富硒乳酸菌对肝损伤小鼠红细胞脂质过氧化和免疫功能的影响

目的 :　探讨富硒乳酸菌制剂保护 CCl4诱发肝损伤小鼠红细胞脂质过氧化和免疫功能变化及作用机制。方法 :　选择 48只雌雄各半健康成年小鼠 ,随机分成对照组 (C组 ) ,CCl4组 ,CCl4-中剂量富硒乳酸菌制剂保护组 (CCl4- MSe组 ) ,CCl4-高剂量富硒乳酸菌制剂保护组 (CCl4-HSe组 ) ,通过腹腔注射 CCl4诱发肝损伤后 ,分别在第 1、2 w观察 RBC- CR1 花环率和 RBC- IC花环率及 GSH- Px、GST、SOD和 MDA的变化。结果 :　在注射 CCl4后 ,RBC- CR1 花环率均低于或显著低于对照组 ,但 CCl4- MSe、CCl4- HSe组均高于或显著高于 CCl4组 ;CCl4组 RBC- IC花环率显著升高 ,CCl4- MSe和 CCl4- HSe组未见明显上升 ,与对照组相近 ;CCl4组红细胞溶血液 GSH- Px活性与对照组差异不显著 ,但 CCl4- MSe、CCl4- HSe组均显著高于对照组和 CCl4组 ;各组间 GST活性除第 1 w CCl4- HSe组显著高于 CCl4组外无显著差异 ;SOD活性仅见第 2 w CCl4- MSe、CCl4- HSe组比 CCl4组明显升高 ;各处理组溶血液 MDA含量均明显高于对照组 ,但 CCl4- MSe和 CCl4- HSe组均低于或显著低于 CCl4组。结论 :　 CCl4诱发肝损伤小鼠红细胞脂质过氧化和免疫功能变化非常显著 ,富硒乳酸菌制剂能通过增强红细胞免疫功能和抗氧化酶活性发挥有效作用。     

Nano-Se对镉致睾丸间质细胞凋亡保护作用的研究

目的探究纳米硒(nano-selenium,Nano-Se)通过调节Bax/Bcl-2比值对镉(cadmium,Cd)致小鼠睾丸间质细胞(TM3)凋亡的保护作用。方法试验分为5组,即对照组、镉染毒组、低剂量纳米硒组、中剂量纳米硒组和高剂量纳米硒组。其中镉染毒剂量为20μmol/L;纳米硒处理剂量分别为5、10和20μmol/L。采用CCK-8检测细胞活力,Hoechst染色检测凋亡,通过Western Blot检测Bax和Bcl-2蛋白的表达以及Bax/Bcl-2比值的变化情况。结果:与对照组相比,Cd能使TM3细胞形态改变,造成细胞损伤,导致细胞活力明显下降(P0.05),使Bax/Bcl-2比值明显升高(P0.05)诱发TM3细胞凋亡。而与Cd组相比,Nano-Se能够抑制Cd对TM3细胞的毒性作用,提高细胞活力(P0.05),降低Bax/Bcl-2比值(P0.05)和TM3细胞的凋亡水平。结论 Nano-Se对Cd致TM3细胞毒性损伤具有保护作用,可能降低TM3细胞中Bax/Bcl-2比值,从而抑制TM3细胞凋亡。[营养学报,2019,41(6):601-605]     

有机磷与拟除虫菊酯类混配农药对小鼠自然杀伤细胞的免疫毒性

目的研究有机磷与拟除虫菊酯类混配农药后对小鼠自然杀伤(NK)细胞的免疫毒性。方法将140只健康成年SPF级BALB/c小鼠按体重随机分为空白对照(生理盐水)组、溶剂对照(玉米油)组和毒死蜱(0.01 mg/kg)染毒组、马拉硫磷(0.3 mg/kg)染毒组、氯氰菊酯(0.02 mg/kg)染毒组、氯氟氰菊酯(0.02 mg/kg)染毒组及联合作用(0.01 mg/kg毒死蜱+0.3mg/kg马拉硫磷+0.02 mg/kg氯氰菊酯+0.02 mg/kg氯氟氰菊酯)组,每组20只,雌雄各半。采用灌胃方式进行染毒,染毒容量为0.01 ml/g,每日1次,连续染毒30 d。测定小鼠脾脏NK细胞活性、小鼠全血NK细胞数,血清白介素-2(IL-2)、白介素-15(IL-15)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)及前列腺素2(PGE2)水平。结果溶剂对照组、氯氰菊酯组和氯氟氰菊酯组雄性小鼠全血NK细胞数低于联合作用组;溶剂对照组、毒死蜱组、马拉硫磷组、氯氰菊酯组雄性小鼠NK细胞活性高于联合作用组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。溶剂对照组、毒死蜱组、马拉硫磷组、氯氰菊酯组、氯氟氰菊酯组雌性小鼠全血NK细胞数高于联合作用组;溶剂对照组雌性小鼠NK细胞活性低于联合作用组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。溶剂对照组、毒死蜱组、马拉硫磷组、氯氰菊酯组、氯氟氰菊酯组雄性小鼠IL-2和TNF水平均高于联合作用组,雌性小鼠IL-2水平均低于联合作用组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);各染毒组间小鼠血清IL-15和PGE2水平差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论有机磷与拟除虫菊酯类混配农药对小鼠自然杀伤细胞具有免疫毒性,并与IL-2水平有关。     

某些营养素对短期染毒铅镉汞在小鼠体内分布的影响

目的 了解营养素锌（Zn）、硒（Se）和维生素C对小鼠短期铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）、汞（Hg）染毒的体内分布的影响，观察其对Pb、CA、Hg联合损害的拮抗作用。方法 染毒组小鼠灌胃给予Pb（7mg／kg）、CA（1mg／kg）和Hg（0．7mg／kg），处理组除给予Pb、CA、Hg染毒外，同日或次日给予Zn、Se或维生素C，剂量为Zn12．5mg／kg或62．5mg／kg，Se40μg/kg或200μg/kg，维生素c80mg／kg或400mg／kg。连续处理3次。结果 3种营养素都能促进毒物从粪中排出；可减少心脏中Cd含量（P〈0．05）；给予营养素可使由染毒引起的肝脏器系数、肾脏器系数和脾脏器系数增大幅度降低。但是加营养素组的肝和肾中Pb、CA、Hg含量都较染毒组高，体重增长与染毒组亦没有差异。连续染毒引起动物体重下降而隔日染毒对动物体重没有明显影响。营养素拮抗效果以加Se组最好，高Se组优于低Se组，而高维生素C和高Zn组并不优于相应的低剂量组。结论 Zn、Se和维生素C对Pb、CA、Hg联合损害有明确的拮抗作用，但可引起毒物在肝、肾中的含量增加，对体重无影响，表明在此染毒剂量下，Zn、Se和维生素C的拮抗能力是有限的。     

原花青素对氨基脲染毒小鼠免疫细胞活性的影响

目的观察原花青素（PC）对氨基脲（SEM）染毒小鼠免疫细胞活性的影响。方法将50只成年KM小鼠,随机分为5组：溶剂对照组,SEM染毒组,SEM染毒＋低、中、高剂量PC保护组;溶剂对照组,灌胃去离子水;SEM染毒组,前两周灌胃56.25 mg/kg.bw SEM溶液,后4周灌胃去离子水;低、中、高剂量PC保护组,前2周均灌胃56.25 mg/kg.bw SEM溶液,后4周分别灌胃100、200、400 mg/kg.bw PC溶液。末次灌胃24 h后,摘眼球采血后处死小鼠,测定相关检测指标。结果 SEM染毒组小鼠NK细胞活性、腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力、抗体形成细胞数、淋巴细胞转化能力（SI）均低于溶剂对照组（P〈0.05）;而中、高剂量PC保护组小鼠NK细胞活性、腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力、AFC及SI均高于SEM染毒组,其差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论适量的原花青素可减轻氨基脲致小鼠免疫细胞活性的损伤。     

煤浮选剂对Balb/c小鼠免疫毒性的初步评价

目的探讨煤浮选剂对Balb/c小鼠免疫系统功能的损害作用。方法选择清洁级雌性Balb/c小鼠,共48只,随机分为溶剂对照组(阴性对照组,灌胃大豆油)、低、中、高剂量煤浮选剂染毒组,每组12只,经口灌胃,染毒组灌胃剂量从低到高依次为100、300、1 000 mg/kg。连续染毒28 d。染毒期满,记录体重和肝、肾、脾脏、胸腺重,每只脾脏均留置1/2用作组织病理学检查,另1/2制备脾脏单细胞悬液,进行T、B淋巴细胞增殖试验和NK细胞活性测定。结果1 000 mg/kg组胸腺系数低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),各组脾脏系数差异无统计学意义,但1 000和300 mg/kg组的脾脏在组织水平上表现出脾窦淤血改变。与对照组比较,1 000和300 mg/kg组的T淋巴细胞增殖活性降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);B淋巴细胞增殖活性升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。1 000和300 mg/kg组的NK细胞活性降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),中剂量组的NK细胞活性未观察到显著改变(P>0.05)。结论煤浮选剂对Balb/c小鼠具有免疫毒性作用。     

油菜花粉添加富硒酵母对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的探讨添加富硒酵母的油菜花粉对小鼠免疫功能的影响,以期为制定提高缺硒地区人群免疫功能的措施提供参考。方法经口灌胃给予昆明小鼠250mg/kg,500mg/kg,1 500mg/kg 3个剂量的油菜花粉富硒酵母混合物(低、中、高剂量组),以蒸馏水为对照(阴性对照组),30d后测定小鼠体质量、胸腺质量、脾脏质量、细胞免疫功能、体液免疫功能、巨噬细胞吞噬功能及NK细胞活性。结果低、中、高剂量组小鼠脾脏质量/体质量比值和胸腺质量/体质量比值与阴性对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。刀豆蛋白A诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化实验结果显示:低、中剂量组光密度差值分别为0.116±0.042及0.123±0.049,明显高于阴性对照组的0.075±0.031(P0.05)。小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验结果显示:低、中、高剂量组小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的吞噬指数分别为0.377±0.150,0.539±0.261及0.403±0.113,均高于阴性对照组的0.203±0.072(P0.05);低、中、高剂量组小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的吞噬率分别为(24.0±6.8)%,(28.6±8.1)%及(22.6±4.4)%,均高于阴性对照组的(15.2±4.2)%(P0.05);低、中、高剂量组小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的吞噬率平方根反正旋转换值分别为32.4±4.8,35.7±5.7及31.4±3.4,均高于阴性对照组的25.4±3.6(P0.05)。低、中、高剂量组小鼠NK细胞活性及其数据转换值与阴性对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论油菜花粉富硒酵母混合物对小鼠细胞免疫功能和巨噬细胞的吞噬功能均有增强作用,可提高小鼠的免疫功能,因此可以尝试用于免疫功能低下人群尤其是缺硒地区的免疫功能低下人群。     

富硒益生菌对小鼠免疫功能及抗氧化能力的影响

目的:研究富硒益生菌对小鼠免疫功能和抗氧化能力的影响。方法:100只昆明系小鼠,雌雄各半,随机均分为5组:对照组、亚硒酸钠组、富硒酵母组、富硒益生菌组和益生菌组,每天分别灌胃(ig)蒸馏水、亚硒酸钠(2μgSe/ml)、富硒酵母(2μgSe/ml)、富硒益生菌(2μgSe/ml)、益生菌各1ml,连续28d。实验结束时测定有关免疫功能和抗氧化能力指标。结果:胸腺指数与腹腔巨噬细胞活性,富硒益生菌组显著高于其它4组;脾脏指数,富硒益生菌组显著高于对照组、亚硒酸钠组和益生菌组;脾脏淋巴细胞转化率,富硒益生菌组显著高于对照组和益生菌组;GSH-Px与SOD活性,富硒益生菌组极显著或显著高于对照组和亚硒酸钠组;MDA水平,富硒益生菌组非常显著低于对照组和亚硒酸钠组。结论:富硒益生菌能明显改善小鼠免疫功能和抗氧化能力,其改善小鼠免疫功能的效果优于富硒酵母、亚硒酸钠和益生菌,提高小鼠抗氧化能力的效果优于亚硒酸钠。     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸激活蛋白激酶B通路减轻镉诱导的睾丸间质细胞凋亡

目的 探究N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine, NAC)基于蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,PKB,又称AKT)通路对镉诱导小鼠睾丸间质细胞凋亡的调控机制。方法 将小鼠睾丸间质细胞(TM3)分为对照组、镉染毒组(Cd, 5、10、20、30、40和50μmol/L)、NAC组(NAC,500μmol/L)及NAC+镉染毒组(500μmol/L NAC+20μmol/L Cd),其中NAC+Cd染毒组先用NAC预处理30 min,再联合镉染毒24 h。CCK8测定细胞存活率,Hoechst染色检测细胞形态,流式细胞仪分析细胞凋亡率,同时测定丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)含量,Western blot免疫印迹法分别检测AKT蛋白、B淋巴细胞瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma-2, Bcl-2)和B淋巴细胞瘤-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2 associated X protein, Bax)的表达水平。结果 镉可抑制TM3细胞增殖且存在剂量-效应关系。细胞形态观察发现,随着镉染毒浓度的增加,细胞缩...     

原花青素对氨基脲染毒小鼠肾脏损伤的影响

目的:探讨原花青素(PC)对氨基脲(SEM)染毒小鼠肾脏损伤的影响。方法:50只成年昆明种(KM)小鼠,随机分为5组:溶剂对照组,SEM染毒组,SEM染毒+低、中、高剂量PC保护组;溶剂对照组,灌胃去离子水,每天1次,连续6周;SEM染毒组,前两周灌胃56.25 mg/(kg.bw)SEM溶液,后4周灌胃去离子水;低、中、高剂量PC保护组,前2周均灌胃56.25 mg/(kg.bw)SEM溶液,后4周分别灌胃100 mg、200 mg、400 mg/(kg.bw)PC溶液。末次灌胃24 h后,摘眼球采血后处死小鼠,测定相关指标。结果:SEM染毒组小鼠肾脏脏器系数低于溶剂对照组(P<0.05);中、高剂量PC保护组小鼠肾脏脏器系数均高于SEM染毒组(P<0.05);SEM染毒组肾组织形态,可见系膜细胞中、重度增生,肾小管内出现蛋白管型及大量巨噬细胞浸润;中、高剂量PC保护组,肾小管上皮细胞变性及炎性浸润等病理变化明显改善;SEM染毒组小鼠血清UREA、CRE、UA含量高于溶剂对照组(P<0.05),中、高剂量PC保护组UREA、CRE、UA含量均低于SEM染毒组(P<0.05);与溶剂对照组比较,SEM染毒组小鼠肾脏中的SOD活性下降、MDA含量增高(P<0.05),中、高剂量PC保护组SOD活性升高,MD含量降低与SEM染毒组相比,差别均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:原花青素对氨基脲引起的小鼠肾损伤有保护作用,原花青素对氨基脲致小鼠肾损伤的保护机制与抗氧化损伤有关。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.