结核必治丸治疗小鼠结核病的实验研究

目的研究中药结核，必治丸治疗小鼠结核病的药效。方法用结核分枝杆菌H37Rv尾静脉注射感染昆明小鼠后，将小鼠分成3组，雌雄各半，感染第2天分别用生理盐水（A组）、利福平（B组）和结核，必治丸（C组）治疗；治疗4个月，分别取肺、肝和脾观察病理改变、称取重量、做菌落计数。结果药物治疗4个月，C组小鼠肺脏重量指数显著低于A组（P〈0．05），与B组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。C组小鼠肺脏病变情况与B组相似，均有8例未见明显病变，而轻于A组，但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；C组脾脏有5例肿大，B组脾脏有2例肿大，而A组脾脏则有9例肿大，3组脾脏病理改变差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。C组雌性小鼠肺脏和脾脏活菌数都显著低于A组（P〈0．01），比A组分别减少4倍和10倍；雄性小鼠肺脏和脾脏活菌数则分别减少3倍和2倍，而B组分别减少14倍和7倍（P〈0．01）。结论结核珏治丸治疗小鼠结核病有一定治疗效果，但不及利福平，与雄性小鼠相比，雌性小鼠的治疗效果明显。     

母体暴露壬基酚对仔鼠脾脏组织的氧化损伤

[目的]研究母体暴露壬基酚（NP）对仔鼠脾脏的氧化损伤。[方法]将SD母鼠随机分为50、100、200mg／kgNP暴露组及对照组,每组6～7只动物。在母鼠妊娠第9～15天灌胃NP,仔鼠（F1）于出生印天龄时处死并取脾脏称重。比色法测定脾脏组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量;透射电镜观察其超微结构改变。[结果]与对照组比较,200mg／kgNP组仔鼠的脾脏重量及脏器系数均明显降低（P〈0．05）,且与染毒剂量呈负相关（r脾=-0．618,r脏=-0．530,P〈0．05）;100、200mg／kgNP组仔鼠脾脏组织的SOD活力降低,200mg／kgNP组MDA含量升高（P〈0．05）,均存在剂量效应关系（rSOD=-0．460,rMnA=0．747,P〈0．05）。高暴露组仔鼠脾脏电镜下可见脾细胞线粒体肿胀呈空泡样变,染色质浓缩成块状聚集在核周围。[结论]NP可透过胎盘屏障致仔鼠脾脏脂质过氧化损伤。     

结核杆菌Ag85B-DNA与H37Ra序贯免疫小鼠后细胞免疫的探讨

[目的]探讨用结核分枝杆菌Ag85B—DNA（pTB30m）和结核菌H37Ra序贯免疫小鼠后产生的特异性细胞免疫。[方法]用碱裂解法制备Ag85B成熟蛋白的真核表达质粒（pTB30m），初次免疫小鼠2周后，用H37Ra皮内加强免疫（DNA-85B／H37Ra组），同时设定Ag85B—DNA／BCG组、H37Ra组、BCG组及未免疫组。加强免疫4w和8w后，检测小鼠脾淋巴细胞被PPD刺激指数（SI）及其IFN-γ、IL-2的表达水平。[结果]（1）酶切鉴定pTB30m所含外源基因片段大小正确，纯度较高。（2）DNA-85B／H37Ra组小鼠脾淋巴细胞的SI均显著高于H37Ra组、BCG组和DNA-85B／BCG（P〈0．05）；（3）所有免疫组IFN-γ及IL-2表达与未免疫组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），DNA-85B／H37Ra组与DNA-85B／BCG组均高于H37Ra组和BCG组（P〈0．05），DNA-85B／H37Ra略高于DNA-85B／H37Ra,但差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。[结论]DNA-85B／H37Ra序贯免疫效果略优于DNA-85B／BCG组，明显优于H37Ra组BCG组。     

染铅对大鼠脾脏NOS、NO、SOD、MDA的影响

目的 探讨染铅对大鼠脾脏一氧化氮合酶（NOS）活力、一氧化氮（NO）含量的影响及其与血铅相互关系。方法 Wistar大鼠经饮水（加0，18．4，184．0mg/L醋酸铅，分别供对照组、低剂量组、高剂量组自由饮用）染毒，测定脾脏NOS活力、NO含量、SOD活力、MDA含量。结果 NOS活力高剂量染铅组7d时显著低于对照组和低剂量组（P＜0．05），90d高于对照组和低剂量组（P＜0．05），低剂量组90d高于对照组（P＜0．05）；NO含量高剂量组和低剂量组60d、90d时均显著低于对照组（P＜0．05）；SOD活力高剂量组14d、30d、60d、90d时均低于对照组（P＜0．05），低剂量组30d、90d时显著低于对照组（P＜0．05）；MDA含量高剂量组14d、60d、90d时均显著高于对照组，60d时显著低于低剂量组，90d时显著高于低剂量组（P＜0．05），低剂量组在各时点与对照组比较，差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。血铅与脾脏NO含量呈倒S型剂量－效应曲线；血铅与脾脏SOD活力呈倒抛物线型剂量－效应曲线；血铅与脾脏MDA含量呈正抛物线型剂量－效应曲线。结论 铅可引起大鼠脾脏NOS活力、NO含量、SOD活力、MDA含量改变，表明铅可引起体内氧应激反应导致脂质过氧化损伤。     

侧脑室注射苯并（a）芘致大鼠脑组织形态学及行为学的改变

[目的]研究侧脑室注射苯并（a）芘[B（a）P]致大鼠脑组织形态学及行为学的改变。[方法]32只SD大鼠随机分为4组，每组8只，染毒组分为高、中、低3个剂量组（31．5、63．1、126．2μg/kg体重），并设橄榄油溶剂对照组。采用侧脑室微量注射染毒处理，每周1次，连续3周；对照组用橄榄油溶剂作平行处理。记录一般情况及神经系统表现；实验第6周末采用跳台实验法测大鼠的学习记忆成绩，并取各组大鼠脑组织大脑皮质、海马、小脑作病理切片观察组织损伤的形态学指标。[结果]与对照组相比，低剂量组潜伏期缩短（P〈0．05）；中剂量组学习期和记忆期的错误次数即EN1和EN2均增加（P〈0．01）、潜伏期缩短（P〈0．05）；高剂量组EN1增加（P〈0．01）、EN2增加（P〈0．05）、潜伏期缩短（P〈0．01）；染毒组在光镜下可见到组织损伤的形态学改变，高剂量组各组织在光镜下可见较为集中的坏死区，而对照组的组织结构未见异常。[结论]病理形态学指标及跳台实验结果显示B（a）P具有神经毒性，可损伤大鼠脑组织并引起神经行为的改变。     

重组人甲状旁腺素对慢性苯中毒小鼠造血损伤的改善作用

[目的]研究重组人甲状旁腺素（rhPTH）对慢性苯中毒小鼠造血损伤的改善作用。[方法]皮下注射苯诱导小鼠造血系统损伤模型。将造模成功的30只慢性苯中毒小鼠随机分为3组：生理盐水治疗组、40μg/kg rhPTH治疗组、80μg/kg rhPTH治疗组。每周5次腹腔注射生理盐水或不同剂量rhPTH,治疗3周,间隔1周后取样,测定3组小鼠骨髓中的造血干细胞（外源性脾结节法）、造血祖细胞（集落培养）以及外周血细胞计数和脾脏系数。[结果]经rhPTH治疗的小鼠一般状况明显好于生理盐水治疗组;40μg/kg rhPTH治疗组与80μg/kg rhPTH治疗组的造血干细胞数明显高于生理盐水治疗组（P〈0．05）,但两个剂量rhPTH治疗组间造血干细胞数差异无统计学意义;3组小鼠的造血祖细胞及外周血细胞计数均差异无统计学意义;两个rhPTH治疗组的脾脏系数均低于生理盐水治疗组（P〈0．05）。[结论]rhPTH可明显增加慢性苯中毒小鼠骨髓中造血干细胞数量。     

混合稀土硝酸盐对仔鼠免疫功能的影响

目的：了解混合稀土硝酸盐[RE(NO3)3]能否经胎盘进入仔鼠体内及RE（NO3）3对仔鼠免疫功能的影响。方法：小鼠妊娠7－8d开始经口灌胃，分别给予2，20，200mg/kgRE（NO3）3，对照组给与蒸馏水，直至生下仔鼠。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP－MS）检测F1代仔鼠体内稀土元素镧（La）、铈（Ce）、镨（Pr）、钕（Nd）的含量；分别测定刚离乳及离乳3周仔鼠免疫器官重量、脾抗体形成细胞数（IgM-PFC／脾）、迟发型变态反应（DTH）和巨噬细胞功能。结果：妊娠期母鼠经口灌胃RE（NO3）3后，20．0mg/kg组F1代仔鼠刚出生时体内稀土元素La高于对照组（P＜0．05）；200．0mg/kg组F1代仔鼠刚出生时体内稀土元素La、Ce、Pr、Nd含量均明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）。F1代仔鼠刚离乳时，20．0mg/kg组仔鼠脾脏重量明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）；2．0mg/kg RE(NO3)3可明显增加IgM-PFC/脾（升高82．2％）；2．0，20．0mg/kg组碳粒廓清指数K值和吞噬指数α值均明显高于对照组（P＜0．01，P＜0．05）；2．0mg/kg RE（NO3）3对DTH有明显升高作用（P＜0．05）。F1代仔鼠离乳后3周各剂量组仔鼠脾脏重及其脏体比均明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）；200．0mg/kg RE（NO3）3对IgM-PFC／脾有明显的抑制作用（抑制率为36．9％），且对碳粒廓清指数K值和吞噬指数α也有明显的抑制作用（P＜0．05）。各剂量组DTH未见有明显改变。结论：RE（NO3）3可经胎盘转运进入仔鼠体内，且可对仔鼠免疫功能产生一定的影响，这些影响可能是RE（NO3）3经胎盘转运进入仔鼠体内的结果。     

异莲心碱通过抑制TLR4减轻脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤作用机制的研究

目的 探讨异莲心碱对脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）诱导的急性肺损伤的作用和作用机制。方法 C57BL6J小鼠随机分为4组：对照组、模型组（LPS组）、异莲心碱组和LPS+异莲心碱组，每组12只。小鼠气管内注射200μg LPS诱导急性肺损伤模型；采用苏木精伊红染色（H&E）、肺脏湿重/干重比值和炎症指数评价急性肺炎程度；采用ELISA试剂盒检测促炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1(interleukin-1,IL-1)和白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)的水平；采用试剂盒检测活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）、丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）、锰超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD2）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（glutathione reductase,Gpx）的水平/活性；采用Western Blot检测相关信号分子的改变。结果 H&E染色显示，LPS组肺组织炎症浸润明显增多，肺脏湿重/干重比值（...     

结核分枝杆菌急性感染小鼠模型的建立

目的比较两种不同感染途径的结核分枝杆菌(MTB)急性感染小鼠动物模型,观察结核分枝杆菌在体内的定植及其肺组织的病理变化。方法54只小鼠(C57BL/6)随机分为对照、尾静脉注射和腹腔注射3组;感染鼠分别通过尾静脉注射或腹腔注射H37Rv标准株结核分枝杆菌菌液2×10~6 CFU,以生理盐水尾静脉注射为对照;在感染后3周、6周及9周取小鼠脾脏和肺脏做细菌计数和肺组织病理学检测,并观察小鼠体重,存活状况。结果结核菌感染鼠中,以尾静脉注射组小鼠的活动状态及体重均差于腹腔注射组;两组脾脏和肺脏组织中结核菌计数差异具有显著性(P<0.05);组织中结核结节及干酪样坏死病灶亦以尾静脉注射组为明显。结论以尾静脉注射法建立结核分枝杆菌急性感染的小鼠模型更为有效。     

枸杞对铬（VI）损伤的修复研究

目的：了解铬（VI）对小鼠体质量和脏器系数的影响,探讨枸杞对由铬（VI）损害的修复作用。方法选择昆明种小鼠60只,随机分为对照组、重铬酸钾组、重铬酸钾＋枸杞组,共3组,分别给予正常进食,7．5 g／L重铬酸钾水溶液和7．5g／L重铬酸钾＋50mg／L枸杞溶液,采用经口灌胃染毒,每日一次,连续7d。末次染毒24h后,测定小鼠体质量和主要脏器质量,计算脏器系数,统计分析。结果①雌性小鼠体质量、各主要脏器质量及脏器系数在3组间比较结果,体质量、心、肝、脾、肺、肾的质量及脾的脏器系数均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）,其余指标间无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。②雄性小鼠体质量、各主要脏器质量及脏器系数在3组间比较结果,脾、睾丸的质量及脏器系数均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）,其余指标间无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。③同组别内,不同性别小鼠体质量、各主要脏器质量及脏器系数比较结果,对照组内,雌雄小鼠体质量、脾脏质量及脏器系数、肺脏脏器系数、肾脏质量及脏器系数均有统计学差异（P＜0．05）,其余指标间无统计学差异（P＞0．05）;重铬酸钾组内,雌雄小鼠体质量、心、肝、脾、肾脏质量均有统计学差异（P＜0．05）,其余指标间无统计学差异（P＞0．05）;重铬酸钾＋枸杞组内,雌雄小鼠体质量、脾脏质量及脏器系数、肺脏脏器系数、肾脏质量均有统计学差异（P＜0．05）,其余指标间无统计学差异（P＞0．05）。结论 Cr（VI）引起小鼠的脾脏损伤,对雄性小鼠的睾丸也具有损伤作用,枸杞可拮抗铬所致的小鼠损伤。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.