万州区2008—2014年手足口病病原特征

目的分析万州区手足口病病原流行特征,为防控提供参考。方法采集2008年5月至2014年部分临床诊断病例标本检测病毒核酸,结合病例基本信息进行流行病学分析。结果共采样369例,阳性率81.3%;EV71占38.2%、CoxA16占33.2%、其它肠道病毒占28.6%。病例男女比1.4∶1;散居儿童占60.9%、托幼儿童占37.0%、小学生占2.2%;EV71、CoxA16感染在≤5岁比例较高,其它肠道病毒感染在0~2岁较高;优势病原2008—2010和2014年为EV71,2011—2012年为CoxA16,2013年为其它肠道病毒;重症病例EV71占80.0%;暴发疫情EV71、CoxA16各占50%。结论手足口病以≤5岁儿童为主,重症病例主要为EV71;EV71∶CoxA16∶其它肠道病毒流行时间约为3∶2∶1;不同病原在夏、冬发病高峰呈交替变化。     

2009-2013年江苏省句容市手足口病流行病学 与病原学监测分析

摘要:目的　分析2009-2013年句容市手足口病的流行病学和病原学特征,为加强防治工作提供依据。方法　采用描述流行病学方法对手足口病病例特征进行统计分析。结果　2009-2013年句容市共报告手足口病发病病例4143例,年平均发病率133.89/10万;重症39例,无死亡病例。每年的11月是发病高峰季节,2010年以来有6月发病增多的倾向。发病年龄主要集中在1～6岁儿童（93.99%）,散居儿童、幼托儿童分别占50.93%、45.33%。17起聚集性疫情均发生在幼托机构。实验室诊断246例,EV71、CoxA、其他肠道病毒分别占41.46%、32.11%、26.42%;监测399份疑似手足口病病例标本,阳性率54.64%;2009年、2012年以CoxA 组16型为主,2010年、2011年以EV71型为主,而2013年则以其他肠道病毒为主。重症病例以EV71型为主。结论　2009-2013年句容市手足口病疫情持续流行,EV71、CoxA16、其他肠道病毒同时存在,且交替主导流行,散居儿童、幼托儿童、幼托机构是高发人群和高发场所,应加强宣教和防控力度。     

2014年大连市手足口病流行病学分析

目的了解大连市2014年手足口病流行病学特征。方法从疾病监测信息报告管理系统中获取大连市2014年手足口病疫情资料,采用描述性流行病学方法进行分析。结果 2014年共报告手足口病7 578例,发病率为111.29/10万,重症病例103例,死亡1例。6-9月为发病高峰期;全市12个区(市、县)均有病例报告;男性多于女性,病例主要以≤5岁组幼托儿童和散居儿童为主。采集手足口病病例标本390份,肠道病毒核酸阳性170份,阳性率为43.59%。其中肠道病毒71型(EV71)占40.59%,柯萨奇病毒A16型(CoxA16)占30.59%,其他肠道病毒阳性率占28.82%。EV71型导致的手足口病重症病例构成比明显高于其他型别肠道病毒。结论应根据手足口病发病的地区、人群、季节性等特征,继续开展和加强监测和防控工作。     

2014年南阳市手足口病流行特征分析

目的分析2014年南阳市手足口病的流行特征,为制定防控措施提供依据。方法资料来自《传染病报告信息管理系统》,采用描述流行病学方法进行统计分析。结果南阳市2014年报告手足口病9946例,其中重症878例,死亡5例,年发病率为114.61/10万,病死率为0.05%。发病高峰为4月;各地区均有发病,地区间发病水平差异明显;男性发病高于女性;以5岁以下的散居儿童为主。病原学监测结果肠道病毒71型(EV71)所占比例为57.44%,柯萨奇病毒A16型(CoxA16)所占比例为13.10%,其他肠道病毒(PE)所占比例为29.46%。重症病例的EV71分布与普通病例的EV71分布差异有统计学意义。结论 2014年南阳市手足口病疫情处于较高发病水平,5岁及以下儿童是发病主要人群,EV71为主要病原,应进一步加强手足口病防控工作。     

旬阳县2008-2010年手足口病流行病学特征分析

目的对旬阳县手足口病流行病学特征进行分析,为制定防控措施提供科学依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法对旬阳县2008-2010年手足口病疫情资料进行统计分析。结果 2008-2010年共报告手足口病880例,其中重症病例2例,无死亡病例,实验室诊断48例,肠道病毒CoxA16占50%,EV71型占33.33%,其它肠道病毒占16.67%。年发病率在17.45～128.92/10万之间,平均发病率为64.79/10万。结论年发病数逐年递增,波及全县各乡镇,各月均有病例发生,以4～6月为多,有明显的季节性,职业以散居儿童为主,占54.09%,幼儿园多呈聚集性发病,是防控的重点。     

2014年贵州省手足口病家庭聚集性疫情流行病学特征

目的了解贵州省手足口病家庭聚集性疫情流行特征,为贵州省手足口病防控提供参考。方法对贵州省2014年手足口病家庭聚集性疫情资料采用描述流行病学方法进行分析。结果贵州省2014年9个市/州共报告手足口病家庭聚集性疫情1 051起,发病2 137例。家庭聚集性疫情病例发生率为4.20%,农村高于城市,以散居儿童发病(80.07%)为主。单一感染以肠道通用病毒(EV)为主(160例,占42.22%),其次为柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CoxA16)(107例,占28.23%),混合感染以CoxA16+EV最多(34例,占8.97%),重症29例。结论农村散居儿童是贵州省手足口病家庭聚集性疫情防控的重点。     

2019年—2021年济宁市手足口病聚集性疫情流行病学及病原学特征研究

目的 了解2019年—2021年济宁市手足口病聚集性疫情流行学和病原学特征。方法 选取济宁市2019年—2021年手足口病聚集性疫情资料进行流行病学分析,并采集手足口病聚集性疫情粪便标本进行病原学检测,分析手足口病聚集性疫情病原学特征。结果 济宁市2019年—2021年共报告手足口病聚集性疫情152起,累及病例373例,6月份报告聚集性疫情最多,占23.68%;手足口病聚集性疫情主要发生在自然村(或社区),占96.71%;3岁及以下儿童为高发人群,占71.85%,散居儿童是高发人群,占67.56%。持续时间的中位数为3 d。实验室确诊病例为70例,EV71阳性10例,CoxA16阳性40例,其他肠道病毒阳性20例,分别占阳性数的14.29%、57.14%、28.57%。结论 散居儿童是高发人群,6月是手足口病防控关键期,应提高手足口病聚集性疫情报告敏感性和及时性,落实手足口病防控措施。     

宁德市蕉城区2009—2012年手足口病流行特征分析

目的了解蕉城区手足口病流行病学特征,为制订防控策略提供依据。方法用描述性流行病学方法对蕉城区2009—2012年手足口病疫情数据进行分析。结果 2009—2012年蕉城区手足口病发病5 468例,重症71例,年均发病率318.32/10万,重症率12.98‰;疫情呈散发态势,城区和城乡结合部发病率较高;聚集性疫情20起99例,均发生在托幼机构;发病双高峰为5~6月和10~11月;发病率男女性别比为1.3∶1,以散居儿童和幼托儿童为主(94.4%),高发人群为0~3岁组(84.9%);重症病例中0~3岁占94.4%,年龄越小重症率越高趋势;由EV71、CoxA16和其他肠道病毒混合感染,EV71占85.0%。结论手足口病有明显季节性和性别、年龄、职业差异,应加强重点机构及重点人群的防控措施。     

2008—2014年广西手足口病流行病学及病原分布特征

目的分析广西2008—2014年手足口病流行病学及病原分布特征,为防控手足口病提供依据。方法采用描述性方法对手足口病疫情资料进行统计分析,用Real time RT-PCR方法对病毒核酸进行检测。结果广西7年累计报告手足口病1 158 419例,年均发病率为400.56/10万;重症9 619例,死亡494例,病死率为0.04%,发病高峰为4—7月,以3岁及以下散居和幼托儿童为主。轻症和重症死亡病例中EV71阳性率分别为21.66%、60.45%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4 605.26,P0.001);7年间主要病原体依次为其他肠道病毒、CoxA16、EV71、CoxA16、EV71、其他肠道病毒、EV71;重症死亡病例与EV71感染高度相关(r=0.992,P0.001)。结论广西手足口病流行危害严重,主要危害3岁及以下散居和幼托儿童;主要病原体逐年变迁;EV71是导致重症及死亡的主要病原体。     

许昌市2009-2010年手足口病流行病学分析

目的研究许昌市手足口病疫情的流行病学特征,为预防控制手足口病提供科学依据。方法运用描述流行病学的方法,对2009-2010年许昌市手足口病数据进行分析。结果许昌市8个县（市、区）均有手足口病报告,2010年发病率较2009年上升2.94%,病死率降低了35.37%,呈现局部高发态势;近两年手足口病4月份达发病高峰;年龄分布以4岁以下儿童为主,发病和死亡均以散居儿童为主;病原学检测以EV71感染为主,其分布差异有统计学意义（χ2=22.41,P〈0.05）;2009年重症病例265人,2010年重症病例742人,重症病例在各县（市、区）的分布差异均有统计学意义（χ2=97.34、431.24,P〈0.01）。结论许昌市手足口病呈上升态势,4月份为发病高峰,局部高发;病原体主要为EV71型肠道病毒;应以4岁以下儿童、特别是散居儿童为重点防治对象,警惕地区性聚集性疫情发生。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.