鼻咽癌T分期,N分期的研究

鼻咽癌临床分期受Ｔ和Ｎ各种因素的交叉影响，同时也Ｔ与Ｎ之间的相互匹配的不同而发生变化。本文采用单因素生存分析及Ｃｏｘ模型多因素分析方法，分别对完成首程放射治疗的鼻咽癌Ｔ１，Ｔ４Ｎ０Ｍ１３３例及早期ＴＮ０－３Ｍ０２０３例进行分析。     

CT扫描对鼻咽癌分期与预后的影响

 本文总结我院1987年至1989年首次收治均经病理确诊及CT检查的鼻咽癌136例。本组按长沙分期标准T₁-T₄分别占23.5%，37.5%，32.4%和6.6%，而结合CT检查则分别占10.3%，24.3%.31.6%和33.8%，按长沙临床分期标准Ⅰ～Ⅳ期分别占4.4%，36%，48.5%和11.0%，结合CT分期则分别占2.9%，16.9%，42.7%和37.5%。说明约20%左右病人常规检查貌似早期，但经CT后证实已属晚期，CT分期更符合实际病情，是鼻咽癌准确分期的最好补充。本组三年，随诊率为91.1%，失访按死亡计算，长沙分期Ⅰ～Ⅳ期3年生存率分别为83.3%，73.5%，54.5%和60.0%，CT分期分别为75%，78.3%，58.6%和60.8%，两种分期法3年生存率相近。分析设计对预后影响，采用较灵活的设野能更有效地控制原发灶外浸病变，对提高生存率有一定好处。     

咽后淋巴结转移在鼻咽癌分期中的意义

背景与目的：鼻咽癌咽后淋巴结转移的发生率高,＇92分期系统未明确其在临床分期中的意义,本研究旨在分析咽后淋巴结转移对鼻咽癌预后的影响及评价它在鼻咽癌分期中的意义。方法：收集1999年1月至1999年12月间中山大学肿瘤防治中心放疗科收治的经病理证实、治疗前进行鼻咽和颈部增强CT扫描的初诊鼻咽癌749例。多因素分析采用Cox风险比例模型、根据临床分期的原则,采用风险一致性、风险差异性、预后预测及分布及分布均衡性等指标进行评价。结果：咽后淋巴结转移的发生率为51.5%。T分期、N分期及临床分析晚的患者咽后淋巴结转移发生率分别为57.8%、60.3%和57.9%,高于早期患者的发生率（45.2%、47.6%和38.9%）,其差异均有统计学意义（P值分别为0.001、0.001、〈0.001）.咽后淋巴结转移患者和无咽后淋巴结转移患者5年总生存率分别为58.7%和72.2%,5年无远处转移生存率分别为74.5%和84.9%,其差异有统计学意义（P均〈0.001）多因素分析,咽后淋巴结转移并不是影响鼻咽癌总生存率的独立预后因素,对无远处转移生存率的影响有临界意义（P=0.053）。N0合并咽后淋巴结转移的死亡及远处转移的风险比分别为0.540及0.411,与N1组（0.601及0.555）相似。将其归为N1或T2比较,前者N分期预后的风险一致性较好,但N分期分布极不均衡,N1患者比例达50.2%。后者N分期及临床分期预后的风险差异性明显,且T、N分期及临床分期分布均衡性较好。结论：咽后淋巴结转移对鼻咽癌无远处转移生存率可以有影响,在目前92分期系统及现行的鼻咽癌原发灶放射治疗模式的情况下,将咽后淋巴结转移归为T2分期内容更符合分期的原则。     

MRI对鼻咽癌T、N分期的影响

目的 比较56例鼻咽癌患者的CT、MRI资料,探讨MRI对国际抗癌联盟（UICC,1997年）分期和我国1992年福州－广州分期的影响。方法 选取同时进行CT与MRI扫描并经病理证实的鼻咽癌56例。CT扫描用elscient CT twin flash双螺旋扫描机,常规横断平扫,3例加冠状扫描,16例直接增强扫描。MRI使用Philip T5-Ⅱ型0.5 Tesla超导磁共振成像系统,标准头部正交线圈,常规SE序列,扫描方向为横断面、矢状面和冠状面,扫描范围上达鞍上池,下至第2颈椎下缘水平。大部分病例（50／56）行增强扫描。结果 CT不能显示咽颅底筋膜;MRI显示清楚,可以确定真正的腔内病变。MRI对显示软组织（包括颈长肌、腭帆提肌、腭帆张肌）和颅底骨质肿瘤侵犯较敏感,可以发现肿瘤软组织侵犯和早期骨髓侵袭。MRI显示鼻咽癌侵犯颈动脉鞘区和咽后淋巴结转移较CT明确,同时可以发现三叉神经肿瘤侵袭,直接影响肿瘤临床分期。结论 根据UICC分期原则,28．6％（16／56）的病例发生分期改变;根据我国1992年分期原则,33．9％（19／56）的病例发生分期改变。MRI对我国1992年分期最明显的影响在于区分颈动脉鞘区是肿瘤侵犯还是咽后淋巴结转移,同时对早期颅底骨质骨髓侵袭也较有意义。     

106例N2～3期鼻咽癌的预后分析及对鼻咽癌N分期的初步探讨

目的 总结N2～3期鼻咽癌化放疗的预后情况,并初步探讨鼻咽癌的N分期.方法 根据2008年鼻咽癌N分期标准,将属于N2～3期的106例鼻咽癌重新分期:按照转移淋巴结直径大小分为≥6 cm组和＜6 cm组;按照是否双侧淋巴结转移分为单侧组和双侧组;按照是否放疗结合化疗分为单纯放疗组和化放疗组,总结各组的预后情况.结果 ≥...     

鼻咽癌咽后淋巴结转移的CT与MRI对比研究

背景与目的：鼻咽癌是我国南方地区高发的恶性肿瘤,国外有些学者曾有过对鼻咽癌进行CT与MRI比较,但未有对鼻咽癌咽后淋巴结转移进行单独论述;国内目前也没有相关的论述。本研究通过对56例鼻咽癌的CT、MRI扫描所见进行比较分析,探讨CT与MRI对发现鼻咽癌咽后淋巴结转移的价值。方法：选取自1993年8月至2000年12月病理证实为鼻咽癌病例56例,CT扫描机是Elscient CT Twin flash,常规横断平扫,3例加冠状扫描,其中的16例直接增强扫描;MRI成像使用PhiliP T5-Ⅱ型0．5 Tesla超导磁共振成像系统,标准头部正交线圈,常规SE序列,扫描方向为横断面、矢状面、冠状面,扫描范围上鞍上池,下至第二颈椎下缘水平,大部分病例增强扫描（50／56）。结果：MRI可以准确区分鼻咽癌颈动脉鞘区肿瘤侵犯还是咽后淋巴结转移,较CT明确（CT13例,MRI24例）。统计学上有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论：MRI可以区分肿瘤直接侵犯颈动脉鞘区还是咽后淋巴结转移,因而较CT更准确划分肿瘤的侵犯范围,对我国的92分期影响较明显,可以更准确地进行鼻咽癌的临床分期。     

鼻咽癌淋巴结转移规律的MRI分析

目的：探讨鼻咽癌淋巴结转移的规律。方法：收集2005年10月至2006年8月经病理证实初诊的鼻咽癌204例,全部经鼻咽部和颈部MRI扫描,采用2003年RTOG推荐的颈部淋巴结的分区标准,分析鼻咽癌淋巴结的转移规律。结果：204例中185例（90.7%）伴淋巴结转移,其中4例（2.2%）仅有咽后淋巴结转移,48例（25.9%）仅有颈部淋巴结转移,133例（71.9%）为咽后及颈部淋巴结均有转移。在各区的分布是Ⅰa区0例,Ⅰb区12例（6.5%）,Ⅱa区77例（41.6%）,Ⅱb区179例（96.8%）,Ⅲ区67例（36.2%）,Ⅳ区21例（11.4%）,Ⅴ区59例（31.9%）,Ⅵ区0例,咽后区137例（74.1%）,耳前区2例（1.1%）。1例（0.5%）发生跳跃性转移。不同T分期淋巴结转移率差异无统计学意义,局部早期（T1～T2）和局部晚期（T3～T4）病变淋巴结转移分布之间差别无统计学意义。咽后淋巴结转移与T、N分期之间差别无统计学意义。结论：鼻咽癌淋巴结转移率高,以咽后淋巴结、颈上深组淋巴结最多见,跳跃性转移低。不同T分期淋巴结转移率无明显差别,淋巴结转移的分布与T分期无关。咽后淋巴结转移与T、N分期无关。     

CT扫描在鼻咽癌临床分期中的作用

本文60例鼻咽癌患者进行放疗前鼻咽部CT扫描,分析CT扫描对鼻咽癌临床分期的作用.结合CT扫描图象分析,使原常规临床分期发生了较大变化.T_0从1.6％下降为0％;T_1、T_2分别从16.6％、30％下降至5％、10％;而T_3、T_4分别由31.6％、20％上升为35％、50％.60例中常规临床分期与结合CT扫描分期相符者22例(36.7％),T分期升级者38例(63.3％).结合CT扫描可提示鼻咽癌临床分期的准确性,使放疗方案设计更为合理.     

咽后淋巴结对鼻咽癌预后影响的研究

[目的]分析咽后淋巴结转移对鼻咽癌预后的影响.[方法]收集1999年1月至1999年12月间中山大学肿瘤防治中心放疗科收治、经病理证实的初诊鼻咽癌749例并进行分析.[结果]咽后淋巴结的发生率51.5%.单因素分析显示咽后淋巴结对鼻咽癌总生存率及无远处转移生存率的影响有统计学意义(P＜0.001).多因素分析显示咽后淋巴结转移并不是影响鼻咽癌生存率的独立预后因素,但对无远处转移生存率的影响接近有统计学意义(P=0.053).对于N0患者,咽后淋巴结转移对鼻咽癌总生存率、无远处转移生存率及无局部区域复发生存率的影响均有统计学意义(P值分别为0.007、0.023和0.008).[结论]基于鼻咽癌增强CT资料,咽后淋巴结转移对鼻咽癌无远处转移生存率可能有影响,是影响无颈部淋巴结转移的鼻咽癌患者的独立预后因素.     

Conversion of T-stages of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by computed tomography

Thirty-six patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) were examined with computed tomography (CT) before definitive radiation therapy. CT clearly delineated the extent of the primary tumors. CT frequently showed subtle destruction of the paranasal sinuses and pterygoid plate, which was not usually detected by conventional X ray examinations. T-staging was made according to the UICC TNM classification system (1978) or another system, depending on clinical findings and the conventional X ray examinations (non-CT T-stage). Then, the non-CT T-stage of each patient was compared with T-stage diagnosed with CT findings alone (CT T-stage). CT upstaged non-CT T-stage in 14 of the 36 patients according to either system. Only one patient was downstaged by CT; this patient had cranial nerve palsy but no detectable bone destruction as shown by CI. We conclude that CT is the single, most reliable imaging method for primary tumors of NPC patients. Since CT detects subtle bone destruction, however, a large number of patients will be classified as having advanced tumors. Further modification of the TNM system may be needed for NPC patients in this era of CT.     

鼻咽癌放疗中CBCT引导的使用频率分析

目的 分析CBCT引导下鼻咽癌放疗疗程中的摆位误差,评估CBCT的使用频率。方法 收集放疗全疗程(7周)使用CBCT引导且每周使用频率≥3次的初治IMRT患者26例。将每周的摆位误差分为每周首次误差(Ef)及除每周首次外的后续误差(Ec),用方差分析和t检验比较每周Ef之间、Ec之间、Ef与Ec之间差异。结果 7周Ef的两两周间比较左右(ML)、上下(SI)、前后(AP)方向均相近(P>0.05);7周的Ec两两周间比较ML、SI方向上也均相近(P>0.05),但AP方向不同(P<0.05);7周中同一周次Ef与Ec比较ML和SI方向各周均相近(P>0.05),AP方向第1周Ef与Ec间不同(P<0.05),其余各周Ef与Ec之间均相近(P>0.05)。结论 鼻咽癌IMRT中,ML和SI方向摆位误差在全程都比较稳定,AP方向摆位误差仅在第1 周与后面几周之间有差异;建议除特殊情况外,可在放疗第1周每天进行CBCT扫描,后续几周的放疗中可每周扫描1次以减少CBCT的使用频率。     

Characteristics of advantages of positron emission tomography over computed tomography for N-staging in lung cancer patients

OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the characteristics of advantages of positron emission tomography (PET) over computed tomography (CT) for N-staging in lung cancer patients. METHODS: Preoperative PET and CT scans were performed for 2057 lymph node stations in 205 patients with peripheral-type lung cancer. The advantages of PET over CT for N-staging were analyzed among lymph node locations and histological subtypes. RESULTS: The pathological N-stages were N0 in 143 patients, N1 in 31, N2 in 24 and N3 in 7. PET was able to diagnose N0, N2 and N3 diseases more accurately than CT (P=0.03, 0.01 and 0.02, respectively), but there was no significant difference between the two modalities for N1 disease. In the upper mediastinal lymph node stations, both false-negative and false-positive were significantly less frequent with PET than with CT (P=0.001). In the lower mediastinal and supra clavicle lymph nodes, PET showed a lower frequency of false-negative than CT (P=0.04 and 0.003, respectively), but there was no significant difference in the frequency of false-positive between the two modalities. Among histological types, PET could stage adenocarcinoma with less frequent false-negative and squamous cell carcinoma with less frequent false-positive than CT (P=0.02 and 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSION: For N-staging, PET was superior to CT for the following: (1) more accurate for N0, N2 and N3 diseases but not for N1; (2) lower frequency of false-positive in the upper mediastinal nodes; and (3) lower frequencies of false-negative in adenocarcinoma and false-positive in squamous cell carcinoma. Recognizing these advantages of PET could make the N-staging of lung cancer more accurate.     

千伏级锥形束断层扫描在鼻咽癌适形调强放射治疗中的初步应用

背景与目的:调强放射治疗(intensity-modulated radiotherapy, IMRT)由于剂量分布较常规放疗更符合鼻咽癌病灶与临近解剖结构对剂量的复杂要求而逐渐被临床采用.但IMRT对摆位精确度及其验证的要求高.千伏级锥形束断层扫描(kilo-volt cone-beam computed tomography, kV-CBCT)是新出现的实时图像引导技术,本研究旨在评价kV-CBCT图像引导技术在鼻咽癌调强放射治疗摆位修正中的应用价值.方法:应用kV-CBCT于放疗实施前对22例鼻咽癌患者进行扫描,并在线将重建的容积图像与计划CT扫描图像匹配,调整床位后给予放疗.对患者数据离线后进行分析,计算摆位误差以及计划靶体积(planning target volume, PTV)边界.结果:22例患者共754次kV-CBCT扫描中,首次kV-CBCT(调整前)扫描共505次,其中摆位偏差在左右、头足和前后3个方向误差≤2 mm的检测次数分别为386(76.4%)、384(76.0%)和433(85.7%);调整床位后(调整后)扫描共106次,其中在3个方向摆位偏差≤2 mm的检测次数分别为:103 (97.2%)、103 (97.2%)和106 (100%);治疗后扫描共143次,3个方向误差≤2 mm的检测次数分别为125(87.4%)、124(86.7%)和129(90.0%).患者摆位的系统和随机误差调整前在X、Y、Z轴分别为(-0.7±1.6)mm、(-0.7 1.8)mm和(-0.3±1.7)mm,调整后分别为(-0.4±0.8)mm、(0.3±0.8)mm和(0.0±0.7)mm,治疗后分别为(0.2±1.2)mm、(0.3±1.3)mm和(0.1±1.1)mm.在调整前、后PTV最大边界分别为4.0 mm和2.1 mm.结论:kV-CBCT图像引导放射治疗在鼻咽癌IMRT中可以提高等中心摆位精度,检测并调整摆位误差,有效减小照射野边界.     

Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography features of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with maxillary sinus involvement

Anterior spread of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) may infiltrate the maxillary sinus. In a prospective study of 114 patients comparing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) in the staging of NPC, 10 (9%) patients were noted to have tumour infiltration of the maxillary sinuses. All of the patients except one had associated infiltration of the sphenoidal sinuses indicating advanced local spread. Computed tomography was excellent in outlining the extent of bony erosion and associated soft tissue mass within the antra. T1-weighted images could not demonstrate bony erosions directly although soft tissue extension into the sinuses could be clearly visualized. Both CT and MRI showed good demarcation between tumour and mucosal thickening within the maxillary sinus. Although MRI demonstrated soft tissue involvement more elegantly than CT, it did not appear to offer significantly more information that may affect clinical management.     

兔VX2鼻咽移植癌的PET-CT与病理结果对照研究

目的:观察VX2兔鼻咽癌生长特点,并与所获病理和MRI结果比较,探讨18F-FDGPET-CT在鼻咽肿物检测中的作用。方法:建立VX2兔鼻咽癌模型后,完成18F-FDGPET-CT和MRI扫描并解剖;在肉眼所见肿瘤周围不同的距离取标本并完整取出斜坡作病理诊断;测量鼻咽肿物最大标准摄取值(SUV),在PET-CT和MRI图像上勾画鼻咽肿物体积。结果:VX2兔鼻咽癌可向周围组织呈广泛浸润性生长;30只兔中经病理确诊有9只兔斜坡受癌细胞侵犯,PET-CT发现6例(66.7%),MRI发现5例(55.6%),CT发现1例(11.1%);兔VX2鼻咽癌的最大SUV值与鼻咽肿物的体积呈负相关,r=-0.426,P=0.03;30只兔在18F-FDGPET-CT图像上所勾画的鼻咽肿物体积较在MRI图像上勾画体积小,差异无统计学意义,P=0.17。结论:18F-FDGPET-CT能对鼻咽癌病灶范围的确定、放疗靶区的准确勾画提供有用的信息。     

The role of MRI in the illustration of metastatic lymphatic pathways and clinical N-staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Subject: To study the role of MRI in the illustration of metastatic lymphatic pathways and clinical N-staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods: Eighty NPC patients were examined with MRI before radiotherapy from Mar. 1994 to Jun. 1996. MRI were performed using T₁ weighted image (T,WI) and T₂ weighted image (T₂WI) in transverse, and using T₁WI in sagittal and coronal sections. Results: 1. NPC chief metastatic lymphatic pathways are: primary foci → Rouviere’s node (RN), or retrostyloid space nodes (RSN) secondarily → deep cervical nodes; 2. The superior border of neck fields should be moved upward to the level of external acoustic meatus; 3. The authors suggested that in N-staging for NPC, N_o and N₁ be divided into Noa and N₁b, and N₁a and N₁b. Conclusion: MRI is very useful in clinical N-staging of NPC, especially for the reflection of the influance of RN and/or RSN tumefaction on N-staging.     

Locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: computed tomography findings, clinical evaluation, and treatment outcome

PURPOSE: We present our experience with computed tomography (CT) for delineating the extent of bone erosion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and propose that a new subdivision of Stage T4 disease be added to the staging criteria for cases of minimal bone disease, defined as erosion of the base of the sphenoid or the pterygoid without cranial nerve (CN) involvement. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical findings, radiological findings, and treatment outcome in 64 patients with Stage T4 NPC, diagnosed according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer 4th edition criteria. The median follow-up was 34 months (range, 3-118 months). Statistical analyses were performed using the chi-square test, the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test. RESULTS: Local control was achieved in 19 (46%) of 41 patients with CN deficits and 18 (78%) of 23 patients without CN deficits (p = 0.01). Overall 5-year survival with and without CN deficits was 25% and 58%, respectively (p = 0.01). When the 16 patients with minimal bone disease were compared to the remaining 48 patients, there were significant differences in local control rates (87% vs. 48%, p = 0. 006) and 5-year survival rates (68% vs. 28%, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Among patients with Stage T4 NPC, a subgroup of patients with only minimal bone disease may have a more favorable prognosis, which may have a considerable bearing on our approach to this patient group.     

鼻咽癌放疗前CT或MRI检查分期与预后关系的比较

背景与目的:影像学检查结果是鼻咽癌临床分期和确定治疗靶区的重要依据.本研究试图分析放疗前按CT或MRI检查分期与鼻咽癌患者预后的关系.方法:445例病理确诊的无转移初治鼻咽癌患者.根据治疗前影像学检查手段的不同,分为CT组230例,MRI组215例.全组患者均行常规放疗,局部晚期患者加用化疗.用Kaplan-Meier和Log-rank法计算和比较两组生存率,用Cox模型分析影响预后的凶素.结果:CT组1、2、3年生存率分别为96.9%,90.3%,85.3%,MRI组分别为98.6%,94.3%,92.3%,两组比较差异有显著性(x2=6.305,P=0.012).CT组与MRI组的l,2,3年无瘤生存率和无复发生存率比较差异均有显著性(P<0.05),MRI组优于CT组.单因素分析结果显示临床分期、N分期、分期方法和化疗是影响鼻咽癌预后的因素,多因素分析结果显示临床分期和分期方法是影响鼻咽癌患者预后的独立因素.结论:鼻咽癌放疗前行MRI检查分期较CT检查分期来确定放疗靶区可提高鼻咽癌患者的生存率和局控率,临床分期和分期方法是影响鼻咽癌患者预后的独立因素.     

N-staging by magnetic resonance imaging for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: pattern of nodal involvement by radiological levels.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To study the pattern of lymphatic spread for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the significance of retropharyngeal node (RP-LN) involvement, and the possibility of replacing the supraclavicular fossa (SCF) by Levels IV and Vb (LL) as a demarcating criterion for N3-category. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The magnetic resonance imagings (MRI) of 202 consecutive patients with NPC treated during 2001-2002 were retrospectively reviewed. Distribution in terms of radiological level (using the same criteria as other head and neck cancers) was mapped, and the size of individual node measured. Prognostic significance of RP-LN and LL was analyzed. RESULTS: Only 4% of patients were node-negative on presentation. The nodal involvement occurred predominately at II (94%), III (85%) and RP-LN (80%). The presence of RP-LN affected the N-category in 3.5% of patients, and had no significant impact on tumor control. Replacing SCF by LL as one of the criteria for defining N3 is predictive for both distant control and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: With sensitive detection by MRI, the incidence of nodal involvement was very high for patients with NPC. It was difficult to isolate the prognostic significance of RP-LN. The current criterion for defining N3-category by extension into SCF or nodal size > 6 cm is the recommended standard, however replacing SCF with LL could be potentially useful and further validation is warranted.