经腹膜外入路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(附16例报告)

目的总结经腹膜外入路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的临床体会。方法回顾性分析2010年10月至2011年12月,采用四孔经腹膜外入路行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术治疗局限性前列腺癌患者16例的临床资料。结果本组16例手术全部顺利完成,9例同期行盆腔淋巴结清扫术,无一例中转开放。手术时间150～420min,平均270min。术中出血量50～2000ml,平均534ml,4例术中输血400～800ml,输血率25%。术后病理报告切缘阳性1例(6.2%)。术后4～15d出院,平均8d。所有患者留置尿管2周,拔除尿管后无真性尿失禁。随访3～17个月,8例昼夜控尿良好,8例白天偶有压力性尿失禁,其中1例术后4个月出现吻合口狭窄。9例患者术后可勃起,其中1例行保留神经的前列腺癌根治术患者术后1个月可正常进行性生活。结论经腹膜外入路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术具有创伤小、出血少、操作容易、并发症少等优点,是开展腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的较好选择。     

3D与2D腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术的临床疗效比较研究

目的:比较3D腹腔镜与2D腹腔镜下腹膜外途径前列腺癌根治术的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2012年2月~2016年6月共114例行腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术患者的临床资料,所有手术均由同一术者主刀完成,其中2D腹腔镜组53例,3D腹腔镜组61例。对比两组的手术时间、尿道重建时间、术中出血量、术后尿失禁、术中保留性神经、手术切缘阳性率、术后随访时间和术后生化复发率等指标。结果:114例前列腺癌根治术均在腹腔镜下完成,无中转开放;2D腹腔镜组手术时间为60~190min,平均128.9min;尿道吻合时间10~30min,平均23.1min;术中出血10~1 500ml,平均110.4ml;术后1个月尿失禁15例(28.3%)、术后3个月尿失禁4例(7.4%);术中保留性神经9例(17%);PT2切缘阳性2例(阳性率8.3%);术后随访4~36个月,平均20.7个月;4例患者生化复发。其中3D腹腔镜组手术时间为40~180min,平均99.2min;尿道吻合时间10~28min,平均20.5min;术中出血10~800 ml,平均86.6 ml;术后1个月尿失禁14例(22.9%)、术后3个月尿失禁3例(4.9%);术中保留性神经11例(18%);PT2切缘阳性2例(阳性率5.4%);术后随访4~33个月,平均20.8个月;生化复发2例。114例术后病理均证实为前列腺癌,Gleason评分5~9分。结论:与2D腹腔镜相比,3D腹腔镜下腹膜外途径前列腺癌根治术手术时间短,尿道重建更精准快捷,术中出血少,术后并发症少,安全性更高。     

3D腹腔镜与2D腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的对比研究

目的 总结3D腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术的手术方法,比较3D腹腔镜与2D腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2012年3月至2014年2月,我院66例行腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术患者的临床资料,其中3D腹腔镜组43例,2D腹腔镜组23例,对比两种术式在手术时间、术中出血量、术后平均住院时间、术后尿失禁比例及保留勃起功能成功率等指标的差异。结果66例前列腺癌根治术均在腹腔镜下完成。3D腹腔镜组手术时间为65~125min,平均95min;术中出血30~150ml,平均60ml;术后平均住院时间为8d;术后轻度尿失禁7例（16.28%）;术中保留性神经27例,保留勃起功能成功率为37.04%。2D腹腔镜组手术时间为74~146min,平均112min;术中出血66~196ml,平均110ml;术后平均住院时间为8.5d;术后轻度尿失禁5例（21.74%）;术中保留性神经11例,保留勃起功能成功率为27.27%。66例术后病理均证实为前列腺癌,Gleason评分4~9分,无切缘阳性。术后随访2~23个月,5例生化复发。结论 与2D腹腔镜比较,在高清3D立体视野下完成的3D腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术,解剖层次更加清晰,分离更为精细,缝合更为精确。     

经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术后短期行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的疗效与安全性

目的探讨经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术后行腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术治疗前列腺癌患者的疗效与安全性。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年12月采用经直肠前列腺穿刺术后行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的40例前列腺癌患者的临床资料。患者均采用超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术, 术后2～4周采用四孔六步法腹膜外前列腺癌根治术治疗。收集患者的年龄、前列腺体积、血清总前列腺特异性抗原(tPSA)水平、穿刺术后病理Gleason评分、穿刺阳性针数、术中手术时间、术中出血量、切缘阳性率、住院时间、术后3个月尿控率等指标。结果患者年龄(68.2±16.4)岁, 前列腺体积(57.3±19.5)mL, 血清tPSA(16.2±14.4)ng/mL, 穿刺术后病理Gleason评分(7.3±2.1)分, 穿刺阳性针数(11.2±1.1)针。40例患者均一期完成手术, 手术时间为(162.3±46.2)min, 术中出血量为(148.4±42.5)mL;切缘阳性9例, 切缘阳性率为22.5%;术后11例患者出现吻合口漏尿, 保持盆腔引流管引流通畅, 术后3～4周停止漏尿, 顺利拔除盆腔引流管。术后随访3个月, 患者尿控率为...     

经尿道前列腺电切术术后前列腺偶发癌腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术临床观察

目的:探讨经尿道前列腺电切(TURP)术后发现前列腺偶发癌行腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术的经验。方法:2005年4月至2011年12月收治既往行TURP术后发现前列腺癌的患者4例,免疫组化提示p504s阳性,3例在TURP术后3个月行腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术,1例患者术后1.5月行腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术。结果:4例手术顺利完成,均为经腹膜外途径。术后病理前列腺腺癌2例,Gleason评分为6～7分,1例报告为高级别上皮瘤变,1例未见癌。术后4例患者控尿功能好。随访1～79个月,4例患者无明显尿失禁,无转移表现,未出现ED现象。结论:在腹腔镜技术熟练的条件下,TURP术后前列腺偶发癌行腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术疗效满意。     

经会阴前列腺癌根治术(附16例报告)

目的 探讨经会阴前列腺癌根治术的方法在治疗局限性前列腺癌的临床应用价值.方法 本组16例,年龄61～73岁,均经直肠前列腺穿刺活检病理确诊为前列腺癌,Gleason评分2～7分,临床分期T1期5例,T2a 6例,T2b 5例.本组16例术前均经肝脏B超、胸部X片、全身ECT骨扫描、盆腔MIR检杏未发现转移.手术为经会阴前列腺癌根治术.术后随访11～26个月.结果 本组16例均无直肠损伤和尿失禁等严重并发症,术后留置导尿管10～14d,术后病理无切缘阳性,随访至第13个月,1例因心脏疾病死亡,其余15例均无复发转移,大便控制良好,原有性功能者11例,10例术后均能维持勃起,1例使用"万艾可"后保有性功能.讨论 对于早期局限性前列腺癌患者,经会阴前列腺癌根治术是一种相对安全有效的手术方式.     

经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术

目的 探讨经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术的临床效果及安全性. 方法 临床局限性前列腺癌患者15例,均行经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术.术前平均总PSA 8.1ng/ml,平均Gleason评分5.7±1.3.采用切开腹白线的"北京医院建立腹膜外操作间隙技术"建立腹膜外间隙.手术过程中分离,切割和止血均采用超声刀技术.记录患者手术时间,估计术中出血量、术中并发症、留置引流管时间、术后疼痛指数、术后住院时间、术后病理和PSA等临床资料,并对结果进行分析. 结果 15例手术14例腹腔镜完成,1例因吻合困难中转开放手术.手术时间(316±74)min;术中估计出血量(408±362)ml.5例(33%)患者接受了输血,无直肠及输尿管损伤.术后第1和2天疼痛指数分别为2.3和1.4分.术后留置导尿(14.1±2.9)d,平均住院时间(19.5±4.9)d.术后Gleason评分5.7±1.8.标本切缘阳性2例(13%).病理检查未发现淋巴结转移病例.随访1～12个月,完全控尿10例(67%),PSA<0.2 ng/ml 12例.结论 经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术是一种安全可行的局限性前列腺癌的手术方式.     

腹膜外入路腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术41例

目的熟悉腹膜外入路腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术的手术方法,降低前列腺癌根治术的手术并发症的发生率。方法对2005年11月至2012年6月的41例腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,患者年龄65-78岁,平均72岁,所有患者术前均获确诊,前列腺特异性抗原3.4-45.6ng/ml,〈4.0ng/ml3例,4-20ng/ml30例,〉20ng/ml8例。结果除1例中转开腹手术,其余均由腹腔镜完成,手术时间65-240min,平均125min,术中出血量80-700ml,平均120ml。术后轻度尿失禁6例,通过尿道括约肌锻炼后1-3个月后可满意控尿,术中保留性神经26例,其中19例术后勃起功能恢复,可以完成性交。术后病理均证实为前列腺癌,Gleason评分4-9分,切缘阳性1例,术后加用内分泌治疗。术后随访2个月-6年,生化复发9例,予内分泌治疗后控制满意,1例因其他疾病死亡。结论腹膜外入路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术是治疗前列腺癌的重要方法,把握好关键步骤,仔细操作,可以达到安全、有效、创伤小的目的。     

提高腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术后控尿的临床研究

目的 分析总结腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术51例手术控尿技术的经验.方法 回顾性总结腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术患者51例.术前均病理证实前列腺癌诊断.T la～1b 4例(8%),T 1c 15例(29%),T2a 7例(14%),T2b 5例(10%),T2c 20例(39%).结果 腹腔镜下成功完成前列腺癌根治术49例.术后发生尿漏3例,均自愈.术后尿管留置14～45 d,平均16 d.术后随访3～53个月,平均17个月.术后3个月随访51例患者,13例尿失禁;术后6个月随访39例患者,7例尿失禁;术后12个月随访患者20例,5例尿失禁,其中完全性尿失禁1例.前20例和后31例在术后3个月时尿失禁发生率分别为6/20(30%)和7/31(22%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).直肠损伤2例,行结肠造口术.术后复发2例,一例行内分泌治疗后停药.另一例肺转移手术后死亡.其余病例前列腺特异抗原<0.2μL.结论 腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术治疗局限性前列腺癌是安全、有效的.术后控尿功能主要与术中前列腺尖部、耻骨前列腺韧带和神经血管束的处理及手术经验相关.     

腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术治疗高危前列腺癌的临床体会

目的：探讨腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术在高危前列腺癌治疗中的价值。方法回顾性分析2012年3月～2014年11月本院腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术治疗26例高危前列腺癌的临床资料。患者平均年龄65．2岁,术前检查单独PSA≥20ng／mL者9例;兼具PSA≥20ng／mL并Gleason评分≥8分者17例;术前诊断T3 b和T4期各1例。3例患者因前列腺体积过大术前分别行3～6个月新辅助内分泌治疗。手术方式均采用经腹膜外路径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术,同时行盆腔淋巴结清扫。结果26例手术均获成功,平均手术时间152min,平均出血量85mL,无输血病例。所有患者均于术后两周拔除导尿管,8例拔管后尿失禁,经盆底训练后于1周至3个月恢复控尿。术后病理T2a～T2b,Gleason评分≤7分者10例;T2c～T4,Gleason评分≥8分者16例。术中清扫淋巴结数目平均5．5个,淋巴结阳性3例;切缘阳性4例,术后控尿恢复后予局部放射治疗。19例获访3～30个月,所有患者均控尿良好,PSA≤0．2ng／mL。结论对高危前列腺癌患者采用以根治性前列腺癌切除术为核心的综合治疗策略安全有效,可使患者获益。     

腹膜外径路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(附12例报告)

目的探讨腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的临床效果。方法回顾性分析总结2009年5月至2011年7月经腹膜外径路进行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术患者12例,年龄60～75岁,平均年龄68岁。血清前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)为0.7～23.6ng/ml。TNM分期T1N0M08例,T2N0M03例,T3aN0M01例。所有患者均于术前行前列腺穿刺活组织检查,证实为前列腺癌。结果 12例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间为130～360min,平均270min;术中出血量为150～900ml,平均390ml,1例患者术中输血。术后病理检查结果显示肿瘤切缘为阳性的2例患者术后加用全雄激素阻断治疗3个月。术后留置尿管时间14～22d,平均18.6d,无直肠损失病例,3例术后出现轻度尿失禁的患者经提肛训练等辅助治疗3个月后好转,能自主排尿。术后3个月时PSA为0.02～0.10ng/ml,术后随访8例,随访时间为3～24个月,未发现肿瘤局部复发和远处转移。结论腹膜外径路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术视野清晰、创伤小、恢复快,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,值得临床推广。     

Comparison of transperitoneal and extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy using match-pair analysis

PURPOSE: Based on the experience of 1000 cases of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, we compared the operative parameters of transperitoneal and extraperitoneal approaches in match-paired patient groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the charts of 53 consecutive patients who underwent selectively extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy comparing it to 53 match-paired patients treated by transperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. The patients were matched for age, PSA (ng/ml), prostate volume (g), pathologic stage, Gleason score, presence of pelvic lymph node dissection and type of nerve-sparing technique. Perioperative parameters (operating time, blood donation, complications) and postoperative results (duration and amount of analgesic treatment, catheterization time) as well as oncological (surgical margin status) and functional (continence rate) results were analyzed. RESULTS: Patients were 62.9 +/- 5.5 versus 62.9 +/- 5.4 years old, had 27.5 +/- 3.5 kg/m2 versus 26.7 +/- 2.8 kg/m2 body mass indices in the extraperitoneal and transperitoneal groups, respectively. Preoperative mean PSA and prostate volume were 7.4 +/- 4.6 ng/ml and 41.8 +/- 16.3 g in the extraperitoneal, 7.6 +/- 3.8 ng/ml and 42.0 +/- 14.8 g in the transperitoneal group. Pathologic stages were T2a in 12 vs. 13, T2b in 21 vs. 20, T2c in 7 vs. 8, T3a in 11 vs. 10 and T3b in 2 vs. 2 patients for both groups. Overall 211.8 vs. 197.1 minutes mean operative time (p = 0.328) and 21.9 +/- 15.4 mg vs. 26.3 +/- 15.8 mg narcotic analgesic requirements (p = 0.111) did not differ significantly in both groups. However, mean operating time was significantly longer in the extraperitoneal group when performing pelvic lymphadenectomy (244.5 vs. 209.6 minutes, p = 0.017). There was no statistical difference of complication rate (4% vs. 2%) and median catheter time (7 vs. 7 days), positive surgical margins (22.6% vs. 20.7%) and 12 months continence (86.7% vs. 84.9%). CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference between the extraperitoneal and transperitoneal approaches using the Heilbronn technique regarding all important parameters. In addition to the preference and experience of the individual surgeon, previous abdominal surgery, gross obesity and requirement of simultaneous inguinal hernia repair may be considered as selective indications for extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.     

经腹膜外腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术及其控尿技术

目的 探讨腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术及其控尿技术的应用价值。方法 前列腺癌患者28例，年龄60～75岁，平均68岁。PSA0．7～23．6ng／ml。TNM分期：T1N0M011例，T2N0M015例，T3aN0M2例。均行腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术。，术中充分剪开盆筋膜，分离至前列腺尖部，缝扎背血管复合体。分离膀胱颈部（前列腺交界处），横断并尽可能保护颈部括约肌。仔细观察盆底肌肉并于近端剪开前列腺尖部，尽可能保护盆底括约肌，最后缩小并重建膀胱颈口，间断吻合膀胱和尿道。结果 28例手术均顺利完成，手术时间180～380min，平均240min；出血量400～1200ml，平均800ml，15例出血量〉500ml者输血200～800ml。术后病理示切缘阴性25例，3例前列腺尖部切缘阳性者术后加用全雄激素阻断治疗3个月。患者均于术后2周拔除导尿管，3例术后出现轻度尿失禁，经提肛训练等辅助治疗3个月后好转，能自主排尿。术后3个月时PSA0．02～0．10ng／ml。随访1个月～2年，未见肿瘤复发转移。结论 腹腔镜下经腹膜外途径前列腺癌根治术安全、有效，值得临床推广。     

Extended pelvic lymphadenectomy in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy: high incidence of lymph node metastasis

PURPOSE: Lymphadenectomy for prostate cancer is limited to obturator and external iliac lymph nodes, although the internal lymph nodes represent the primary landing zone of lymphatic drainage. We performed anatomically adequate extended pelvic lymphadenectomy to assess the incidence of lymph node metastasis in cases of clinically localized prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 103 consecutive patients underwent extended pelvic lymphadenectomy at radical retropubic prostatectomy comprising 9 selective fields, namely the external iliac, internal iliac, obturator and common iliac lymph nodes bilaterally, and the presacral lymph nodes. Histopathological findings were compared with serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), histopathological stage, preoperative biopsy and postoperative prostatectomy Gleason score. Extended pelvic lymphadenectomy was compared with radical retropubic prostatectomy and standard lymphadenectomy in 100 consecutive patients in terms of complications, the number of lymph nodes dissected and operative time. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age, preoperative PSA or mean biopsy Gleason score in patients who underwent extended pelvic and standard lymphadenectomy. Metastases were diagnosed in 27 of the 103 patients (26.2%) who underwent the extended procedure. A mean of 28 lymph nodes (range 21 to 42) were dissected. Metastases were identified in the internal iliac and presacral regions despite negative obturator lymph nodes. Of the 27 patients 1 to 3 lymph nodes involved with metastasis were detected in 15, 9 and 1, respectively. In 26 of the 27 patients (95.8%) with lymph node metastasis PSA was greater than 10.5 ng./ml. and preoperative biopsy Gleason sum was 7 or greater. A low risk of 2% for lymph node disease was noted in patients with serum PSA less than 10.5 ng./ml. and biopsy Gleason sum less than 7. There were no significant differences in regard to intraoperative and postoperative complications, lymphocele formation or blood loss in the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Extended pelvic lymphadenectomy is associated with a high rate of lymph node metastasis outside of the fields of standard lymphadenectomy in cases of clinically localized prostate cancer. Lymphadenectomy including the internal iliac lymph nodes should be performed in all patients with prostate cancer who are at high risk for lymph node involvement, as indicated by PSA greater than 10.5 ng./ml. and biopsy Gleason sum 7 or greater. In the low risk group pelvic lymphadenectomy can be omitted.     

The deep vein thrombosis caused by lymphocele after endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection

Pelvic lymphocele is a postoperative complications than can result after endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. Radical prostatectomy have many risk factors of deep vein thrombosis including location of target organ, malignancy, old age, Trendelenburg position, pelvic lymph node dissection, and long procedure time. A 57-year-old man with a localized prostate cancer was treated with endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. Deep vein thrombosis was detected as a first sign of pelvic lymphocele. Lymphocele was managed with a percutaneous drainage without sclerosant. We report a case of deep vein thrombosis due to pelvic lymphocele after endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy.     

Sentinel lymph node dissection for prostate cancer: experience with more than 1,000 patients

PURPOSE: We determined the incidence of positive pelvic lymph nodes in men undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy and describe the correlation with prostate specific antigen, histological grade and stage. We examined whether tumor cells are localized in the sentinel nodes only or also in other nonsentinel lymph nodes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1,055 men with prostate cancer underwent radio guided pelvic lymph node dissection and radical retropubic prostatectomy. In men with prostate specific antigen 20 ng/ml or less and biopsy Gleason score 7 or less only sentinel nodes were removed. In men with prostate specific antigen more than 20 ng/ml or Gleason score greater than 7 extended pelvic lymph node dissection was also performed. RESULTS: Positive lymph nodes were found in 207 men (19.6%). In 63.3% of the men these lymph nodes were detected outside of the region of standard lymphadenectomy. The percent of patients with positive nodes was greater than predicted by currently used nomograms. The higher the preoperative prostate specific antigen, pathological stage and grade, the greater the percent of men with positive sentinel and nonsentinel lymph nodes (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: When deciding on pelvic lymph node dissection, sentinel or extended lymphadenectomy should be performed since more than half of patients have positive nodes outside of the region of standard lymphadenectomy. In cases of positive sentinel nodes extended lymph node dissection should be performed since tumor cells are also detectable in nonsentinel lymph nodes.     

经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术（附9例报告）

目的探讨经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的手术方法和疗效。方法我科自2006年1月至2008年10月对9例前列腺癌患者行经腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术,手术经腹膜外路径顺行切除前列腺,切开膀胱颈部前先以1-0可吸收线缝扎背血管复合体。结果9例手术均获得成功,无中转开放手术。手术时间180-510min,平均322min,术中出血量200-1500ml,平均433ml,术后48h内胃肠功能恢复,术后2～3d下床活动,无直肠损伤和吻合口尿漏出现。标本切缘阳性1例。1例患者术后半年仍有轻度尿失禁。其中7例患者随访5～33个月,未发现肿瘤局部和生化复发和远处转移;术后3个月前列腺特异性抗原0～0．1ng／ml。结论经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术是一种安全有效的手术方法,手术创伤小,患者恢复快,腹腔并发症少。但该手术难度较大,需要具有丰富腹腔镜操作经验的医生完成。     

Laparoscopic extended pelvic lymph node dissection for prostate cancer: description of the surgical technique and initial results

OBJECTIVE: In patients with prostate cancer, extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) yields a higher number of lymph node metastases (LNM) than standard pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) of the obturator fossa only. We describe our laparoscopic technique of extended lymph node dissection and provide the number and locations of positive lymph nodes from our experience. METHODS: In a total of 35 selected patients with clinically localized prostate cancer, laparoscopic ePLND was performed prior to laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. The template included the genitofemoral nerve up to the bifurcation of the common iliac artery and down to the epigastric artery. In the "split and roll" technique the internal and external iliac arteries including the bifurcation and the external iliac vein were completely mobilized. After freeing the obturator nerve, the entire lymph node package was released from the pelvic side wall. RESULTS: Mean operative time was 90min/patient. The complications were two temporary and reversible neurapraxias (ischiatic nerve and obturator nerve), one deep vein thrombosis, and two lymphoceles. One lymphocele healed conservatively; the second was marsupialized laparoscopically. Eleven (31.4%) patients had lymph node metastases; their mean prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was 20.3+/-7.0 ng/ml (range: 5.2-39.7 ng/ml) and their median Gleason sum in biopsy was 7 (range: 6-8). Mean size of the LNM was 3.1+/-1.0 mm (range: 0.2-8). In 5 of the 11 patients with LNM these were detected exclusively outside the obturator fossa. LNM were in the obturator fossa only in two (one bilateral), around the external iliac artery only in two, around the internal iliac artery only in two, and around the external iliac artery and internal iliac only in one patient. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic ePLND can be combined with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Standardization of the technique facilitates surgery to a great extent. e-PLND detects LNM in a significant number of patients. The majority of LNM are outside the obturator fossa. The transperitoneal approach allows a wide exposure and is the most important factor to enable successful ePLND.     

经脐单孔腹腔镜腹膜外前列腺癌根治术7例报告

目的：报告经脐腹膜外单孔腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的初步经验。方法：20110年2～11月采用经脐单孔腹腔镜腹膜外前列腺癌根治术治疗经活检确诊为前列腺癌患者7例,采用“两环一套法”自制单孔腹腔镜开口器,手术器械包括预弯抓钳、吸引器、针持。其余为传统腹腔镜器械。在脐下缘取2．5cm长弧形切口,进入腹膜外问隙,置人开口器建立单孔腹腔镜手术工作通道,再依次行双侧盆腔淋巴结清扫、前列腺癌根治术,最后采用一针连续缝合法行膀胱颈尿道吻合。记录手术时间、失血量、输血量、并发症发生情况。术后第3、6个月随访,复查血清PSA,了解尿控情况和患者对手术美容效果的满意度。结果：手术时间210～420min,平均272min;术中失血量为50～500ml,平均170ml。2例患者术中需要输浓缩红细胞2～3U,余未输血。仅1例手术需要增加2个工作通道,余患者无中转开放手术或增加工作通道,无围手术期死亡及严重并发症的发生。所有患者排尿可控,仅最后1例患者夜间需预防性使用尿垫1块。术后切口瘢痕隐匿在脐部皱褶内,患者对切口美容效果很满意。结论：在合理选择患者的前提下,采用经脐单孔腹腔镜腹膜外前列腺癌根治术是安全可行的,美容效果很好。“两环一套法”自制开口器能够保证手术顺利实施,性价比高。短期随访显示肿瘤控制及尿控效果好,远期效果需待长期随访来证实。     

Extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy

A total of 28 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer (PCa) underwent extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (EP-LRP). The mean operative duration was 309 (287-600) minutes. Estimated blood loss ranged from 380 to 1000 (mean 480) ml. At 3 to 5 days postoperatively, the catheter was removed. No open conversion was required and no patient presented postoperative complications. PSA level was less than 0.1 ng/ml at 3 months after surgery in all patients. At a mean follow-up of 10 (6-16) months, there were no biochemical failures. The extraperitoneal technique potentially decreased the risk of intra-abdominal complications and better approximated than open retropubic radical prostatectomy. In conclusion, EP-LRP is an effective, safe and precise technique.