98例食管心房调搏终止室上速的4种方法比较

目的：比较９８例经食管心房调搏（ＴＥＡＰ）终止室上速（ＰＳＶＴ）的４种方法学疗效，并对其作用机理进行探讨。方法：应用国产的ＸＤ－２或ＤＦ－４Ａ型心脏电生理诊断仪对９８例因频敏发作ＰＳＶＴ的患进行ＰＳＶＴ终止，诱发试验，分别采用（１）亚速刺激法，（２）Ｓ１Ｓ２程控刺激法，（３）短阵超速抑制法，（４）超短阵猝发刺激法，终止ＰＳＶＴ。结果：超短阵发刺激法在上各类ＰＳＶＴ的成功离最高平均达９０．９％，高于Ｓ１Ｓ２法程度控刺激法６２．７％（Ｐ〈０．０５）与亚速刺激法４０．５％（Ｐ〈０．１），略优于短阵超速抑制法８８．６％（Ｐ〉０．０５），结论：ＴＥＡＰ终止ＰＳＶＴ，对心肌收缩力，心脏传导系统无影响，无并发症可重复使用，安全且效果评价直观，可作为终止治疗ＰＳＶＴ的首选方法。     

痴呆患者载脂蛋白E基因型及表型的研究

目的研究载脂蛋白Ｅ（ＡｐｏＥ）多态性与痴呆疾病的关系。方法对对照组（５３例）和痴呆组［其中包括Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ’ｓ病（ＡＤ）１８例，血管性痴呆（ＶＤ）２３例和帕金森病痴呆（ＰＤＤ）１３例］的载脂蛋白Ｅ基因频率和表型多态性的关系进行了比较。结果对照组ＡｐｏＥ基因频率以ε３最为常见，占９２．５％，其表型分布以Ｅ３／３型为主（占８６．８％）；在痴呆组中，ＡＤ组ＡｐｏＥε４和ε２基因频率分别为１９．４％和１３．９％，明显多于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１），而ＶＤ组和ＰＤＤ组ＡｐｏＥε４和ε２基因频率与非痴呆对照组相比差别无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）；ＡＤ组ＡｐｏＥ表型中的Ｅ３／４型和Ｅ２／３型明显高于对照组，而ＶＤ组和ＰＤＤ组中其他各型差异均不显著。结论ＡｐｏＥε４和ε２与ＡＤ关系极为密切，与ＶＤ和ＰＤＤ的关系尚需进一步研究     

下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床诊断价值及危险因素

在连续２８２例临床拟诊为下肢急性深静脉血栓形成（ＤＶＴ）的有症状患者中，经超声静脉检查证实为ＤＶＴ者仅９７例（３４．４％）．表明临床表现只能提示、而不能可靠诊断ＤＶＴ。年龄（≥５５岁）、恶性肿瘤和近期（３个月内）手术史是ＤＶＴ的危险因素。与对照组相比，有上述各项危险因素的患者，ＤＶＴ检出率均显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

尿激酶和前列腺素E1联合溶解深静脉血栓的临床研究

目的：观察静脉内联用尿激酶（ＵＫ）和前列腺素Ｅ１（ＰＧＥ１）对下肢深静脉血栓（ＤＶＴ）患者的溶栓效果。方法：将８９例经静脉造影确诊为ＤＶＴ患者分为联合溶栓组［ＵＫ＋ＰＧＥ１ｎ＝５１，第１组（病程＜２周）：先静脉注射ＵＫ１０万ＩＵ，接着静脉滴注ＵＫ（３万ＩＵ／ｈ）及ＰＧＥ１（１００μｇ／ｄ）持续２～３天，之后持续静脉滴注肝素钠５～７天，再服用华法林（使凝血酶原时间为基础对照的１．５～２．０倍）３～６个月；第２组（病程＞２周）：静脉注射ＵＫ１０万ＩＵ后，静脉滴注ＵＫ２０万ＩＵ及ＰＧＥ１１００μｇ，每日１次，连用７～１０天，再服华法林３～６个月］和常规治疗组（肝素，ｎ＝３８，剂量同上）。以血管造影为标准判断溶栓效果。结果：联合溶栓组的疗效明显优于常规治疗组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；其疗效与病程长短关系密切，病程小于２个月者疗效显著（显效率７５％，总有效率９６．５％）；无严重并发症发生。结论：静脉内联用ＵＫ和ＰＧＥ１治疗ＤＶＴ是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病缓解期患者血浆内皮素变化及其与心肺功能的关系

目的探讨内皮素（ＥＴ）－１在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ＣＯＰＤ）发展中的临床意义。方法采用ＥＴ－１放射免疫直接法，血气分析仪和肺功能仪等测定３４例ＣＯＰＤ缓解期患者血浆不同部位ＥＴ－１浓度及其血流动力、心肺功能参数。结果肺动脉高压患者血浆ＥＴ－１明显高于肺动脉压正常者和健康人。肺动脉高压患者血浆ＥＴ－１与全肺阻力指数（ＴＰＲＩ）、体循环阻力指数（ＳＶＲＩ）、肺动脉平均压（ｍＰＡＰ）、体循环平均压（ＭＳＡＰ）和肺毛细血管楔压（ＰＣＷＰ）呈正相关，与ｐＨ值、混合静脉血氧分压（ＰｖＯ２）、混合静脉血氧含量（ＣｖＯ２）、小气道功能［５０％肺活量最大呼气流量（Ｖ５０）／２５％肺活量最大呼气流量（Ｖ２５）、（Ｖ２５／ＨＴ）％］呈负相关。肺动脉压正常者血浆ＥＴ－１与ＴＰＲＩ、ｍＰＡＰ、右心每搏功指数（ＲＶＳＷＩ）、左心每搏功指数（ＬＶＳＷＩ）呈正相关，与ｐＨ值、肺活量（ＶＣ）、最大通气量（ＭＶＶ）、Ｖ５０／Ｖ２５、（Ｖ２５／ＨＴ）％呈负相关。结论ＣＯＰＤ缓解期患者血浆ＥＴ－１增高可能仍是肺动脉高压形成的重要因素之一。血浆ＥＴ－１水平与心肺功能互相影响，ＥＴ－１的异常表达和释放可加速病情发展     

心肌梗塞病人心室晚电位与电程序刺激的相关性及其预后意义

对４８例心肌梗塞（ＭＩ）病人的心室晚电位（ＶＬＰ）检测与自发和心室电程序刺激（ＥＰＳ）诱发单形性持续性室性心动过速（ＳＭＶＴ）的相关性的研究表明：（１）临床无自发持续室速者ＶＬＰ和ＥＰＳ阳性率分别为１９％和２６％；（２）ＥＰＳ诱发ＳＭＶＴ者ＶＬＰ检出率（６２．５％）高于未诱发者（９。４％）；（３）ＶＬＰ阳性者ＥＰＳ－ＳＭＶＴ诱发率（７６．９％）高于ＶＬＰ阳性者（１７．１％）（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结果显     

下肢深静脉血栓形成及肺动脉栓塞

本文报告我们自１９９１年３月至１９９５年４月经下肢深静脉核素造影（ＲＮＶ）及核素肺血流灌注显像（ＬＰＳ）等诊断有下肢深静脉血栓（ＤＶＴ）的内科患者２８例，其中并发肺动脉栓塞（ＰＥ）１５例小２８例中，男２３例，女５例，年龄：５４．３±１３．１岁。慢性充血性心力衰竭（ＣＨＦ）１１例，糖尿病高脂血症３例，脑中风１２例，接受激素治疗的肾病２例。２８例５６条下肢ＲＮＶ，３５条下肢示ＤＶＴ。２８例ＤＶＴ中１５例ＬＰＳ示ＰＥ（５３．４％）。该１５例中仅５例临床疑及ＰＥ，提示：ＤＶＴ常并发ＰＥ，二者在内科患者中并不罕见，临床医生宜对其提高警惕，ＲＮＶ及ＬＰＳ目前是其最佳无创性诊断方法。     

老年高血压伴靶器官损害患者24小时动态血压研究

目的：了解并探讨老年高血压（ＨＰＥ）伴靶器官损害（ＯＤ）患２４小时动态血压变化。方法：应用ＤＳ－２４０无创伤携带式动态血压监测仪观察１２６例ＨＰＥ和８４例非老年高血压（ＨＰＮＥ）患并进行比较。结果：ＨＰＥ伴ＴＯＤ４６．８％,明显高于ＨＰＮＥ的２６．２％（Ｐ〈０．０５）;ＨＰＥ伴ＴＯＤ患昼夜节律异常发生率６６．１％,明显高于不伴ＴＯＤ或ＨＰＮＥ伴ＴＯＤ患（Ｐ〈０．０５～０．０１）;ＨＰＥ２     

系列电药理研究筛选有效抗折返性室上性心动过速药物的临床意义

对６７例折返性室上性心动过速（ＲＳＶＴ）施行以单一抗心律失常药物（ＡＡＤ）为基础、异丙肾上腺素（Ｉｓｏ）和美托洛尔（Ｍｅｔ）为辅助的系列电药理研究（ＳＥＰＳ）（简称ＡＩＭ－ＳＥＰＳ）。结果表明，Ｉｓｏ能使普罗帕酮和莫雷西嗪的抗ＲＳＶＴ总有效率分别降低６６．７％～８０．０％和２０．０％，该效应能被Ｍｅｔ所抵消。随访资料提示，对于选择预防ＲＳＶＴ临床复发有效的长期口服ＡＡＤ，ＡＩＭ－ＳＥＰＳ明显优于单一ＡＡＤ的电药理研究。     

深静脉血栓形成流行病学及遗传流行病学研究进展

肺栓塞（ＰＥ）是一种急性致死性疾病,而绝大多数ＰＥ病人都与下肢深静脉血栓形成（ＤＶＴ）并存。欧美国家进行了大量的流行病学和遗传流行病学研究,对ＤＶＴ、ＰＥ的发病率、死亡率、以及病因学进行了报道。本文将对近几年有关影响ＤＶＴ、ＰＥ发病的后天性因素,先天性的遗传因素,以及发病率、死亡率方面研究进行综述。     

Injecting drug use is a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis in women in Glasgow

Three hundred and twenty-two consecutive women aged 16-70 years who presented with objectively confirmed symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) were studied to determine precipitating factors for thrombosis. One hundred and eighty-seven presented with deep vein thrombosis (DVT), 116 with either definite or possible pulmonary embolism (PE) and 19 with both DVT and PE. Injecting drug use (IDU) via femoral vein puncture was a common risk factor for DVT, associated with 21.4% of all cases of DVT and 52.4% of cases of DVT in women under 40 years. All women with drug-related thrombosis presented with DVT. None presented with symptomatic PE. A number of clinically diagnosed DVT associated with IDU were also documented, suggesting that IDU may be the most common risk factor for DVT in our region. DVT associated with IDU presents significant management challenges.     

北京协和医院肺栓塞基础病因的变迁

目的 进一步提高对肺栓塞的认识及探讨50年来北京协和医院肺栓塞基础病因的变迁。方法 对北京协和医院1950－2000年诊断的239例肺栓塞病例进行回顾性分析。结果 1950－1982年和1983-1990年两个时期内,北京协和医院每年平均诊断肺栓塞约3例,1991－1997年和1998－2000年两个时期内,每年平均诊断肺栓塞病例分别为8例和20.6例。四个不同时期内肺栓塞主要基础病因（深静脉血栓形态、心脏病、恶性肿瘤、结缔组织疾病）在同期肺栓塞病例中的发生率现在已有明显变化。深静脉血栓形成合并肺血栓栓塞症的发病较前有所增加。结论 当前肺栓塞的发病有增加趋势,深静脉血栓形成已成为肺栓塞的最主要的基础病因。     

High prevalence of anti-prothrombin antibody in patients with deep vein thrombosis

The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of lupus anticoagulant (LA) antibody and several antibodies for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) in patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT)/pulmonary embolism (PE) (n = 48), cerebral thrombosis (CT, n = 30), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, n = 22), and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP, n = 30). The presence of antibodies was examined by using the respective ELISA kits. LA was positive in 38.6% of patients with DVT/PE, suggesting that LA is one of the most important risk factors in DVT/PE. The highest prevalence of anti-beta(2) glycoprotein I (beta(2)GPI) IgG was in CT and SLE, followed by DVT, and none in ITP and healthy volunteers (control, n = 40), suggesting that it is related to thrombosis, particularly arterial thrombosis. The highest prevalence of anti-prothrombin (aPT) IgG antibody was in DVT, followed by CT and SLE, and none in ITP and the control, suggesting that it is related to thrombosis, especially venous thrombosis. The highest prevalence of antiphospholipid (aPL) IgG was in DVT, CT, and SLE, but 0% in ITP and control. On the other hand, aPL IgM, anti-annexin V IgG, and anti-annexin V IgM were positive in patients both with and without thrombosis, suggesting that they are not related to thrombosis. Our results indicated that among the anti-phospholipid antibodies, LA is the most sensitive marker for APS while anti-beta(2)GPI IgG, aPT IgG, and aPL IgG are risk factors for thrombosis. In particular, aPT IgG is a significant marker for DVT/PE.     

Hereditary thrombophilic risk factors and venous thromboembolism in Istanbul, Turkey: the role in different clinical manifestations of venous thromboembolism.

The aim of this study was to investigate the hereditary thrombophilic risk factors in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) and whether these risk factors play a different role in patients with isolated pulmonary embolism (PE) as compared with patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and patients with PE + DVT. The protein C (PC), protein S, antithrombin activities, homocysteine levels, and factor V Leiden (FVL) G1691A and prothrombin G20210A mutations were evaluated in 191 patients with VTE and 191 controls. The prevalence of FVL and PC deficiency were higher in patients (P = .003 and P = .02, respectively). There was no significant difference for the other risk factors. The combination of thrombophilic risk factors was significantly higher in patients with DVT + PE as compared with patients with isolated PE or DVT (P = .04). In conclusion, the most important hereditary risk factors for VTE in this study were the FVL mutation and PC deficiency.     

深静脉血栓形成的危险因素及临床分析

目的　提高对深静脉血栓形成 (DVT)和肺血栓栓塞症 (PTE)的危险因素和临床特点的认识。方法　对 338例DVT患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　近 10年来住院患者中DVT患者的比例呈逐年上升趋势。 80 4 %的DVT患者存在危险因素。最常见的危险因素为年龄≥ 4 0岁(88 9% )、心脏病 (4 3 0 % )、高血压 (35 1% )、长期卧床 (2 1 1% )、感染性疾病 (2 0 1% )等。DVT最常见的临床症状为患肢肿胀 (6 6 2 % )和疼痛 (4 0 5 % ) ,87 2 %的患者两侧小腿周径差值≥ 1cm。DVT易累及左下肢 ,近端静脉多见。 34 5 %的DVT患者合并PTE ,其中 74 6 %以PTE为首发症状。DVT发生PTE的比率在左、右下肢及静脉远、近端之间差异无显著性。结论　DVT在住院患者中所占比例逐渐增加 ,大多数存在危险因素 ,DVT在并发PTE前常无明显症状 ,应引起重视     

The effect of a computerized reminder system on the prevention of postoperative venous thromboembolism

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To measure the effect of an altered process of care, directed by a computerized reminder system, on rates of symptomatic postoperative venous thromboembolism. DESIGN: Comparisons of preintervention and postintervention measurements. SETTING: A university-affiliated community hospital in Utah. PATIENTS: Two-thousand seventy-seven consecutive patients who underwent major operations in four surgical divisions between January 1, 1997, and October 31, 1997 (preintervention), and 2,093 consecutive patients who underwent the same procedures between January 1, 1998, and October 31,1998 (postintervention). INTERVENTION: A program to prevent venous thromboembolism developed from American College of Chest Physicians guidelines, and an altered work process directed by a computerized reminder system. MEASUREMENTS: Rates of symptomatic, objectively confirmed deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and death attributable to venous thromboembolism occurring within 90 days of the date of surgery. RESULTS: The preintervention and postintervention cohorts did not differ with respect to age, severity of illness, number of risk factors for venous thromboembolism, or individual risk factors for venous thromboembolism. The overall prophylaxis rate increased from 89.9% before implementation of the computerized reminder system to 95.0% after implementation (p < 0.0001). The combined 90-day rate of symptomatic DVT, PE, and death attributable to PE remained the same (preintervention, 1.0%; postintervention, 1.2%; odds ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 0.67 to 2.20). Forty of 46 venous thromboembolic complications (87%) occurred despite the delivery of American College of Chest Physicians-recommended measures to prevent venous thromboembolism. CONCLUSIONS: Computerized reminder systems combined with altered care procedures increase the rate of prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism without decreasing the rate of symptomatic venous thromboembolism when the baseline rate of prophylaxis is high. A population of surgical patients exists who are resistant to American College of Chest Physicians-recommended prophylactic measures against venous thromboembolism. New strategies are needed to address prophylaxis-resistant venous thromboembolism.     

经导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓经验初探

目的:分析经导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓的治疗效果。方法:2009年1月至2010年10月,北京协和医院血管外科,共对20例急性下肢深静脉血栓患者进行导管溶栓治疗,根据患者血栓部位和发病时间,选择同期20例抗凝治疗患者进行配对对照研究。观察时间点为术后即刻、6个月和12个月。使用血管开通评分方法来评价目标血管的开通情况。同时,观察溶栓组和抗凝组的出血等重大不良事件。结果:溶栓组和抗凝组的一般资料基本相当,累计髂静脉的病例均为15例(75%),发病1～3 d的急性血栓均为10例(50%),4～7 d为6例(30%)。抗凝组的平均年龄显著高于溶栓组。溶栓组的平均溶栓时间(79.2±28.1)h,使用尿激酶平均(343±70.0)万单位,2例患者因尿激酶使用后D-二聚体上升不明显,另外使用了重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物(r-tPA)100 mg。住院期间、术后6个月、12个月的血管开通评分,溶栓组均显著优于抗凝组。溶栓组有3例大出血事件,抗凝组有1例出血事件,2组之间差异无统计学意义。结论:对于急性下肢深静脉血栓,选择合适的病例进行经导管溶栓可以获得满意的近期和中期效果,对于溶栓导致的出血事件应有充分的预案处理。     

Beh?et's Disease Complicated with Thrombosis: A Report of 93 Chinese Cases

To investigate the clinical features of Behçet''s disease (BD) complicated with thrombosis.Medical records of patients with BD at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 1993 to 2013 were reviewed to identify thrombosis.Of the 766 patients with BD, 93 patients (16 female and 77 male) developed thrombosis. The most common thrombosis was extremity vein thrombosis (86.0%), including deep vein thrombosis (n = 78) and superficial thrombophlebitis (n = 4). The other thrombosis types associated with BD in descending frequency of order were: vena cava thrombosis (30.1%), pulmonary thromboembolism (15.1%), cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) (12.9%), intracardiac thrombosis (8.6%), Budd–Chiari syndrome (7.5%), and renal vein thrombosis (4.3%), etc. Venous thrombosis is more frequent than arterial thrombosis, and most of patients (94.6%) experienced multiple thrombosis. A male predominance of extremity vein thrombosis and positive pathergy test, and a female predominance of CVT and genital ulcers were noted. All of these patients exhibited active disease during the emergence of thrombotic events. After treating with glucocorticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and/or anticoagulants, the thrombosis resolved in 89 patients. Three patients died from aneurysm rupture, myocardial infarction and Budd–Chiari syndrome, respectively. One patient with septic shock discontinued therapy during follow-up.Thrombosis in BD patients is male predominance, mainly multiple and venous thrombosis is more common. Active disease patients are prone to thrombosis, which suggest the key role of immunosuppressive therapy for the complication.     

脑卒中后偏瘫患者症状性下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床特点

目的探讨脑卒中后偏瘫患者并发症状性下肢深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)形成的临床特点。方法回顾2006年1月-2011年12月收治的822例脑卒中患者,对其中35例脑卒中后偏瘫并下肢红肿疼痛经静脉造影和/或超声证实的DVT患者资料分析,并通过与同期收治的35例非DVT卒中患者进行血同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平对比,了解症状性DVT的发生率、发生时间及可能的危险因素。结果本院脑卒中后偏瘫患者症状性DVT的发病率为35/822(4.3%),DVT发生在瘫痪侧32例,其中同为左侧28例;脑卒中后发生症状性DVT的时间主要集中在住院2周～4周;肢体肌力0～Ⅱ级31例,Ⅲ级及以上者4例;年龄≥65岁28例;有股静脉置管史21例;合并高血压33例;有糖尿病19例;有心房纤颤者8例;合并高脂血症12例。脑卒中后DVT组血Hcy、CRP水平明显升高,与对照组相比有统计学意义。结论高龄、重度肢体瘫痪、高血压、糖尿病、房颤、高脂血症、股静脉置管、高同型半胱氨酸血症、炎症可能是脑卒中后偏瘫患者发生DVT的危险因素,为避免DVT的发生及其所产生的不良后果,临床上应对具有上述危险因素的脑卒中患者给予必要的预防。     

Real-time ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity

One hundred twenty-six patients with clinically suspected acute deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity (DVT) were examined comparatively with ultrasound and venography. In total, 174 lower extremity venograms were obtained. Ultrasonic examinations were performed on patients in the supine position. The venous segments were evaluated almost exclusively with transversal scanning. In the thigh, the only criterion for DVT was the reduced or absent compressibility of the venous lumen when gently compressed with the transducer. In the calf, normal unobstructed veins can usually not be viewed in the supine patient, whereas thrombotic veins appear as sonolucent, incompressible channels. Eight-three of the 174 lower extremity venograms were positive for DVT. In the majority of cases (53 of 83) the thrombotic process had involved two or more segments in combination. The sites of involvement of the different venous segments were distributed as follows: 24 occlusions of the common femoral vein, 52 of the superficial femoral vein, 56 of the popliteal vein, and 71 of the calf veins. Ultrasound had a sensitivity of 100% for thrombosis of the common femoral vein, 96% for the superficial femoral veins, 98% for the popliteal vein, and 93% for the calf veins. For the entire lower extremity, in regard to the diagnosis of thrombosis, the overall sensitivity was 95%. In 90% the extension of the occlusion was foreseen correctly. In no cases were false-positive results reported. Thus the overall specificity was 100%. The authors conclude that real-time ultrasound is a highly accurate method for the diagnosis of DVT of the lower extremity. It is the only indirect method capable of evaluating the venous system of the thigh, as well as that of the calf, with high accuracy. It should be the first choice of diagnostic imaging method in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity.