经岩骨乙状窦前入路显微外科治疗岩斜区肿瘤

目的 探讨岩斜区肿瘤经岩骨乙状窦前入路显微外科治疗的临床疗效。方法 回顾性研究经显微手术治疗的23例岩斜区肿瘤，对肿瘤病理类型、临床和影像学特征、手术入路、手术切除技巧及术后常见并发症的处理进行系统分析。结果 在手术显微镜下肿瘤全切除16例，近全切除4例，大部分切除3例，无手术死亡。结论 经岩骨乙状窦前入路可全切除岩斜区肿瘤。该手术入路对颞叶和小脑牵拉轻，可为岩斜区肿瘤手术切除提供良好的暴露。     

经岩骨乙状窦前入路的创伤性及并发症

目的探讨经岩骨乙状窦前入路的创伤性及并发症，为岩斜区肿瘤寻求更合理的治疗手段。方法同顾分析28例采用经岩骨乙状窦前入路手术的岩斜区肿瘤病入的临床表现、影像学特征、手术方法和术后处理等。结果肿瘤全切16例，近全切9例，部份切除3例。术后颅神经疵状全缓解5例，症状同术前10例，症状加重10例，昏迷3例。脑脊液耳漏12例。结论经岩骨己状蜜前入路是目前处理岩斜区肿瘤较好的手术入路。但该手术入路创伤性大．并发症较多且严重。     

岩斜区肿瘤手术入路选择的探讨

目的 探讨岩斜区肿瘤的手术入路选择。对53例岩斜区肿瘤患者的手术治疗进行分析。方法患者采用颞底经天幕入路11例,枕下乙状窦后入路12例;（颧弓或眶颧）翼点入路12例;乙状窦前入路2例;颞底、乙状窦后幕上下联合入路7例;颞下前岩骨硬膜外入路7例;扩大的前颅底硬膜外入路2例。结果32例（61％）患者肿瘤全切除,9例（17％）次全切除,12例（22％）大部切除。术后新发生颅神经功能障碍16例（30％）,死亡2例（4％）。结论枕下乙状窦后入路、颞底经天幕入路等岩斜区手术入路均可以在熟练的显微操作技术及神经导航、神经内镜下进行。主体生长于硬膜外的岩斜肿瘤适合于采用硬膜外入路手术切除。幕上下联合入路对巨大岩斜区肿瘤是理想的手术入路。     

幕上下联合入路切除岩斜区巨大肿瘤

目的:探讨岩斜区巨大肿瘤的手术入路和早期严重并发症的处理。方法:采取幕上下联合入路(颞下经小脑幕及枕下乙状窦后联合入路)对11例岩斜区巨大肿瘤进行手术治疗。结果:10例全切除,1例大部切除,效果满意。结论:有熟悉的解剖知识,采用颞下经小脑幕和枕下乙状窦后联合入路可以切除岩斜区巨大肿瘤。     

岩尖脑膜瘤的显微外科手术

目的探讨岩尖脑膜瘤的分类和显微外科手术治疗效果。方法对24例经显微手术治疗的岩尖脑膜瘤进行回顾性分析，根据术中所见，分为两型：Ⅰ型，肿瘤侵及海绵窦16例；Ⅱ型，肿瘤未侵及海绵窦8例。结果 Ⅰ型肿瘤全切除11例，近全切除5例，其中4例为海绵窦内残留；Ⅱ型全切除5例，近全切除3例。手术全切除率为66．7％。10例（41．7％）患者术后出现新的颅神经功能障碍。结论Ⅰ型岩尖脑膜瘤手术并发症发生率较高。保证重要血管、神经功能完整的基础上尽量全切除肿瘤。残留海绵窦脑膜瘤可行伽玛刀治疗。     

乙状窦后锁孔入路对颅中后窝区的显微解剖

目的 研究乙状窦后锁孔入路对颅中后窝岩斜区结构的显微解剖,为临床应用该入路解决颅中后窝岩斜区病变提供解剖学依据. 方法 应用福尔马林固定的成人湿性头颅标本10例20侧,模拟乙状窦后锁孔入路对颅中后窝岩斜区进行显微解剖观察. 结果 乙状窦后锁孔入路从后外侧到达颅中后窝岩斜区,可以清楚暴露小脑半球外侧面、颞骨岩部、三叉神经、面听神经、部分后组脑神经、脑桥外侧面、椎动脉、小脑前下动脉.磨除部分岩骨可以扩大内听道及三叉神经的暴露,切开小脑幕缘可以暴露部分滑车神经及部分颅中后窝. 结论 乙状窦后经内听道上锁孔入路充分利用了有效的骨窗,手术创伤小、并发症少.该入路使少数原本需要采用复杂入路方能切除的颅中后窝肿瘤,可通过较简单的手术入路进行切除.对于主体位于颅后窝的岩斜区中小型肿瘤显微切除是一种有效、安全、便捷的微创手术方法.     

影响岩尖脑膜瘤显微切除的因素分析

目的探讨岩尖脑膜瘤的手术治疗效果及分析手术未能全切除的原因。方法对24例经显微手术治疗的岩尖脑膜瘤进行回顾性分析，根据术中所见，把它分为两型：Ⅰ型：肿瘤侵入海绵窦内；Ⅱ型：肿瘤未侵及海绵窦。结果Ⅰ型肿瘤16例，全切除11例，近全切除5例，其中4例为海绵窦内残留；Ⅱ型8例，全切除5例，近全切除3例。本组岩尖脑膜瘤侵及海绵窦的发生率为66．7％。结论岩尖脑膜瘤侵及海绵窦的发生率很高，是引起手术不能全切及手术并发症的一个重要原因。保证重要血管、神经功能完整的基础上尽量全切除肿瘤。     

矢状窦旁脑膜瘤的显微手术切除

目的：与传统的手术方法比较，显微手术提高了矢状窦旁脑膜瘤的全切除率。方法：采用显微手术方法治疗２０例矢状窦旁脑膜瘤，按Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｍ切除分级标准Ⅰ级１４例，Ⅱ级６例。结果：本组无手术死亡，１２例经６个月～９年随访，无肿瘤复发。结论：采用显微外科技术，可有效地防止矢状窦、中央沟静脉及其他脑重要功能区的损伤，提高了肿瘤的全切除率。     

岩斜部脑膜瘤的微侵袭治疗

目的探讨微侵袭神经外科技术在岩斜脑膜瘤治疗中的应用。方法采用锁孔技术治疗14例岩斜部脑膜瘤。累及上中斜坡8例，广基或宽基累及上中下斜坡5例，累及中下斜坡1例其中6例同时扩展至鞍旁或海绵窦内，采用枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路6例，颞下锁孔入路2例，幕上下联合入路6例。结果全切除肿瘤8例，次全切除4例，大部切除2例(均为术后复发患者)。术后神经功能完好或未见新增脑神经损伤8例，术后出现轻度面瘫4例，外展功能障碍3例，动眼神经麻痹2例，后组脑神经功能影响1例，均未发生术后脑脊液漏和切口感染经11～19个月随访，轻度面瘫和动眼神经麻痹均有明显改善，但外展功能障碍恢复缓慢。结论针对岩斜部脑膜瘤累及范围，采用单独／联合采用颞下锁孔入路和枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路可有效切除肿瘤，并可减少手术创伤，缩短手术和患者康复时间，减少术后并发症。联合运用微侵袭技术(锁孔入路联合)，术中显微技术与术后放射外科治疗等是今后岩斜部脑膜瘤的治疗方向。     

经颞下-乙状窦前入路切除巨大岩斜脑膜瘤

目的：试图通过改进手术入路而改善巨大岩斜脑膜瘤的手术治疗结果。方法：采用经颞下－乙状窦前入路切除５例巨大岩斜脑膜瘤。结果：全切除３例，２例恢复良好，另１例遗留对侧偏瘫和同侧Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ脑神经功能障碍；次全切除的１例遗留持久性动眼神经瘫痪；而部分切除的１例则长期昏迷伴对侧偏瘫。结论：此入路的优点有：（１）到达岩斜区最直接，路径最短；（２）手术野开阔，显露良好；（３）可多视角操作；（４）只需很轻的脑牵拉。肿瘤不能全切除和出现严重并发症的主要原因是肿瘤包裹了基底动脉及其分支以及肿瘤破坏了软脑膜使肿瘤与脑干间失去界面。术前的ＭＲＩ检查有助于了解肿瘤侵犯脑干的程度和动脉包裹的情况。     

Combined subtemporal and retrosigmoid keyhole approach for extensive petroclival meningioma surgery: report of experience with 7 cases.

OBJECTIVE: Resection of petroclival meningiomas offers great challenges to the neurosurgeons. Our experience of 7 cases using a combined subtemporal and retrosigmoid keyhole approach surgery was evaluated for the treatment of extensive petroclival meningiomas. METHODS: From July 2002 to July 2005, resections of 7 petroclival meningiomas, which involved both supra- and infratentorial regions, were performed via a combined subtemporal and retrosigmoid keyhole approach. The extent of tumor resection was evaluated by MRI 3 months after surgery, and postoperative complications were investigated. RESULTS: The maximum diameter of the tumors ranged from 3.4 to 6.0 cm (mean: 4.4 cm). Gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in 3 cases, giving a GTR rate of 43%. Subtotal resection (STR) was carried out in 4 cases. Neurological status remained intact in one case, while others presented with cranial nerve deficits (VII, VI, V, III and lower CN). No death was reported in the cases during the postoperative period. CONCLUSION: The combined keyhole approach is suitable for the treatment of extensive petroclival meningiomas. It provides easy and quick access to the supra- and infratentorial juxtaclival region without any petrous bone drilling. Complications related to the approach can be minimized.     

肝部分切除联合肝十二指肠韧带骨骼化治疗肝门部胆管癌

目的 总结应用肝部分切除联合肝十二指肠骨骼化治疗肝门部胆管癌的临床经验。方法回顾1999年1月～2001年12月手术治疗67例肝门胆管癌的临床资料。结果67例患者中65例手术切除,49例根治性切除(22例肝十二指肠韧带骨骼化切除,27例联合部分肝切除)。根据Bismuth分型,Ⅰ、Ⅱ型行骨骼化切除,Ⅲa型行右半肝加右尾叶切除,Ⅲb型行左半肝加左尾叶切除,Ⅳ型中行右半肝加全尾叶3例切除,左半肝加全尾叶9例切除,方叶切除者2例。2例外院曾行部分肿瘤切除加肝门胆管空肠吻合术者,我们再次行左半肝加全尾叶切除加右肝管空肠吻合术根治肿瘤。8例患者行肿瘤部分切除加肝内胆管支撑加肝门胆管空肠吻合。13例患者行门静脉部分切除,27例患者切除肝动脉。24例患者术后无并发症发生,加例发生了严重并发症。后者中14例经治疗后康复,余6例患者术后7、12、14、42、57、89d死于肝功能衰竭、心源性休克、腹内大出血、消化道大出血。术后30d病死率4、5％,根治性手术后患者中位生存期16个月(1个月～41个月),姑息治疗者为7个月(1个月～16个月)。结论 肝部分切除联合肝十二指肠韧带骨骼化可用以根治肝门部胆管癌,尾叶切除可提高根治性切除率。     

Combined subtemporal and retrosigmoid keyhole approach for extensive petroclival meningiomas surgery: report of experience with 7 cases.

OBJECTIVE: The resection of petroclival meningiomas offers great challenges to the neurosurgeon. Surgery via a combined subtemporal and retrosigmoid keyhole approach surgery was evaluated for the treatment of extensive petroclival meningiomas on the basis of our experience with 7 cases. METHODS: From July 2002 to July 2005, the resections of 7 petroclival meningiomas, which involved both supra- and infra-tentorial regions, were performed via a combined subtemporal and retrosigmoid keyhole approach. The extent of tumor resection was evaluated by MRI 3 months after surgery, and postoperative complications were investigated. RESULTS: The maximum diameter of tumors ranged from 3.4 to 6.0 cm (mean: 4.4 cm). Gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in 3 cases, giving a GTR rate of 43%. Subtotal resection (STR) was carried out in 4 cases. Neurological status remained intact in one case, while the others presented with cranial nerve deficits (VII, VI, V, III and lower CN). No death was reported during the postoperative period. CONCLUSION: This combined keyhole approach is suitable for the treatment of extensive petroclival meningiomas. It provides easy and quick access to the supra- and infratentorial juxta-clival regions without any petrous bone drilling. Complications related to the approach can be minimized.     

Use of precontoured positioning plates and pericranial flaps in midfacial reconstruction to optimize aesthetic and functional outcomes

OBJECTIVES: To present our experience with reconstruction of midfacial defects using "precontoured positioning plates" with or without pericranial flaps and to describe our technique in detail. METHODS: Thirty-two consecutive patients with midfacial defects subsequent to oncologic resection that were reconstructed primarily with cranial bone grafts and precontoured positioning plates were reviewed for type of defect, functional outcome, complications, and postoperative appearance. RESULTS: Primary reconstruction of all defects in this series was performed. Defects involved the orbital rim, orbital floor, or both in 28 patients (88%), the body of the zygoma in 24 patients (75%), and extended to the skull base in 16 patients (50%). Pericranial flaps were used to cover the bone grafts in 22 patients (69%). Postoperative radiotherapy was performed in 22 patients (69%), preoperative radiotherapy in 5 (16%), and the other 5 (16%) had no radiotherapy. There were no intraoperative complications, and postoperative complications included plate exposure (n = 2), ectropion (n = 3), and partial bone graft loss or resorption subsequent to completion of radiotherapy (n = 2). Postoperatively, appearance was excellent in 24 patients, fair in 6 patients, and poor in 2 patients. Secondary reconstructive procedures were performed in 4 patients (12%). Follow-up ranged from 12 months to 6 years (median, 4.2 years). CONCLUSIONS: Precontoured positioning plates with or without pericranial flaps enable precise reconstruction of midfacial defects with precise incorporation of cranial bone grafts. In our series we routinely covered the bone grafts with well-vascularized tissues, leading to a low incidence of complications and excellent aesthetic results.     

Evaluation of safety of increased time interval between chemoradiation and resection for rectal cancer

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant chemoradiation is increasingly used for rectal cancer, with resection typically performed 6 weeks after completion of radiotherapy. We observed in our practice that further delay after radiotherapy led to increased downsizing. We performed this retrospective analysis to evaluate the safety of this approach. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of 48 patients with distal or mid-rectal cancer who were operated on 8 weeks or less after chemoradiation ended (group 1, n = 16), and more than 8 weeks later (group 2, n = 32). We looked at the effect of delaying surgery on intraoperative blood loss, operative and hospital duration, postoperative complications, readmissions, and mortality. RESULTS: The median interval between radiation and operation was 7 weeks in group 1 and 11 weeks in group 2. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of intraoperative blood loss, postoperative complications, or readmissions. Length of operation and length of stay were slightly longer for group 2. CONCLUSIONS: Delaying surgery after neoadjuvant treatment appears safe, with morbidity and mortality similar to that seen with surgery performed less than 8 weeks after chemoradiation.     

Conservative (labyrinth-preserving) transpetrosal approach to the clivus and petroclival region--indications, complications, results and lessons learned

OBJECTIVE: Tumours or vascular lesions of the clivus and juxtaclival region present a unique challenge to neurosurgeons and a variety of techniques, with a wide spectrum of complexity, have been advocated. This report presents the use of a conservative transpetrosal approach which combines partial removal of the postero-lateral petrous bone with preservation of the labyrinth, with particular focus on efficacy and the reduction of complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Over 9 years, 52 patients underwent a conservative combined supra-infratentorial, labyrinth-preserving transpetrosal approach. There were 32 women and 20 men; 33 had tumour lesions including 22 patients with a clival or petroclival meningioma. Among the 19 patients with a vascular lesion, 12 patients had a basilar artery trunk aneurysm, including one giant midbasilar aneurysm. 3 Patients had vertebro-basilar junction aneurysms, and 4 patients had a pontine cavernoma. Data on the clinical features, investigations and operative techniques were extracted from the patient's case records. Outcome was assessed by serial examinations of the patients or by telephone interview with the treating physician, and in survivors graded as excellent, good or poor. RESULTS: 52 patients, 23 patients (44%) had an excellent outcome, in 21 patients (41%) the outcome was good and in 7 patients (13%) the outcome was poor. One patient with a complex fusiform basilar trunk aneurysm, operated upon as an emergency, died in the postoperative period. Total resection was achieved, as demonstrated by follow-up MRI in 20 of 33 patients with a tumour, including 15 of 22 patients with clival or petro-clival meningiomas. All vascular lesions were treated effectively and in 14 patients with a basilar or vertebro-basilar junction aneurysm, clipping of the aneurysm was achieved. In one patient, a giant calcified vertebro-basilar junction aneurysm was resected. New cranial nerve deficits or an accentuation of a pre-existing deficit, occurred in 8 patients with a tumour and 4 patients with a vascular lesion. Complications included: temporary conductive hearing deficit in 4 patients, a minor laceration of the sigmoid/transverse sinus in 4 and transient post-operative CSF leakage in 12 patients. Temporary lumbar drainage resulted in sealing of the CSF leak in 8 patients, but in 3 patients a permanent ventriculo-peritoneal shunt had to be implanted. CONCLUSION: When based on adequate experience in skull base surgery, the combined supra-infratentorial, conservative transpetrosal approach, with preservation of the labyrinth, allows direct and wide exposure of a large variety of tumour and vascular lesions located along the supra- and infratentorial juxta-clival area; little or almost no retraction of neurovascular structures is needed and with adherence to important principles, complications related to the approach can be minimised.     

Subtemporal Transtentorial Petrosalapex Approach for Giant Petroclival Meningiomas: Analyzation and Evaluation of the Clinical Application

With the advent of microsurgery and surgical techniques, along with the improvement in neuroimaging techniques and the microanatomy in cadaver study, improvement in terms of surgical morbidity and mortality has been remarkable; however, controversy still exists regarding the optimal surgical strategies for giant petroclival meningiomas (GPMs). We report a study of clinical and radiological features as well as the surgical findings and outcomes for patients with GPM treated at our institution over the past 6 years. During a 6-year period (April 2004 to March 2010), 16 patients with GPM underwent surgery by subtemporal transtentorial petrosal apex approach during which electrophysiological monitoring of cranial nerves and brainstem function were reviewed. There were nine females and seven males with a mean age of 56.9 years (range from 32 to 78 years). The most frequent clinical manifestations were headache (93.7%) and dizziness (93.7%). Regions and directions of tumor extension include clivus, parasellar, and cavernous sinus, as well as compression of brainstem, and so on. The trochlear nerve was totally wrapped in nine cases (56.2%). The postoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score was 76.3 ± 13.1. Mean maximum diameter of the tumors on magnetic resonance imaging was 5.23 cm (range, 4.5 to 6.2 cm). Subtemporal transtentorial petrosalapex approach was performed in all 16 cases. Gross total resection was achieved in 14 cases (87.5%) and subtotal resection in 2 cases (12.5%) with no resultant mortality. Follow-up data were available for all 16 patients, with a mean follow-up period of 28.8 months (range from 4 to 69 months), of which 11 (68.75%) lived a normal life (KPS, 80–100). Our suggestion is that GPM could be completely resected by subtemporal transtentorial petrosalapex approach. The surgical strategy of GPM should be focused on survival and postoperative quality of life. Microneurosurgical technique plays a key role in tumor resection and preservation of nerve function. Intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring also contributes dramatically to the preservation of the nerve function. Complete resection of the tumor should be attempted at the first operation. Any remnant is treated by radiosurgery.