入伍新兵人群甲型病毒性肝炎血清抗体水平监测

目的　了解入伍新兵人群中甲型病毒性肝炎（甲肝）病毒IgG抗体的分布情况。方法　采用回顾性血清流行病学调查方法，利用酶联免疫吸附试验技术，对近4年来自6个省市的325名入伍新兵血清进行了甲肝病毒IgG抗体检测,统计分析其阳性率。结果　发现各年间入伍新兵血清甲肝病毒IgG抗体差别不显著，为31.87%～41.76%,平均37.85%;地区间差别较大,湖北省（49.21%）和河南省（40.00%）较高,山西省最低（26.67%）;新兵入伍前学历和工作与否与其甲肝病毒IgG抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义。结论　入伍新兵人群中甲肝病毒IgG抗体阳性率有地区差异,阳性率明显低于70%警戒线,应引起高度重视。     

2020年辽宁省不同年龄组健康人群麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎抗体血清学分析

目的 了解辽宁省扩大免疫规划实施10年后不同年龄组健康人群麻疹、风疹及流行性腮腺炎IgG抗体水平,为及时发现免疫薄弱人群,采取针对性免疫措施提供依据。方法 采用单纯随机抽样方法采集辽宁省3个地市6个县（区）共计498名健康人群血标本,使用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清中麻疹、风疹及流行性腮腺炎IgG抗体,分析抗体阳性率和几何平均浓度（GMC）。结果 本次监测麻疹抗体阳性率为94.78%,GMC为851.10 m IU/m L;风疹抗体阳性率为87.15%,GMC为40.90 IU/m L;流行性腮腺炎抗体阳性率为90.16%,GMC为330.93 U/mL。不同地区麻疹、风疹及流行性腮腺炎IgG抗体阳性率和GMC水平差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）;不同年龄组麻疹GMC水平、风疹及流行性腮腺炎IgG抗体阳性率和GMC水平差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,但麻疹IgG抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;不同性别间麻疹、风疹及流行性腮腺炎IgG抗体阳性率和GMC水平差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 辽宁省麻疹和流行性腮腺炎IgG抗体水平较高,风疹IgG抗体...     

浙江省玉环县社区人群乙型病毒性肝炎感染现况分析

目的　了解和掌握乙型病毒性肝炎 （乙肝） 在玉环县社区人群中的感染状况和免疫水平。方法　采用多阶段随机抽样方法对玉环县社区人群乙肝病毒感染情况进行流行病学调查并采集血清样本进行相关检测。结果　玉环县社区人群乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）总阳性率为13.46%，其中男性15.84%，女性11.30%，差异有统计学意义（IP/I＜0.01）；全人群乙肝表面抗体（抗-HBs）、乙肝核心抗体（抗-HBc）阳性率分别为60.40%和30.97%，HBsAg阳性率随着年龄增长而升高；医务人员HBsAg阳性率最高。结论　玉环县是乙肝高流行区，不同人群的乙肝病毒感染率有差别，扩大免疫人群是加快控制乙肝的重要措施。     

2015年北京市朝阳区居民乙型病毒性肝炎病毒血清流行病学调查结果分析

目的 了解北京市朝阳区常住人口乙型病毒性肝炎（乙肝）病毒血清标志物流行情况。方法 按照多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,抽取北京市朝阳区常住人口（居住6个月及以上）家庭中1~70岁人群,调查问卷同时采集静脉血3~5 ml进行乙肝三项检测。结果 完成调查13 229人,HBsAg阳性率为2.68%（354/13 229）（标化率2.37%）、HBsAb阳性率47.05%（6 230/13 229）。北京市户籍人群HBsAg和HBsAb阳性率（2.20%;44.54%）均低于外地户籍人群（3.51%;51.51%）。乡村居住人群HBsAb阳性率（44.91%）低于城市居住人群（48.91%）。男性HBsAg和HBsAb阳性率（3.15%;48.85%）均高于女性HBsAg阳性率（2.36%;45.93%）。随调查人群年龄上升,HBsAg阳性率逐渐上升,HBsAb阳性率逐渐下降。15岁及以下儿童中乙肝疫苗调查接种率为98.13%,15岁以上人群乙肝疫苗调查接种率为38.66%。结论 北京市朝阳区35岁以下人群HBsAg阳性率较低,35~45岁人群HBsAg阳性率较高并且乙肝疫苗接种率较低,提示我们需要加强35~45岁人群乙肝防控工作。     

2007年山西省太原市健康人群乙型病毒性肝炎免疫水平监测分析

目的了解太原市健康人群乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝,hepatitis B)表面抗原抗体水平,为降低人群乙肝感染率及制定相应防制措施提供一定依据。方法根据《全国人群乙肝等有关疾病血清学调查方案》的要求,结合太原市具体情况,采用按容量比例概率抽样法(PPS)在全市随机抽取3～59岁常住人口,采用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测乙肝表面抗原及抗体。结果太原市健康人群乙肝表面抗原阳性率为1.5%,表面抗体阳性率为44.3%,各县(市、区)有差异;各年龄组间乙肝表面抗原阳性率及抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义;男女性别间免疫水平差异无统计学意义;不同职业和不同免疫史人群间免疫水平存在差异。结论接种乙肝疫苗是预防乙肝最有效的措施。太原市健康人群乙肝表面抗体水平较低,应针对性地采取措施,健全管理制度,提高免疫成功率。     

甲型病毒性肝炎灭活疫苗应急接种效果研究

目的　了解甲型病毒性肝炎（甲肝）流行期间人群甲肝病毒抗体（抗 HAV）状况，评价甲肝灭活疫苗用于应急接种的保护效果。 方法　对甲肝患者及密切接触者进行流行病学调查，开展人群抗 HAV水平检测和进行甲肝灭活疫苗应急接种，在校学生直接接种，甲肝患者密切接触者筛选后接种， 观察疫苗安全性、 不同时间甲肝抗体反应及疫苗应急接种保护效果。 结果　流行期间人群抗 HAV总阳性率为77.82%，3365名在校学生和108名密切接触易感者接种疫苗后保护率达到100.00%；20岁年龄组发病构成比从接种疫苗前的38.89%下降到接种后2个月的19.44%；密切接触易感者接种后4周甲肝抗体阳转率为80.00%。结论　甲肝灭活疫苗具有安全性好、抗体产生快、应急接种保护效果好等特点，流行期间可考虑使用甲肝灭活疫苗控制疫情。     

2007年浙江省嵊泗县健康人群麻疹、百日咳、白喉、破伤风监测分析

目的评价浙江省嵊泗县疫苗接种效果和人群免疫水平情况。方法随机抽取健康人群248名（包括个别外来流动人群）开展了人群麻疹、百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平监测分析,用微量血球凝集抑制试验检测麻疹特异性IgG抗体,用试管凝集试验检测百日咳凝集抗体,用间接血凝试验检测白喉抗毒素和破伤风抗毒素。结果本次检测健康人群麻疹血清抗体阳性率为72.18%;百日咳血清抗体阳性率为80.74%,保护率为32.38%;白喉血清抗体阳性率为阳性率为54.25%;破伤风抗毒素达保护水平占72.18%。结论当前人群疫苗免疫保护水平尚有不足,可能与个别外来流动儿童未完成全程接种,个别疫苗接种程序、剂量改变以及海岛疫苗运输冷链条件差,个别批次疫苗质量是否可能下降等因素相关,值得进一步探讨。     

病毒性肝炎

病毒性肝炎前两篇文章介绍了病毒性肝炎的诊断；乙肝、丁肝的有关知识，本篇将详细介绍甲肝、丙肝和戊肝。甲型肝炎（ＨＡ）抗－ＨＡＶ抗体出现较早，并伴随感染症状和生化改变。尽管甲型肝炎病毒（ＨＡＶ）有四个基因型，但只有一个血清型，故不影响血清学诊断。甲肝的血...     

2008年浙江省天台县麻疹免疫水平监测与分析

目的了解浙江省天台县麻疹疫苗免疫效果和健康人群麻疹抗体水平,分析麻疹疫情上升原因。方法随机抽取接受基础免疫的健康儿童65名,在免疫前和免疫后1个月分别采集末梢血进行麻疹抗体检测;随机抽取各年龄组健康人群360名,采集末梢血进行麻疹抗体检测。结果2008年浙江省天台县基础免疫前儿童麻疹抗体阳性率为12.31%,基础免疫后1个月麻疹抗体阳性率为83.08%,免疫成功率为80.70%;＞8月龄健康人群麻疹抗体阳性率为85.87%,各年龄组之间抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义（I/Isup2/sup=9.98,IP/I＞0.05）。结论天台县麻疹基础免疫成功率和健康人群的麻疹抗体阳性率均偏低,应加强计划免疫工作的检查督导力度,适当扩大麻疹强化免疫人群范围,适时开展强化免疫。     

北京市昌平区6岁儿童加强接种前后麻疹、流行性腮腺炎和风疹抗体水平监测分析

目的 分析北京市昌平区6岁儿童加强接种疫苗前后麻疹、流行性腮腺炎和风疹抗体水平变化,为控制相应传染病,完善相关免疫策略提供依据。方法 采用分层随机抽样法,将昌平区20个镇街分成3个等级镇街,每级镇街随机抽取2个镇街,共6个镇街作为监测现场。每个镇街随机选取6岁儿童作为免疫水平监测对象,依据知情同意的原则,共入组308名儿童,各采集静脉血3 ml,用ELISA试剂盒定量检测麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹IgG抗体水平,在接种麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹疫苗（麻腮风疫苗,MMR）后35~42 d,共采集274名儿童静脉血各3 ml,分析接种MMR前后麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹IgG抗体阳性率及抗体水平变化。结果 加强MMR接种前,麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹抗体阳性率分别为94.16%、87.99%和72.40%,加强接种后三者抗体阳性率均为100.00%。麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹抗体几何平均浓度（GMC）加强接种前分别为999 mIU/ml、469 U/ml和44 IU/ml,接种后分别为1 700 mIU/ml、2 293 U/ml和107 IU/ml。加强接种前后三者抗体阳性率和GMC均升高,差异均有统计学意义（阳性率比较2=16.524、35.150和88.549,P=0.001;GMC比较t=-7.425、-10.001和-16.913,P=0.001）。结论 MMR加强接种前抗体阳性率下降,风疹和腮腺炎抗体阳性率较低,接种后风疹和腮腺炎抗体阳性率上升明显,昌平区6岁儿童麻腮风疫苗加强免疫效果良好,应继续保持较高的疫苗接种率。     

Susceptibility of medical students to vaccine-preventable viral diseases: a serological study

As a measure for the prevention and control of nosocomial infections in medical school students, we examined the students titers of antibodies to measles, rubella, varicella, and mumps viruses to determine whether vaccination was required. We also analyzed and discussed correlations among antibody titers to the viruses. Subjects were 363 Juntendo University students, ranging from freshmen to seniors. EIA was used to measure IgG antibody titers. Eight subjects (2.2%) had negative titers for measles, 36 (9.9%) for rubella, 8 (2.2%) for varicella, and 10 (2.7%) for mumps. Seronegative subjects were vaccinated against each virus and high seroconversion rates were obtained: 100% for measles and rubella, 67% for varicella, and 89% for mumps. In addition, we used Pearsons test to search for correlations among the antibody titers for each virus. A weak correlation was observed among antibody titers for measles, rubella, and mumps but not for varicella. These results suggest that MMR vaccine might be effective in people with low levels of antibody to measles, rubella, and mumps.     

Effect of vaccine program on IgG antibody titers for measles,rubella, varicella,and mumps in young adults in Japan: Survey between 2018 and 2021

IntroductionImproved routine immunizations in Japan have led to a reduction in vaccine-preventable diseases. Due to changes in the vaccination program, current young adults received their second vaccination for measles and rubella at different times depending on their birth year, and most of them have not been vaccinated against varicella and mumps. This study investigated the effect of vaccine programs on the immunity of people in Japan.MethodsImmunoglobulin G antibody (IgG) titers against four viruses were determined by enzyme immunoassay in 795 students at a medical university. Titers for measles and rubella were compared according to the students’ birth dates (Group 1: April 2, 1990–April 1, 2000; Group 2: April 2, 2000–).ResultsThe titers of students that satisfied the standard IgG values against measles, rubella, varicella, and mumps were 24.3%, 56.9%, 87.4%, and 47.2%, respectively. Measles and rubella titers were lower in group 2 (estimated mean period from last vaccination, 7.0 years) than group 1 (13.5 years) (p = 0.023 measles, p = 0.037 rubella), indicating attenuation of titers over time. Varicella and mumps antibody prevalence indicated that these infections were endemic, whereas rates of negative titers were higher than those for measles and rubella.ConclusionsIgG titers against viruses were affected by vaccination programs. Declining titers after vaccination should be monitored when the diseases are almost eliminated and boosting is absent. Antibody testing is meaningful for recommending vaccinations and for surveillance of waning immunity. Continuous improvements of vaccination program should be considered to prevent and eliminate diseases.     

Self-reported histories of disease and vaccination against measles,mumps, rubella and varicella in health care personnel in Japan

Health care personnel are required to be immune against vaccine-preventable diseases, such as measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of self-reported histories of disease and vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in order to determine the immune status of health care personnel. A self-reported questionnaire of history of previous disease and vaccination against these diseases was administered to a total of 910 health care personnel in Shimane university hospital in Japan, whose results were compared with serological evidences. There were numerous subjects who did not remember a history of disease (greater than 33% each) and of vaccination (greater than 58% each). Self-reported history of disease and vaccination had high positive predictive value against either disease for testing positive for antiviral antibodies. However, a considerable number of false-negative subjects could be found; 88.9% of subjects for measles, 89.3% for mumps, 62.2% for rubella and 96.3% for varicella in the population who had neither a self-reported history of disease nor a vaccination against each disease. In addition, regardless of the disease in question, a negative predictive value in self-reported history of disease and vaccination was remarkably low. These results suggest that self-reported history of disease and vaccination was not predictive to determine the accurate immune status of health care personnel against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella. A seroprevalence survey, followed by an adequate immunization program for susceptible subjects, is crucial to prevent and control infection in hospital settings.     

ACIP adopts guidelines on immunizing health care workers

Maintaining immunity is an essential part of prevention and infection control programs. The ACIP strongly recommends all health care workers be vaccinated against hepatitis B influenza measles, mumps, rubella varicella.     

2013年内蒙古自治区健康人群麻疹抗体水平调查分析

目的 了解内蒙古自治区健康人群麻疹抗体水平,及时发现高危人群,为制定消除麻疹防控措施提供依据。方法 按照全国麻疹监测方案健康人群免疫水平监测的要求,按健康人群分为8个年龄组,每组随机抽取不少于30人,应用酶联免疫吸附试验测定人体麻疹IgG抗体。结果 采集血清标本751份,麻疹IgG抗体阳性数699份,阳性率、保护率均为93.08%。不同地区、不同年龄组人群阳性率、抗体浓度差异均有统计学意义。结论 不同地区人群麻疹免疫水平不同,应根据该地区实际情况采取相应的措施,提高基础免疫的质量,加强补充免疫,提高人群抗体水平。     

盐都区企业工人乙肝表面抗原和表面抗体阳性结果分析

目的：为了解本地区企业工人乙肝表面抗原和表面抗体阳性情况，为预防和控制乙肝病毒感染提供科学依据。方法：通过对企业工人健康体检，在保密条件下对受检者检测乙肝表面抗原和乙肝表面抗体。结果：乙肝表面抗原阳性率4.28%，乙肝表面抗体阳性率49.41%，不同性别、来自不同地区工人乙肝表面抗原和表面抗体阳性率存在统计学差异。结论：企业工人乙肝表面抗体阳性率低，需定期接种乙肝疫苗，卫生部门可通过多种渠道宣传以提高乙肝疫苗接种率和接种效果监测。     

2013年陕西省铜川市健康人群麻疹抗体水平监测分析

目的 了解陕西省铜川市健康人群麻疹抗体水平,评价麻疹疫苗免疫效果,为消除麻疹提供依据。方法 4区(县)随机抽取9个年龄组366份血样。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法定量检测麻疹IgG抗体。结果 2013年铜川市健康人群麻疹抗体阳性率为97.27%,几何平均浓度(GMC)为1794.05 mIU/ml。不同区(县)、城市与农村间平均GMC差异均有统计学意义,7~岁平均GMC显著低于1~、3~和15岁组。与2007年相比,全人群麻疹抗体阳性率明显升高。结论 铜川市健康人群麻疹抗体水平较高,近期不会出现麻疹流行。但4区(县)计划免疫工作发展不平衡,应加强农村和薄弱地区的免疫规划工作。建议加强麻疹疫情监测,适时对7~岁重点人群进行麻疹疫苗的应急接种及查漏补种工作。