经胸前区腋静脉置管感染危险因素分析

目的：探讨经胸前区腋静脉穿刺置管患者导管相关性感染危险因素。方法：对707例经胸前区腋静脉穿刺置管患者进行调查，感染病例导管尖端及血液送细菌培养。结果：发生导管相关性感染5例，感染率为0．7％，其中外科650例患者，感染1例，感染率0．15％，化疗科57例患者，感染4例，感染率7．02％。全组患者置管时间≥20d者共61例，发生感染4例，感染率6．56％。结论：经胸前区腋静脉穿刺置管患者导管相关性感染的主要危险因素为机体免疫功能低下、置管时间长和导管护理欠妥，对有高危因素的患者要加强监测和护理，避免导管感染的发生。     

血液透析颈内静脉置管并发感染的预防

目的 预防血液透析颈内静脉置管并发感染，延长颈内静脉导管留置的时间。方法 加强颈内静脉置管患者的置管后护理，严格执行无菌操作，并采取有效的干预措施，预防穿刺口和皮下隧道感染的发生。结果 留置时间最短21天，最长1例置管347天（中途换管1次，拔管后选择另一侧颈内静脉再次置管）。局部及皮下隧道感染率情况：留置时间〈20天为4例（2．82％），20—30天14例（9．86％），30—150天18例（12．68％），留置时间在150—347天血培养阳性者5例（3．52％）。结论 加强颈内静脉留置双腔导管的护理，可以延长颈内静脉留置的时间，缩短住院天数，减轻患者的痛苦和经济负担。     

中心静脉置管相关感染研究进展

中心静脉导管(CVC)是广泛应用于危重医学临床的血管内置管技术,尤其在重症监护室(ICU)的血流动力学监测、肠外营养、液体复苏等方面,CVC发挥着非常重要的作用,但CVC也是最常见的引起导管相关性感染(CRI)的血管内置管术。近年来,随着各种高质量中心静脉导管的广泛应用,使得     

颈内静脉置管罕见并发症4例报告

本文报告了经上腔静脉穿刺置管１７００例中，发生严重且罕见并发症４例。即Ｈｏｒｎｅｒ氏综合症、喉返神经损伤、空气栓塞、导管割断遗留心脏各１例。就发生的原因及预防措施进行了分析和讨论。     

层流洁净环境下中心静脉置管的护理体会

目的:探讨在层流洁净环境下中心静脉置管的护理方法及效果。方法:回顾性分析我院重症科2011年1～12月收治的136例留置中心静脉导管患者的护理方法,并观察其临床效果。结果:在层流洁净环境下中心静脉导管堵塞率、感染率及其他并发症发生率均较低。结论:空气层流净化及良好的护理措施能减少静脉导管相关性感染,确保中心静脉置管通畅。     

颈内静脉置管误入腋静脉1例分析

对颈内静脉置管误入腋静脉1例分析如下. 1 病历摘要 男,53岁,农民.因腰痛伴水肿、头晕8个月入院,查肾功能BUN 30.19 mmol/L ,CREA 572 μmol/L.入院诊断为慢性肾衰竭肾衰竭期,需建立血管通路行血液透析.征得患者本人及家属知情同意后,于2010-09-03T13:00采用Seldinger技术行右颈内静脉导管留置术.     

ICU中心静脉置管患者感染相关因素分析

目的通过对ICU中心静脉置管患者感染相关因素的观察与分析,找出与导管相关性菌血症(CRB)相关的护理因素。方法选择2005年11月至2006年5月,在我院ICU病房行中心静脉置管的患者79例,观察并记录他们的年龄、性别、置管位置、导管放置时间、其他管路的数量、穿刺点周围皮肤细菌培养与血培养的比较等内容。结果CRB的发生与年龄、性别、置管位置、其他管路的数量无明显的相关性,但与置管时间长短存在着明显的相关性。结论对于置管时间超过两周以上的患者要密切观察其感染指征。     

经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管导管异位分析与改进对策

目的:探讨经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)导管异位的原因、发生方式、特征及改进措施.方法:汇总近期441例行PICC患者数据,对发生导管异位的数据予以统计计算和相关分析.结果:本组441例患者中,33例发生PICC导管异位,总发生率7.5%.其中左、右上肢静脉异位发生率分别为7.8%和7.1%,两者比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而左、右贵要静脉和正中静脉发生率均低于同侧头静脉(P＜0.01);发生异位的部位分别是腋静脉15例、颈内静脉9例、右心房5例及其他静脉分支4例.改进方法包括利用手法复位、退管改变体位、边输液边送管等.结论:PICC导管异位发生率的高低与所选择的穿刺静脉、外测量方法、血管解剖变异、患者体位、操作者对血管解剖掌握熟练程度及送管技巧有关.为减少PICC导管异位的发生,置管建议首选贵要静脉,宜选用适合国人测量方法即从穿刺点至右胸锁关节再向下反折至第2肋,送管时患者的体位有待改进;大多数PICC导管异位可以调整到位.     

静脉穿刺外周中心静脉置管感染的预防

目的研究外周静脉置管技术与感染的预防措施。方法对100例高龄患者采用改良赛丁格技术在血管超声引导置入中心静脉导管的医院感染预防效果进行观察,并与直接肉眼观察穿刺置入法作平行比较。结果采用肉眼观察穿刺血管置入中心静脉导管的70例患者,静脉炎发生率为11.43%,血栓和导管相关性感染发生率均为1.43%。采用改良赛丁格技术置入静脉导管的30例患者,没有发生静脉炎、血栓和导管相关性感染的病例。结论改良赛丁格技术在血管超声引导置入中心静脉导管,可有效预防静脉导管相关医院感染,且操作成功率高。     

ICU患者中心静脉置管的护理

目的 建立并维持良好的静脉通路，保证各种药物及时准确输入，确保危重症患者的紧急抢救及中心静脉压（CVP）的准确监测。方法 对120例长期静脉输液及监测中心静脉压的患者行中心静脉置管，并观察置管的临床效果。结果 中心静脉导管留置期间导管堵塞率、感染率及其他并发症发生率均明显低于外周静脉留置针。结论 良好的护理措施能确保中心静脉置管通畅，保证抢救药物及时准确输入，具有维护简单、留置时间长、并发症少等特点。     

Sepsis associated with central vein catheters in critically ill patients

In 440 critically ill patients, the association between different central vein catheter insertion sites, the duration of catheter insertion and catheter-associated sepsis was examined. Of 780 catheter tips studied, 19% were colonized by microorganisms. The incidence of colonization varied with the different insertion sites. The lowest percentage of colonized catheters occurred with catheters inserted via the subclavian vein (15%) and the highest, at the femoral vein insertion site (34%,p<0.01). The percentage of catheters colonized increased as the duration of insertion increased, at all insertion sites studied. Catheter colonization was closely related to the development of bacteraemia and was associated with approximately 10% of colonized catheters. Our results suggest that the subclavian site is associated with the lowest infective complication rate. To minimize catheter associated sepsis, catheters at all insertion sites should be used with parsimony and only kept in place for the minimum amount of time that their continuing use is necessary.     

Development of subsequent bloodstream infection in patients with positive Hickman catheter blood cultures and negative peripheral blood cultures

There are limited data on the incidence of subsequent bloodstream infection (BSI) and the effect of systemic antibiotics in patients who had positive catheter-drawn blood cultures (CBC) and negative peripheral blood cultures (PBC). We retrospectively reviewed all paired blood cultures from patients with Hickman catheter in the hematology-oncology ward between January 1997 and December 2008. There were 112 episodes with positive CBC and negative PBC. Nine episodes (8.0%; 95% CI, 3.0-13.1%) led to subsequent BSI within 28 days. Subsequent BSI developed in 6 of 31 episodes (19%) where empiric antibiotics were inappropriate but in 3 of 81 episodes (4%) where empiric antibiotics were appropriate (P = 0.01). Subsequent candidemia (50%, 2 of 4) was more common than subsequent bacteremia (6%, 7 of 108) (P = 0.03). In conclusion, for patients with positive CBC and negative PBC, the overall incidence of subsequent BSI was 8.0%, and inappropriate empiric antibiotics was associated with subsequent BSI.     

ct静脉血管成像在中心静脉导管功能障碍中的应用

目的 探讨多层CT静脉血管成像(multi-detector computed tomography venography,MDCTV)在中心静脉导管功能障碍评估中的应用价值.方法 中心静脉导管动能障碍但胸片及颈内静脉超声无异常发现的患者31例,行MDCTV观察导管走形、中心静脉狭窄、血栓形成、纤维蛋白鞘形成等.结果 MDCTV示导管位置异常10例,中心静脉狭窄5例,中心静脉血栓形成4例(2例伴有颈内静脉血栓形成),管周纤维鞘形成7例,无明显异常者5例.结论 MDCTV可有效评估中心静脉导管功能障碍,有临床推广价值.     

新生儿四肢静脉与头皮静脉留置套管针的对比分析

目的观察新生儿四肢静脉与头皮静脉留置套管针的差别。方法将 10 0例住院新生儿随机分为四肢静脉留置组 (4 0例 )与头皮静脉留置组 (6 0例 ) ,分别观察两组新生儿静脉穿刺一次成功率及留置时间情况。结果两组静脉穿刺一次成功率 χ2 =0 .15 ,P >0 .0 5 ;留置时间比较 χ2 =0 .6 1,P >0 .0 5 ,差异无显著意义。结论对于颅内出血的新生儿 ,为了减少搬动头部、防止加重颅内出血 ,可首选在患儿四肢留置套管针。     

膀胱冲洗对留置导尿患者尿液细菌培养的影响

目的探讨膀胱冲洗与非冲洗对留置导尿患者尿液细菌培养及致病菌分布的影响。方法收集因颅脑损伤而需要留置导尿患者109例,随机分为冲洗组与非冲洗组,冲洗组每天用1∶5 000呋喃西林液300 ml冲洗膀胱1次,非冲洗组不做冲洗处理。两组患者分别于导尿后第1、3、5、7、9和11天行中段尿液细菌培养检查。结果两组病人尿液细菌阳性率之间无显著性统计学差异,但构成有所不同。结论膀胱冲洗不能有效地预防或降低长期留置导尿病人尿菌阳性率,同时可增加新的感染菌种。     

Displacement of catheters inserted through internal jugular veins with neck flexion and extension

Displacement of central venous catheters inserted through internal jugular veins in adult man was estimated on chest x-rays in six patients and measured in six corpses. The downward displacement of the catheter tips with maximum neck flexion varied between 1.0 and 2.0 cm in patients, and between 1.0 and 2.5 cm in corpses. The upward displacement with maximum neck extension varied between 0.5 to 1.0 cm in patients and 0.5 to 1.5 cm in corpses. The total displacement varied between 1.5 to 3.0 cm in patients, and 1.5 to 4.0 cm in corpses. The geater displacement in corpses might be explained by detachment of sternocleidomastoid muscles, and by resection of the sternum and anterior ribs, performed for access to the heart and superior vena cava. There was no apparent correlation between the side and site of the vein puncture, body length, sternocleidomastoid length, distances from the punction sites to suprasternal notch, and values of the displacements of the catheter tips in any group. To avoid rhythm disturbances and perforation of the heart (possible complications of the catheter displacement), the necessity of locating central venous catheter tips 3.0 to 4.0 cm above the superior vena cava-right atrial junction, and firm fixation of the catheter is stressed.     

经胸前区腋静脉置管与锁骨下静脉置管感染对比研究

目的探讨经胸前区腋静脉置管与锁骨下静脉置管病人导管相关性感染情况。方法707例采用经胸前区腋静脉置管,105例采用传统锁骨下静脉置管。对比两组病人导管相关感染情况。结果腋静脉组发生导管相关性感染5例,感染率为0.7%,锁骨下静脉组发生导管相关性感染4例,感染率为3.8%,两组病人总感染率经比较,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论采用经胸前区腋静脉穿刺置管能降低导管相关性感染发生率,且操作容易、安全,并发症少,值得临床推广。     

锁骨下静脉上位置管与颈内静脉置管在血液透析中比较

目的比较锁骨下静脉上位置管与颈内静脉置管建立临时性血液透析通路的优缺点.方法采用回顾性对照研究,98例急需血液透析患者先后采用锁骨下静脉上位置管68例,颈内静脉置管30例.观察两种插管途经的穿刺成功率、完成插管时间、导管留置时间、导管相关并发症、血流量及Kt/V值等.结果锁骨下静脉上位穿刺成功率94.1%,显著高于颈内静脉80.0%(P＜0.01),完成插管时间亦优于颈内静脉(P＜0.05);锁骨下静脉上位插管的留置时间明显长于颈内静脉插管(P＜0.05),锁骨下静脉上位置管的血流量不足、感染及导管堵塞发生率均低于颈内静脉置管(P＜0.05),两部位插管的Kt/V值无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论相对而言,锁骨下静脉上位插管是一种更理想的临时性血液通路.     

股静脉与颈内静脉留置双腔导管在血液透析中的应用

目的 比较股静脉与颈内静脉插管建立临时性血液透析通路的优缺点。方法 采用回顾性对照研究,106例尿毒症患者先后共留置股静脉导管72根,颈内静脉导管59根。观察两种插管途径的导管留置时间、导管相关并发症、血流量及 Kt/V值等。结果 颈内静脉插管的导管留量时间为 38±15天,明显长于股静脉插管21±11天(P<0.01);血流量分别为260±35ml/分、215±61ml/分(P<0.05);颈内静脉插管的血流量不足、感染及导管堵塞发生率低于股静脉插管;而且前者Kt/V值高于后者(1.1±0.4,0.8±0.5,P<0.05)。结论 相对而言,颈内静脉插管是一种更理想的临时性血液通路。     

Complications of subclavian vein catheters in patients with high enterocutaneous fistulas

Complications of subclavian catheters in 17 consecutive patients with high enterocutaneous fistulas were studied. Fifteen patients had drainage surgery and total parenteral nutrition was given to all patients via a subclavian catheter for 27±20 days and in total 75 catheters were used for 1044 days. One patient needed on average 5.0±2.2 catheters and one catheter was in place 12.3±9.7 days. Bacterial cultures were positive in two and candida cultures in one catheter. Three patients died due to sepsis, but only one had a minor complication transient skin infection around the catheter. The frequency of complications decreased when the number of catheters in each patient increased. Minor complications were common.