国内对拟除虫菊酯类农药的毒性毒理研究概况

拟除虫菊酯类农药是70年代迅速发展起来的新型农药,具有广谱、高效、低毒、低残留的优点,日益广泛应用于农业、林业、仓储和卫生等部门的害虫防治。 二氯菊酯(商品名除虫精)是国内由江苏省农药研究所最早合成的拟除虫菊酯农药之一。1978年江苏省又相继合成了氰戊菊酯(商品名速灭菊酯)     

我国对拟除是菊酯类农药神经毒理学研究概况

拟除虫菊酯(pyrethroid)类农药是我国常用农药,是70年代迅速发展起来的新型农药,具有选择性毒性、哺乳动物体内代谢和排泄迅速、环境中残留较少等特点,拟除虫菊酯为神经毒物,国内外学者对其神经毒性做了大量的工作[1～4].我国非常重视对常用农药的毒作用研究,有关常用农药毒作用机理研究已列为国家自然科学基金"八五"期间重点项目和卫生部"九五"科技攻关项目.就国内(1988～1998)拟除虫菊酯农药对神经化学和神经生理学等方面,尤其是神经毒作用机理的研究概况作一综述.     

吴茱萸中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留分析

目的:分析中药吴茱萸中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留,为其质量控制和标准制定提供科学依据。方法:应用 GC-MS 法研究拟除虫菊酯类农药在中药吴茱萸中的残留。吴茱萸样品经石油醚-丙酮(4:1,v/v)混合液超声提取,无水硫酸钠-氟罗里硅土-无水硫酸钠三层填料固相萃取小柱净化,以 GC 法对净化液进行检测。结果:一次进样可对吴茱萸样品中的5种拟除虫菊酯类农药准确定量和确证。在检测的11批生药吴茱萸中,皆有氯氰菊酯残留,其次为甲氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯,氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯未检出。结论:GC-MS 法是一种简单、快速、高灵敏度的检测中药吴茱萸中拟除虫菊酯类农药的方法,可达到同时定量和确证的目的,建议推广应用。     

拟除虫菊酯类农药在铁皮石斛中的残留量研究

目的：建立铁皮石斛中拟除虫菊酯农药残留的检测方法,为铁皮石斛药材安全使用提供科学依据。方法样品用石油醚（60～90℃）－丙酮（4∶1）混合溶液超声提取,佛罗里硅土－氧化铝混合柱净化,用GC－ECD测定拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量。结果铁皮石斛药材中检出3中拟除虫菊酯农药残留量。结论铁皮石斛应完善质量标准,以保障用药安全。     

拟除虫菊酯农药的毒性研究进展

拟除虫菊酯农药是70年代迅速发展起来的新型农药，由于它高效、低毒而替代有机氯农药在室内和农业广泛应用。根据拟除虫菊酯化学结构的不同可将其分为不含α-氰基的Ⅰ型以氯菊酯为代表和含α-氰基的Ⅱ型以氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯等为代表。由于Ⅱ型的广谱性和高效性，广泛用于农林害虫和卫生害虫的防治，现在以Ⅱ型使用最多，对此的研究报道也较多。     

拟除虫菊酯类农药急性中毒急救分析

目的:探讨拟除虫菊酯类农药中毒的临床急救方法,以提高疗效。方法:对本院2007年6月～2010年6月收治的11例拟除虫菊酯类农药急性中毒的急救治疗资料回顾性分析。结果:拟除虫菊酯类农药急性中毒患者临床表现主要体现在中枢神经系统的椎体外系统、小脑、脊髓和周围神经、消化系统等,含有有机磷成份、以有机磷中毒特征明显且较重者,应首先治疗。结论:目前单纯拟除虫菊酯类农药中毒无特效解毒药物、加强宣传防护、尽早积极综合治疗能提高疗效,降低死亡率。     

有机磷类和拟除虫菊酯类农药的神经毒作用机理

有机磷类和拟除虫菊酯类农药的神经毒作用机理贺锡雯吕京１（中国预防医学科学院劳动卫生与职业病研究所，北京１０００５０）中国是一个农业大国，农药年产量按有效成份计为２０万吨，每年急性农药中毒约５－７万人，病死率高达１０％以上．农药对人体健康的影响及其防治...     

拟除虫菊酯类杀虫药急性中毒56例临床分析

目的探讨拟除虫菊酯类杀虫药急性中毒的临床表现及诊治经验。方法对56例急性拟除虫菊酯类杀虫药中毒的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果急性拟除虫菊酯类杀虫药中毒涉及多个系统,其中以神经系统和消化系统症状为主要表现,症状随积极治疗及病情的好转而消失。结论通过认识急性拟除虫菊酯类杀虫药中毒的临床表现,有助于正确的诊断和治疗。     

GC测定山西产连翘中有机氯及拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

目的 建立连翘中有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的GC测定方法。 方法 样品用石油醚(60~90 ℃)-丙酮(4∶1)混合溶液超声提取,Florisil-氧化铝固相柱净化,用GC-ECD同时测定了9种有机氯和3种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量。 结果 所测定12种农药标准曲线的相关系数r在0. 999 2~0. 999 9之间,回收率在80.69%~115.6%之间;17个样品(其中11个野生样品,6个栽培样品)中未检测到农药残留,3个栽培样品检测到γ-BCH和氯氰菊酯残留。 结论 该方法简便、快速、准确,可用于连翘中有机氯及拟除虫菊酯类农药的残留量测定;山西野生连翘生长环境优良,未受有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类农药污染。     

黄芪、人参和西洋参中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留比较研究

目的：比较研究不同产地黄芪、人参、西洋参中甲氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯农药的残留量。方法：收集不同地区流通品种，规范化GAP基地种植、一般种植及野生的药材，用石油醚-丙酮混合溶剂提取和固相萃取（SPE）小柱净化，用毛细管气相色谱法测定，电子捕获检测器（ECD）检测。根据色谱峰的保留时间定性，外标法定量。结果：被测样品中，黄芪检出了微量氯氰菊酯，个别样品检出了微量甲氰菊酯，均未超标；人参检出了微量氯氰菊酯，个别样品检出了微量溴氰菊酯；西洋参检出了微量氯氰菊酯，个别样品检出了微量氯氟氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯，均未超标。结论：可能药材种植过程中农药使用情况不同，不同药材农药残留量存在一定差异。     

The use of soil mites in ecotoxicology: a review

Ecotoxicology - Mites, and especially soil-inhabiting ones, have been less studied than the other invertebrates used in bio-assays for the assessment of soil quality and the hazards of chemicals,...     

岩白菜素的研究进展

目的综述了近年来对岩白菜素的研究进展。方法采用文献查阅,对相关文献进行归纳总结。结果对岩白菜素的研究主要集中于植物来源、提取分离、分析方法、结构改性、生物活性及其药代动力学等方面。结论岩白菜素具有显著的镇咳、镇痛、抗炎、增强免疫、保护肾脏、抗糖尿病、抗HIV、抗凝血等活性,仍具有较为广泛的研究开发空间。     

Putting the eco in ecotoxicology

Testing of pesticides and often other persistent chemicals increasingly involves aquatic mesocosms. Since our intention is to protect natural systems, predictions of their response based on surrogate systems are desirable. Toxicity tests at a variety of levels of biological organization are now available, ranging from single-species laboratory tests to those carried out in field enclosures of portions of natural systems. Validation is essential to determine accuracy of the predictions that will almost certainly not be identical for the wide variety of testing systems now available. Some important scientific considerations in the development of protocols are discussed.     

中药胡芦巴的研究进展

胡芦巴是我国的传统中药,在多地都有栽培且价格低廉。胡芦巴有降血糖、降血脂等药理作用,为了更好地开发和利用胡芦巴,本文对国内外有关胡芦巴的研究进展进行综述。     

Aquatic ecotoxicology of fluoxetine

Recent studies indicate that the pharmaceutical fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is discharged in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents to surface waters. Few data on environmental fluoxetine exposure and hazard to aquatic life are currently available in the literature. Here, we summarize information on fluoxetine detection in surface waters and review research on single-species toxicity test, Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) reproduction and endocrine function, and freshwater mesocosm community responses to fluoxetine exposure. Based on results from our studies and calculations of expected introduction concentrations, we also provide a preliminary aquatic risk characterization for fluoxetine. If standard toxicity test responses and a hazard quotient risk characterization approach are solely considered, little risk of fluoxetine exposure may be expected to aquatic life. However, our findings indicate that: (1) the magnitude, duration and frequency of fluoxetine exposure in aquatic systems requires further investigation; (2) mechanistic toxicity of fluoxetine in non-target biota, including behavioral responses, are clearly not understood; and (3) an assessment of environmentally relevant fluoxetine concentrations is needed to characterize ecological community responses.     

绞股蓝皂苷成分的研究进展

绞股蓝是五加科外含有人参皂苷的植物之一,具有滋补保健、抗癌防衰、增强体质和改善脂质代谢等多种功能,近年来一直是国内外学者研究的热点。综述绞股蓝皂苷成分的研究近况,为绞股蓝的进一步研究和开发提供参考,也为临床用药及相关活性成分的确定提供科学依据。     

甜菜碱的药理学研究进展

全面综述甜菜碱在药动学和防治高同型半胱胺酸血症、肝脏疾病、高渗条件下对细胞的保护作用及其他方面的药理学研究进展,为进一步开发利用其药用价值提供参考。     

Biocomplexity: the post-genome challenge in ecotoxicology

There are four crucial challenges for the environmental toxicologists in the next decade: (1) understanding the mechanisms of molecular and subcellular interactions with pollutant chemicals, including genomic and proteomic aspects; (2) the development of predictive simulation models of toxic effects on complex cellular and physiological processes; (3) linking molecular, cellular and patho-physiological 'endpoints' with higher level ecological consequences; and (4) precautionary anticipation of possible harmful impacts of novel developments in industrial processes, including biotechnology and nanotechnology. One of the major difficulties in ecotoxicology is to link harmful effects of chemical pollutants in individual animals and plants with the ecological consequences. Consequently, this obstacle has resulted in a 'knowledge-gap' for those seeking to develop policies for sustainable use of resources and environmental protection. The overall problem is: how to develop effective procedures for environmental/ecological impact and risk assessment? However, the use of diagnostic 'clinical-type' tests or 'biomarkers' has started to provide information on the health-status of populations based on relatively small samples of individuals. Also, biomarkers can now be used to begin to link processes of molecular and cellular damage through to the higher levels (i.e. prognostic capability), where they can result in reduced performance and reproductive success. Research effort to meet this challenge must be inter-disciplinary in character, since the key questions mainly involve complex interfacial problems. These include effects of physico-chemical speciation on uptake and toxicity, the toxicity of complex mixtures; and linking the impact of pollutants through the various hierarchical levels of biological organisation to ecosystem and human health. Finally, the development and use of process-based computational simulation models (i.e. 'virtual' cells, organs and animals), illustrated using an endosomal/lysosomal uptake and cell injury model, will facilitate the development of a predictive capacity for estimating risk associated with the possibility of future environmental events.     

盐酸阿罗洛尔临床应用研究概述

盐酸阿罗洛尔是具有β受体阻滞和适度α受体阻滞作用的降压药,降压效果明显,被广泛地应用于高血压、慢性肾功能不全合并高血压、心绞痛、原发性震颤等疾病的治疗。本文主要针对阿罗洛尔近几年的临床应用做简要综述。