51%和26.42%,且差异均有统计学意义(χ~2=7.007,P0.05;χ~2=7.857,P0.05),检出国家明令禁止的高毒禁用农药,检出率达13.21%,农药联合使用情况较为普遍。结论乐都区温室蔬菜有机磷农药使用普遍,检出率和超标率高,仍有违规使用高毒禁用农药和联合使用有机磷农药情况。     

"产业化"与"市场化"的错位

医疗改革之弊,也许在于过度的“市场化”而非产业化。如果不对这两个概念加以区别,将棒子打在“产业化”上,其结果有可能贻害相关领域的改革深化     

The use of "impotence" and "frigidity": why has "impotence" survived

The negative connotations and decreased utility of the terms "impotence" and "frigidity" prompted an investigation of their use in the literature. Psychological Abstracts were reviewed from 1940 to 1983 for titles containing these terms. It was found that both impotence and frigidity titles fluctuated at low levels from 1940 to 1969. Frigidity titles then increased slightly, but dropped to zero after 1979. Impotence titles, however, have continued to increase at a significant rate. Classic sexual behavior and therapy works are reviewed to explain this discrepancy since both terms are equally inappropriate.     

耐多药结核病患者"知""信""行"护理干预模式研究

目的评价耐多药结核病患者“知、信、行”护理干预模式的效果。方法将60例耐多药结核病患者随机分成研究组和对照组各30例,对照组采用规则抗结核治疗和常规护理,研究组实施“知、信、行”护理干预。结果研究组知识、信念、行为明显高于对照组;12个月痰菌阴转率为83．3％、患者病灶吸收率81．3％、空洞闭合率55．6％,明显高于对照组;二者与对照组比较差异有显著意义。结论采用“知、信、行”护理干预模式,能有效地提高耐多药结核病患者的治疗疗效,改善其生活质量。     

The "lessons" of the Australian "heroin shortage"

Heroin use causes considerable harm to individual users including dependence, fatal and nonfatal overdose, mental health problems, and blood borne virus transmission. It also adversely affects the community through drug dealing, property crime and reduced public amenity. During the mid to late 1990s in Australia the prevalence of heroin use increased as reflected in steeply rising overdose deaths. In January 2001, there were reports of an unpredicted and unprecedented reduction in heroin supply with an abrupt onset in all Australian jurisdictions. The shortage was most marked in New South Wales, the State with the largest heroin market, which saw increases in price, dramatic decreases in purity at the street level, and reductions in the ease with which injecting drug users reported being able to obtain the drug. The abrupt onset of the shortage and a subsequent dramatic reduction in overdose deaths prompted national debate about the causes of the shortage and later international debate about the policy significance of what has come to be called the "Australian heroin shortage". In this paper we summarise insights from four years' research into the causes, consequences and policy implications of the "heroin shortage".     

Diagnosing "dayans" and "demons"

The new ?Witch Craft Prevention Bill? prohibiting witch hunting was passed in Bihar, India, in reaction to the branding and subsequent killing of more than 500 helpless women as "dayans" (witches) in the past 7 years. Most of them were single, widows, or deserted women victimized by the pathological greed of some of the male members of their families or by some powerful persons in the village community interested in claiming their property. Even with the passage of the bill, though, most of these crimes will remain unpunished because the community is an accomplice in them, and they tend not to be reported. What is needed overall is socioeconomic and political development that will lead to the empowerment of women to ensure that there will be an end to the cruel and inhuman activities (such as witch hunting) instigated by traditional healers or "Ojhas".     

Cultural characteristics of "high" and "low" performing hospitals

PURPOSE: To compare and contrast the cultural characteristics of "high" and "low" performing hospitals in the UK National Health Service (NHS). DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A multiple case study design incorporating a purposeful sample of "low" and "high" performing acute hospital Trusts, as assessed by the star performance rating system. FINDINGS: These case studies suggest that "high" and "low" performing acute hospital organisations may be very different environments in which to work. Although each case possessed its own unique character, significant patternings were observed within cases grouped by performance to suggest considerable cultural divergence. The key points of divergence can be grouped under four main headings: leadership and management orientation; accountability and information systems; human resources policies; and relationships within the local health economy. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: As with any study, interpretation of findings should be tempered with a degree of caution because of methodological considerations. First, there are the limitations of case study which proceeds on the basis of theoretical rather than quantitative generalisation. Second, organisational culture was assessed by exploring the views of middle and senior managers. While one should in no way suggest that such an approach can capture all important cultural characteristics of organisations, it is believed that it may be at least partially justified, given the agenda-setting powers and influence of the senior management team. Finally "star" performance measures are far from a perfect measure of organisational performance. Despite such reservations, the findings indicate that organisational culture is associated in a variety of non-trivial ways with the measured performance of hospital organisations. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Highlights considerable cultural divergence within UK NHS hospitals.