男女飞行学员抗荷耐力地面检测结果分析

目的 通过检测呼吸肌和双下肢肌肉力量,使用经验公式估算+Gz耐力,对比分析男、女飞行学员之间的抗荷耐力差异,探讨使用抗缺氧能力检测仪进行抗荷耐力地面测试的方法. 方法 检测了32名女飞行学员和30名男飞行学员的心-眼距、最大呼气压力、最大吸气压力、双下肢蹬力,以及平静时和做HP、PHP动作时的收缩压;估算了受试者使用抗荷装备做抗荷动作时的+Gz耐力. 结果 男飞行学员的心-眼距、最大呼气压力、最大吸气压力和双下肢蹬力均显著大于女飞行学员(t=4.852～6.762,P＜0.01).男飞行学员做PHP动作时的+Gz耐力大于女飞行学员(t=2.226,P=0.034),但男、女飞行学员做HP动作时的G耐力差异无统计学意义(P=0.185). 结论 ①女飞行学员的呼吸肌和双下肢肌肉力量素质不如男飞行学员.②与男飞行学员相比,女飞行学员心-眼距小,做HP抗荷动作时的收缩压低,这可能是男、女飞行学员穿抗荷服、做HP抗荷动作时G耐力相差不显著的主要原因.女飞行学员呼吸肌力量小,不适应抗荷正压呼吸,因此在使用抗荷正压呼吸并做PHP动作的耐力比男飞行学员低.③做抗荷动作时血压的测量方法有待继续改进,以进一步提高测量成功率和准确率.     

高原抗荷体能训练对+Gz耐力的影响

目的 通过观察高原抗荷体能训练对+Gz耐力的影响,探讨高原抗荷体能训练对保持+Gz耐力的作用. 方法 12名男性健康志愿者,分为对照组与训练组,每组各6名.在海拔3780 m的高原,对照组不进行抗荷体能训练,训练组按照制定的高原抗荷体能训练方案在氧浓度为25％～27％o的富氧室内进行训练.进入高原第2周、第4周、第6周,在飞行员抗荷抗缺氧能力检测仪上对受试者进行HP动作+Gz耐力值检测.进入高原前和回到平原后分别在载人离心机上进行基础+Gz耐力值和HP动作+Gz耐力值测试. 结果 ①在高原驻训期间,对照组HP动作提升+Gz耐力值呈持续下降趋势,第6周明显低于第2周,差异有统计学意义(P=0.009);训练组第2周、第4周和第6周HP动作提升+Gz耐力值差异无统计学意义.2组受试者第6周与第2周HP动作提升+Gz耐力值变化量比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.059,P=0.012).②2组受试者高原驻训后离心机测试的基础+Gz耐力值比驻训前均有降低;对照组高原驻训后离心机测试的HP动作+Gz耐力值比驻训前明显降低(t=5.196,P=0.014),训练组高原驻训后比驻训前明显提高(t=2.712,P=0.042).2组受试者高原驻训前后HP动作提升+Gz耐力值变化量差异有统计学意义(t=3.480,P=0.008). 结论 高原驻训期间,在富氧体训室系统开展抗荷体能训练能够有效保持+Gz耐力.     

±Gx或±Gy与+Gz复合作用对人体抗荷耐力的影响

目的观察受试者暴露于±Gx或±Gy与+Gz复合离心机加速度作用下,复合加速度对人体抗荷耐力的影响和相关生理变化。方法分别测定6名受试者在单独+Gz作用,以及+2.5 Gx/+Gz、-1Gx/+Gz、+2 Gy/+Gz,-1 Gy/+Gz复合加速度作用时的基础+Gz耐力,观察加速度耐力情况和相关生理变化。三轴向加速度增长率均为1 G/s,峰值作用时间10 s。加速度作用过程中,受试者采用HP动作的呼吸方式,但呼气不用力,不收紧上身和腿部肌肉。结果 -1 Gy/+Gz、-1 Gx/+Gz的复合作用对基础+Gz耐力没有显著影响;+2 Gy/+Gz的复合作用时基础+Gz耐力增加(0.54±0.10)G(P0.01);+2.5 Gx/+Gz的复合作用时基础+Gz耐力增加(0.63±0.31)G(P0.01);心率、呼吸率与对照相比均无显著差异。±Gy/+Gz暴露时会出现不对称的视力丧失,+2.5 Gx/+Gz作用时,受试者感觉眼球前凸、压迫眼睑,眼睛有充血感。结论在采用HP动作呼吸方式的条件下,-1 Gy/+Gz、-1 Gx/+Gz复合作用对基础+Gz耐力无显著影响,+2 Gy/+Gz、+2.5 Gx/Gz的复合作用能够增加+Gz耐力。     

HP动作对模拟推拉效应的防护作用

目的　利用下体正压在单轴向离心机上模拟推拉动作 ,观察提前做HP动作对推拉效应的防护效果。　方法　志愿者 10名 ,分为L 1动作试验组和HP动作试验组。先测定两组受试者的基础耐力 ;然后受试者穿抗荷服 (L 1动作组穿KH 3、HP动作组穿KH 7) )充气 4 0kPa(30 0mmHg) 持续 1min ,卸压后立即启动离心机 ,测定两组受试者下体正压卸压后的松弛耐力 ;再分别测定L 1动作组和HP动作组下体正压结束后立即做抗荷动作的 +Gz 耐力。　结果　下体正压卸压后HP动作组 +Gz 耐力下降 0 .70G (P <0 .0 1) ,L 1动作组耐力下降无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。下体正压卸压后采用抗荷收紧动作可使受试者的 +Gz 耐力显著升高 ,HP动作组提高程度为 3.4 0G(P <0 .0 1) ,L 1动作组为 2 .6 0G (P <0 .0 1)。下体正压卸压后采用L 1动作的耐力的增高程度比采用HP动作低 0 .8G (P <0 .0 5 ) ,采用HP动作最多可以使受试者 +Gz 耐力增加 3.75G ,且主诉疲劳程度低。　结论　提前做HP动作可以对推拉效应造成的G耐力下降进行有效防护     

采用载人离心机慢增长率模式+Gz耐力检查方法评定综合抗荷措施防护效果的研究

目的 开展载人离心机慢增长率(gradual-onset rate run, GOR)模式+G_z耐力检查试验研究,探讨该方法在综合抗荷措施防护效果评定中的应用。方法 6名男性受试者在载人离心机上进行了GOR加速度暴露试验,每人均完成4组：不使用抗荷装备,保持松弛状态的加速度耐力(GOR1耐力),做HP抗荷动作时的加速度耐力(GOR2耐力),穿抗荷服保持松弛状态的耐力(GOR3耐力),做HP动作、穿抗荷服使用抗荷加压呼吸时的耐力(GOR4耐力)。依次检查受试者在4组+G_z暴露时的加速度耐力及心率和呼吸频率,受试者对体力感知度评价表进行评分,试验结束后填写调查问卷,对抗荷装备的防护效果进行了主观评价。结果 6名受试者GOR1耐力为(4.21±0.99)G,GOR2耐力为(6.00±1.32)G,GOR3耐力为(6.34±1.32)G,GOR4耐力为(7.87±1.29)G,不同GOR模式+G_z暴露的耐力差异有统计学意义(F=174.477,P<0.001)。受试者在4组+G_z暴露试验到达耐力终点的...     

PHP动作与新型囊式抗荷系统的综合抗荷性能研究

目的 探讨离心机上新型囊式抗荷系统与PHP动作结合时的综合抗荷性能.方法 10名飞行员完成新型多囊式抗荷服的抗荷性能试验;6名志愿者完成新型囊式抗荷系统与PHP动作结合时的抗荷性能试验.结果 1)新型多囊式抗荷服抗荷性能为(2.60±0.17)G(P<0.01).2)志愿者采用新型囊式抗荷系统+Gz耐力为(8.35±0...     

抗荷正压呼吸对下体正压模拟推拉效应的防护作用

目的利用下体正压在单轴向离心机上模拟推拉动作,观察抗荷正压呼吸对推拉效应的防护效果。方法受试者5名,均参加过载人离心机试验并掌握了正确的抗荷正压呼吸方法。第1天测定受试者的基础 Gz耐力、穿KH-x抗荷服时的 Gz耐力和实施抗荷正压呼吸时的 Gz耐力;第2天依次测定受试者的基础耐力、下体正压作用后穿KH-x抗荷服 Gz耐力和抗荷正压呼吸时的 Gz耐力。结果与第1天的试验结果相比,下体正压作用后受试者穿着KH-x抗荷服的 Gz耐力显著降低(P<0.05);但是进行抗荷正压呼吸时的 Gz耐力没有变化。结论抗荷正压呼吸可以减轻推拉效应对 Gz耐力的影响。关于抗荷正压呼吸的压力制度及其训练方法还有待进一步优化。     

新型抗荷调压器动态物理与人体生理试验研究

目的 观察新型(F型、S型)抗荷调压器(抗调器)在离心机上的动态物理性能与生理防护性能.方法 试验在载人离心机上进行.①动态物理性能试验:3台F型和1台S型抗调器,将抗调器高压级与KH-6抗荷服配套,低压级与KH-7抗荷服配套;对1号F型抗调器和S型抗调器在正常、倾斜22°及加湿后进行+Gz暴露试验.②人体生理试验:受试者为12名男性健康志愿者,先测定受试者的基础+Gz耐力,然后测定穿抗荷服充气时的最大+Gz耐力.其中5名受试者分别采用两台F型抗调器(2号、3号)的高压级配KH-6抗荷服、低压级配KH-7抗荷服;另7名受试者采用1台S型抗调器的高压级配KH-6抗荷服、低压级配KH-7抗荷服.结果 ①F型抗调器和S型抗调器的低压级与高压级的输出压力均在相应要求的上限或略高于上限.1号F型抗调器在倾斜22°时低压级和高压级的输出压力到达平稳工作阶段压力值时相对于+Gz曲线到达峰值时的延迟时间多大于0.5 s,在加湿后低压级的延迟时间多大于0.5 s,且高压级的输出压有明显波动.S型抗调器在倾斜22°和加湿后低压级与高压级的输出压力到达平稳工作阶段压力值时相对于+Gz曲线到达峰值时的延迟时间均小于0.5 s,且该时间加上输出压力开始上升时相对于+Gz曲线开始上升时的延迟时间也均小于2 s.②受试者采用2号F型抗调器配KH-6、KH-7抗荷服时的抗荷耐力分别提高2.10 G(t=14.00,P＜0.01)、2.15 G(t=21.50,P＜0.01),采用3号F型抗调器配KH-6、KH-7抗荷服的抗荷耐力分别提高2.20 G(t=23.52,P＜0.01)、2.20 G(t=44.00,P＜0.01).受试者采用S型抗调器配KH-6、KH-7抗荷服的抗荷耐力分别提高2.36 G(f=46.67,P＜0.01)、2.21 G(f=28.74,P＜0.01).结论 新型抗调器与抗荷服配套具有较高的抗荷性能,其结构的改进对提高倾斜安装、加湿后等环境的适应性有明显作用. Abstract： Objective To evaluate the dynamic physical performance and physiological protection of a new type anti-G valve.Methods The experiments were carried out on human centrifuge.① The dynamic physical performance of No.1 F-type and S-type anti-G valve in wellbalanced state, 22° lean state and humidifying state were evaluated respectively in two configurations which anti-G valve at high-pressure class worked with KH-6 anti-G suit and at low-pressure class worked with KH-7 suit.② Twelve healthy male volunteers served as subjects for the human physiological protection experiments.The relaxed + Gz tolerance was measured first, then the +Gztolerance with anti-G suit.Two F-type anti-G valves were evaluated by 5 subjects using the above mentioned two configurations.One S-type anti-G valve was evaluated by the rest 7 subjects using the same two configurations.Results ① The outlet pressure of both F-type and S-type anti-G valve was in accordance with or slightly higher than the required upper limit.The delay between the reaching time of G plateau and stable peak pressure of 22° tilted No.1 F-type anti-G valve was mostly longer than 0.5 s both at low-pressure and high-pressure class.When in humidifying state, the delay was longer than 0.5 at low-pressure class and an obvious fluctuation of outlet pressure at high-pressure class was observed.For the S-type anti-G valve, under 22° lean state and humidifying state both at low-pressure and high-pressure class, the delay between the reaching time of G plateau and stable peak pressure was shorter than 0.5 s.And the time added the delay between G climbing and the starting time of outlet pressure ascending was shorter than 2 s.② +Gz tolerance increment provided by the No.2 F-type anti-G valve combined with KH-6 and KH-7 anti-G valve was 2.10 G (t= 14.00, P＜0.01 and 2.15 G (t=21.50, P＜0.01) respectively, and 2.20 G (t=23.52, P＜0.01) and 2.20 G (t=44.00, P＜0.01) for the No.3.+Gz tolerance increment provided by the S-type anti-G valve with KH-6 and KH-7 anti-G valve was 2.36 G (t=46.67, P＜0.01) and 2.21 G (t=28.74, P＜0.01) respectively.Conclusions The new type anti-G valve combined with anti-G suit could provide enhanced anti-G capability.The modification and enhancement to the structure of valve have a distinct positive effect on its adaptability to special states like lean or in humidification.     

双座机飞行员综合抗荷措施的载人离心机动态物理及人体生理试验研究

目的 研究以新型氧气系统、囊式抗荷装备和PHP动作组成的双人综合抗荷措施的防护性能. 方法 2具假人和7名健康志愿者在载人离心机上进行6组试验:①抗荷装备的动态物理性能试验;②静态人体生理试验;③服装配抗调器的抗荷性能试验;④抗荷正压呼吸性能试验;⑤受试者采取综合抗荷措施进行6.5G持续45 s试验;⑥受试者采取综合抗荷措施进行8.5G持续15 s试验.动态性能试验时+Gz增长率为3 G/s. 结果 氧气浓缩器入口压力0.25 MPa和0.20 MPa时的吸气相面罩压最低值(Pmi)均显著大于0.16 MPa时(P＜0.05).服装配抗调器的抗荷性能为(2.11±0.12)G,抗荷正压呼吸性能为(2.07±0.11)G,受试者使用综合抗荷措施均完成了6.5G持续45 s和8.5G持续15 s试验. 结论 新型氧气系统的氧气浓缩器采用0.20 MPa入口压力,可以满足抗荷正压呼吸时双人同时做抗荷动作的需求.综合抗荷措施可以提供6.5G持续45 s和8.5G持续15s的防护.该综合抗荷措施采用的抗荷正压呼吸有助于预防发生呼吸不适反应.需要进一步研究确定同时满足装备抗荷性能和舒适性要求的预充压值.     

不同正加速度暴露下人体尿α1-微球蛋白测定的意义

目的　观察不同正加速度 ( Gz)暴露下人体尿α1 微球蛋白 (α1 M)的变化规律。方法　 6名健康男性受试者 ,分别进行抗荷裤配抗荷调压器的抗荷效果试验、抗荷正压呼吸的抗荷效果试验、抗荷裤配抗荷调压器 PBG 抗荷动作的抗荷效果试验 3组 Gz暴露。留取每组 Gz暴露前、 Gz暴露后 30min、 Gz暴露后 2 4h的尿液各 5ml。结果　①受试者在采用抗荷装备后 ,所达到的 Gz耐力分别为 6 2 5± 0 5 2G、8 17± 0 2 6G、9 0 0G ;②与 Gz暴露前相比 , Gz暴露后 30min尿α1 M浓度升高 ,差异有显著性意义(P <0 0 5或P<0 0 1) ;③ Gz暴露后 2 4h与 Gz暴露后 30min相比 ,尿中α1 M浓度下降 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ,能恢复到基本接近于 Gz暴露前水平。结论　 Gz暴露所致人体尿中α1 M浓度升高 ,提示加速度可导致肾功能性改变     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）