中国蜱传脑炎研究进展

蜱传脑炎(tick-borne encephalitis)是经蜱传播的由蜱传脑炎病毒(TBEV)引起的急性重症神经系统疾病.我国于1943年发现该病,1952年从患者及蜱中分离到蜱传脑炎病毒[1],并于东北、西北、西南等地区陆续发现多个自然疫源地[2].该病临床症状重,多伴有后遗症,病死率高,曾为我国法定职业传染病之一[3].近年来,由于地球气候变暖,使该病疫源地传播媒介活动季节延长、活动区域扩大,进而使蜱传脑炎有扩大流行的趋势[4].本文是对我国近年来开展蜱传脑炎相关工作的综述.     

蜱传脑炎研究进展

蜱传脑炎又名森林脑炎是由蜱传脑炎病毒引起,经蜱传播的以中枢神经系统病变为主要特征的急性传染性疾病,病死率高达10%～20%,是近年来病毒学专家研究的重点和难点。本文从流行病学特点、发病机制及临床表现、转归、诊断、治疗等对蜱传脑炎进行综合性论述,为该病的预防和治疗策略的制定提供相应的理论依据。     

部分地区蜱传斑点热自然疫源地调查

198 4年 ,我们在自然疫源性疾病的调查中从黑龙江省东宁县蜱类分离到多株立克次体 ,经免疫学与分子生物学鉴定确认为斑点热群 (Spottedfevergroup ,SFG)立克次体新种 ,命名为黑龙江立克次体〔1～ 5〕。为此 ,多年来我们对黑龙江省和吉林省东部的东宁县与珲春县进行了蜱传斑点热的自然疫源地调查。现将结果报告如下。1　对象与方法1 1　对象　依据地势、地貌、植被 ,选择不同生境点作为调查点进行流行病学调查与疑似病人调查。1 3　方法　 (1)标本采集 :捕获野鼠 ,采用日笼法 ,每半月布笼 1次 ,每次每种生境 30 0鼠笼 ,捕获野鼠 ,分类鉴定…     

俄罗斯8人死于蜱传脑炎

2007年8月9日消息:据俄罗斯媒体9日报道,最近20天中,蜱传脑炎疫情在新西伯利亚州等地已造成8人死亡,其中包括1名儿童。     

蜱传脑炎疑似患者中抗莱姆病螺旋体抗体的调查

作者应用间接免疫荧光抗体法，对黑龙江省林区１２０６例蜱传脑炎疑似患者分别作了抗蜱传脑炎病毒抗体和抗莱姆病螺旋体抗体检查。阳性数前者为２０１例（１６．６７％），后者为１０２例（８．４６％），两者均阳性的２８例。表明临床疑似蜱传脑炎患者中有相当数量为莱姆病，并从血清学上证实蜱传脑炎与莱姆病间存在同时或相继的双重感染。     

某部驻区蜱传斑点热自然疫源地调查

目的了解某部驻区蜱传斑点热的自然疫源地情况。方法进行蜱类与啮齿动物调查，利用立氏立克次体190kD外膜蛋白A(R．rOmpA)基因序列设计引物，对683只蜱类标本和146个鼠类脏器标本进行PCR检测，随机抽取一株森林革蜱阳性扩增产物进行序列测定。结果调查地区存在3种蜱、5种啮齿动物；从森林革蜱、嗜群血蜱和啮齿动物脏器标本中检测斑点热立克次体DNA片段，阳性率分别为53．81％、7．41％和6．16％；所测序列与前苏联的DaS 14株的同源性为100％，与我国检测的BJ-90、HLJ-054的同源性分别为88％和86％。结论调查地区存在与DaS14株型别一致的斑点热立克次体株。     

常见蜱传立克次体的研究进展

蜱携带的病原体给人类健康、家养及野生动物和畜牧业发展带来了极大的威胁。随着社会经济的发展、分子检测技术的进步,新发蜱传疾病的不断出现,使得人们对蜱传病原体及其引起的疾病更加关注。本文针对近年来较为流行的几种蜱传立克次体疾病进行了综述,以期为蜱传立克次体疾病的系统研究和综合防控提供参考。     

珲春地区森林脑炎自然疫源地流行病学调查

１９９２～１９９４年，对吉林省珲春地区森林脑炎自然疫源地进行了流行病学调查。从当地嗜群血蜱中分离出了森林脑炎病毒，从黑线姬鼠、大林姬鼠和当地居民血清中查到持异性抗体。从而认为当地仍存在森林脑炎自然疫源地。随着口岸开放，旅游事业发展，外来人群进入，其森林脑炎的威胁有可能增加，应引引重视。     

中国蜱传病原体分布研究概况

蜱传病原体(Tickborne agents)是指由蜱传播的某些种类的病毒、细菌和寄生虫等。我国分布的主要蜱传病毒有蜱传脑炎病毒(Tick-borne encephalitis virus,TBEV;我国称森林脑炎病毒)[1]、克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒(Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses,CCHFV;我国称新疆出血热病毒)[1]、发热伴血小板减少综合征布尼亚病毒(Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus,SFTSV)[2];蜱传细菌有立克次体[3-4]、伯氏疏螺旋体[5-6];蜱传寄生虫有巴贝西原虫。由于我国的疾病防控主要以行政区为单位,因此,结合行政区域图对上述蜱传病原体进行分类标注。蜱传病     

蜱与蜱传疾病最新研究进展

正蜱是一种吸血的节肢动物,是多种人畜共患传染病的重要传播媒介。蜱虫分类上属于动物界节肢动物门、蛛形纲、螨亚纲、寄螨目、蜱总科。全世界已经发现18个897种,而中国已发现10属,119种,100种硬、10余种软蜱[1]。近两年来,在我国山东、河南、河北、安徽等地出现一些因蜱虫叮咬而发生蜱传疾     

新疆维吾尔自治区夏尔西里自然保护区全沟硬蜱复合感染蜱媒病原研究

目的 了解新疆维吾尔自治区(新疆)夏尔西里自然保护区全沟硬蜱蜱媒病原复合感染情况。方法 2012年6月至2013年6月在新疆夏尔西里自然保护区采用布旗法采集全沟硬蜱,通过巢式PCR方法对蜱体内莱姆病伯氏疏螺旋体[Borrelia(B.) burgdorferi] 5S~23S rRNA 基因间隔区、无形体(Anaplasma)16S rRNA基因、斑点热立克次体(Rickettsia)ompA基因、Q热贝氏柯克斯体Coxiella(C.)burneti的com1基因、巴贝西原虫(Babesia)的Nss-rRNA基因进行扩增。结果 204只全沟硬蜱中104只蜱病原检测阳性,阳性率为50.98%,其中伯氏疏螺旋体阳性率为34.31%(n=70),斑点热立克次体阳性率为28.92%(n=59),嗜吞噬细胞无形体阳性率为9.31%(n=19),未检出Q热贝氏柯克斯体和巴贝西原虫。χ²检验显示,不同病原感染率差异有统计学意义(χ²=38.517,P=0.000)。204只蜱中有39只存在复合感染,复合感染率为19.12%(39/204),在病原检测阳性蜱中复合感染率为37.50%(39/104)。伯氏疏螺旋体与斑点热立克次体复合感染率为16.18%(n=33);伯氏疏螺旋体与嗜吞噬细胞无形体复合感染率为4.90%(n=10),斑点热立克次体与嗜吞噬细胞无形体复合感染率为2.94%(n=6),3种病原体复合感染率为2.45%(n=5)。经χ²检验,3种病原混合感染率差异有统计学意义(χ²=41.328,P=0.000)。结论 新疆夏尔西里自然保护区全沟硬蜱存在伯氏疏螺旋体、嗜吞噬细胞无形体、斑点热立克次体的自然感染,并存在2~3种病原的复合感染。     

Protection against European isolates of tick-borne encephalitis virus after vaccination with a new tick-borne encephalitis vaccine

A highly purified, inactivated tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus particle vaccine has been developed. In this study we report on the efficacy of this new vaccine to protect against TBE virus isolates from different geographical areas of Europe and the Asian part of the USSR.     

Isolation and molecular characterization of a tick-borne encephalitis virus strain from a new tick-borne encephalitis focus with severe cases in Bavaria,Germany

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is the most important viral infection transmitted by ticks in Central Europe. In Germany, where TBE was classified as a notifiable disease in 2001, a highly variable number of clinically apparent human cases was reported in the last few years, ranging from the lowest number of 238 in 2007 to a maximum of 546 in 2006. The dynamics of the virus and its vector tick remain poorly understood. We investigated a highly active TBE focus in south-eastern Germany where from 2003 to 2008 a total of 9 clinical human cases was diagnosed. Three out of these 9 cases were fatal indicating an unusually high mortality rate possibly due to a highly virulent TBEV strain. From 2005 till 2008, 2150 Ixodes ricinus ticks were collected and tested for the presence of TBE virus. Five TBEV-positive ticks were detected by real-time RT-PCR. A viable virus strain was isolated from one of the positive ticks sampled in 2005. This is the first TBE virus isolate from a tick in Germany for 30 years. Sequencing of the full-length genome of this virus strain (AS33) revealed 2 unique amino acid substitutions in the envelope protein known to play a role in the pathogenicity of TBE virus. Amplification of the envelope gene using 2 TBEV-PCR-positive ticks from 2006 also showed these particular mutations indicating that this TBE virus strain was present in at least 2 consecutive years. The entire sampling area was divided into smaller sectors for the exact location of TBEV-positive ticks. Virus-positive ticks were found to be randomly distributed throughout the investigated focus, which is used as recreational area by the local people.     

A campaign to increase the vaccination rate in a highly endemic tick-borne encephalitis region of Slovenia

Slovenia is one of the countries with the highest incidence of thick-borne encephalitis (TBE) (13.5/100,000) and has one of the lowest immunisation rates (3.1%). Gorenjska (approximately 10% Slovene inhabitants) is a region of Slovenia with the highest incidence (30/100,000). The Institute of Public Health Kranj in collaboration with Lions club Brnik and mayors of the municipalities initiated a campaign aimed to improve the vaccination rate.     

Studies on the importance of tick-borne encephalitis in Rhineland-Pfalz

Within the scope of a prospective clinical study during 2001 in Rhineland-Palatinate specimen from sera and cerebrospinal fluids of 163 patients with suspected meningitis were controlled in an enzyme immunoassay concerning a TBE infection. Questionable results were checked via a neutralisation test. In no case such an infection was confirmed. No virus specific nucleic acids could be detected in 998 nymphs and adults of Ixodes ricinus in an additional investigation in 2000. Therefore Rhineland-Palatinate has to be considered as a region with low virus prevalence. A general recommendation for vaccination is not necessary.