简洁也是艺术——中医名词术语翻译浅谈

中医文献翻译质量的好坏往往取决于中医名词术语翻译的准确性。然而 ,浏览中医文献的英译文 ,最让人费解的就是中医名词术语翻译。在“让中医走向世界”的今天 ,对中医名词术语的翻译进行研究是十分必要的。1　目前中医名词术语翻译存在的主要问题目前 ,中医名词术语翻译存在的主要问题之一是“乱”。其表现在于翻译的不定性和多样性。随手翻开有关中医的文献或字典 ,几乎可以毫不夸张地说 ,有多少字典或文献 ,就有多少种表述方法 ,从用词到句式都不一样 ,令读者无所适从。如“辨证论治”有 diagnosis andtreatment based on an overall ana…     

关于中医名词术语英译标准化的思考

关于中医名词术语英译标准化的思考陕西中医学院（咸阳７１２０８３）李照国关于中医名词术语英译标准化的理论问题，笔者曾在“中医翻译标准化的概念、原则与方法”（《中国翻译》１９９１年第３期）及”中医名词术语英译的标准化”（西安医科大学硕士学位论文，１９９２...     

WHO与世中联的中医名词术语翻译之己见

随着中医对外交流的加强,中医药翻译中存在的问题已成为制约中医国际化的瓶颈因素之一。中医药翻译存在翻译难、翻译乱、不统一、起步晚等问题。[1]目前涉及中医药术语英语翻译的国内外词典主要有《中医基本名词术语中英对照国际标准》[2]以及《WHO西太区传统医学国际标准名词术语》[3]。然而作者对这二者进行了比较研究,发现了翻译中的诸多值得商榷之处。中医药术语的翻译应在立足于中医自身理论本经含义的前提下,进而统一与规范。     

从气概念谈中医名词术语翻译的特殊性及翻译原则

从气概念谈中医名词术语翻译的特殊性及翻译原则薛俊梅 摘要本文通过探讨译者在翻译时应正确认识中医中的气概念的重要性,认为中医名词术语翻译有其特殊性,因而在介绍和翻译中医药学时,译者要充分了解中医药体系的基本特点,掌握中医名词术语的真正内涵并根据其特点和原则进行翻译来保持中医药固有的独特性。     

中医名词术语法译“对应性”翻译原则浅析

在翻译界众所周知,自严复在《译例言》中提出：“译事三难,信、达、雅”以来,“信、达、雅”就成为中国近现代翻译理论探索的高度浓缩,所谓“信”指意义不背原文,可见“忠于原文”是翻译首要而重要的一个原则。中医法语翻译是翻译工作在中医领域的应用,中医学有很多特定含义的术语,因此“信”,即内涵对应性尤为重要。我们试从中西医差别、多义词、近义词等角度剖析中医名词术语法语翻译原则“对应性”的产生和重要性。     

中医名词术语翻译层面观及其译语特点

众所周知 ,现代语言学把语言单位划分为音位、词素、词、词组、句子和语篇等 6个层面。我们可以根据语境的不同使用不同的翻译层面 ,可以根据需要选择在这 6个层面中的 1个或几个层面上进行翻译。无论是在哪个层面上进行翻译 ,要求译语必须准确、科学、简洁和规范 ,科技翻译尤其如此。中医名词术语的翻译层面目前国内外研究得很少。中医名词术语从语言学角度可划分为音位、词素、词和词组 4个层面 ,因此 ,中医名词术语是在 4个层面上进行翻译的。1　中医名词术语的翻译层面及其译语特点1 1　中医名词术语的音位翻译层面及其译语特点　中医名…     

目的论视阈下方剂名英译存在的问题及翻译策略探析

方剂名的翻译一直是中医翻译人员最为关注的问题。从目的论角度探析方剂名英译中存在的问题,并提出相应的翻译策略,以期为中医名词术语的规范化及标准化发展提供参考。     

中医病名术语翻译策略探析

目的:探析中医病名的翻译策略和翻译方法。方法:选取《中华人民共和国国家标准中医临床诊疗术语·疾病部分》的脑系病类34个病名为研究对象,以西医病名语义为基础,根据标准中对病名的语义解释将34个病名分为完全对应、部分对应和不对应三大类,对各类病名在四部不同翻译标准中的翻译进行对比研究。结果:中医病名数量巨大,存在收集不全面和翻译结果不统一的现象。结论:中医病名术语搜集范围要广泛,表述要规范化;中医病名术语翻译应以"忠实原文含义"为原则,借用西医词汇、音译、音译+释义、直译、直译+释义的翻译方法,加强中医名词术语配套词典编写的规范化。     

对若干中医名词术语内涵规范性的质疑与商榷

选取了若干中医名词术语,如“水饮凌心”、“风寒入里化热”、“真寒假热”、“真实假虚”、“阴虚火旺”,对其文意内涵逐一剖析,指出这些名词术语所存在的某些问题,并引用相关医案以为佐证.上述名词术语欠缺规范性,有的不能正确描述真实病机,或者文意与实际所指不相符合,或者笼统粗疏,不利于精准辨证.在承袭应用这些名词术语时,不要理所当然地认为其正确无误,也应持质疑与反思的态度,对于完善中医自身,当有益处.     

中医术语翻译的国际标准与文化传承----从经络部分谈起

根据2007年10月世界卫生组织西太区颁布的《传统医学名词术语国际标准》,就其经络部分的中医术语的翻译,探讨中医术语翻译中的文化传承问题并提出相关策略。     

髓内钉及其骨折内固定的力学研究

“Ｖ”形和梅花形髓内钉是常用长管骨骨折髓内固定材料。目前临床上梅花形髓内钉有代替“Ｖ”形髓内钉趋势。本文从力学角度对其进行研究，包括：（１）髓内钉及其髓内固定骨折模型弯曲试验显示，梅花形髓内钉抗弯能力和承受载荷系数均大于“Ｖ”形髓内钉；（２）抗弯截面惯性矩研究显示，新型双冠形髓内钉优于梅花形髓内钉，也优于“Ｖ”形髓内钉；（３）髓内钉设计成双冠形截面将大大改进其力学性能。     

In vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb

Aim of the study

To determine anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of Cuscuta reflexa in cell lines (in vitro).

Materials and methods

Anti-inflammatory activity of the water extract was analysed in vitro using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammatory reactions in murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. The expression of COX-2 and TNF-α genes involved in inflammation was analysed by SQ RT-PCR. EMSA was conducted to analyse the influence of the extract on NF-κB signalling. Anti-cancer activity was analysed on Hep3B cells by MTT assay, DAPI staining, annexin V staining and SQ-RT PCR analysis of BAX, Bcl-2, p53 and survivin.

Results

The extract down regulated LPS induced over expression of TNF-α and COX-2 in RAW264.7 cells; blocked NF-κB binding to its motifs and induced apoptosis in Hep3B cells as evidenced from MTT, DAPI staining and annexin V staining assays. The extract up regulated pro-apoptotic factors BAX and p53, and down regulated anti-apoptotic factors Bcl-2 and survivin.

Conclusions

The study showed that Cuscuta reflexa inhibits LPS induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cells through interplay of TNF-α, COX-2 and NF-κB signalling. It induced apoptosis in Hep3B cells through the up regulation of p53, BAX and down regulation of Bcl-2 and survivin.     

Mechanism of anti-hyperglycemic action of Vatairea macrocarpa (Leguminosae): Investigation in peripheral tissues

Aim of the study

Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that the treatment of diabetic rats during 21 days with V. macrocarpa stem-bark ethanolic extract (VmE), reduced glycemia, urinary glucose and urea, increased liver glycogen content and improved other parameters diabetes related. The objective of this study was to evaluate if the anti-hyperglicemic mechanisms of VmE could be caused by improvement in the insulin signaling pathway in the peripheral tissues (liver, adipose and skeletal muscle).

Material and methods

Streptozotocin-diabetic rats were separated into two groups: diabetic control (DC) and diabetic treated with VmE (DT) during 21 days. The alterations on the insulin signaling in liver, retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RET) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were investigated through determination of insulin receptor (IR), protein kinase B/AKT content and AKT phosphorylation levels using Western blotting analysis. This same methodology was used to evaluate the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) levels in the liver from these animals.

Results

The treatment with the extract increased the content of IR and the basal phosphorylation of AKT in the three tissues. In the liver from diabetic treated group, the insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation was higher and the PEPCK protein levels were reduced.

Conclusions

Data from this work suggest that the anti-hyperglycemic activity of stem-bark extract of V. macrocarpa can occur through stimulation of insulin signaling pathways in peripheral tissues from diabetic rats, mainly in liver and adipose tissue, probably promoting increase in the glucose uptake and liver glycogen synthesis. The concomitant decreasing in hepatic PEPCK levels could be associated to inhibition of gluconeogenesis, which can also contribute to glycemia reduction.     

Cortex Dictamni extract induces apoptosis of activated hepatic stellate cells via STAT1 and attenuates liver fibrosis in mice

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In traditional Chinese medicines, Cortex Dictamni is prescribed for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases such as acute rheumatoid arthritis, skin inflammation and jaundice.

Aim of the study

This study was designed to investigate the effect of ethanol extract of Cortex Dictamni on treatment of hepatic fibrosis and its possible mechanisms.

Materials and methods

The in vivo effect of Cortex Dictamni extract (CDE) was evaluated by measuring histological changes and collagen content in CCl₄-indcued hepatic fibrosis mice. Viability, apoptosis and protein expression of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) were analyzed by MTT, Annexin V staining and Western blot respectively.

Results

CDE alleviated CCl₄-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice and showed a much stronger inhibition of cell viability in activated HSC cell line HSC-T6 than that in normal hepatocyte L02 cells. Furthermore, CDE induced apoptosis of HSC-T6 cells associated with increased expressions of cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3. Interestingly, CDE activated STAT1 in HSC-T6 cells and the effect of CDE on apoptosis of HSC-T6 cells could be neutralized using JAK/STAT1 signaling inhibitor AG490.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that CDE possesses anti-fibrosis activity with selectively induction of activated HSC apoptosis via activating STAT1, which might be a novel strategy for hepatic fibrosis therapy.     

Wogonin, an active ingredient of Chinese herb medicine Scutellaria baicalensis, inhibits the mobility and invasion of human gallbladder carcinoma GBC-SD cells by inducing the expression of maspin

Ethnopharmacological relevance

A traditional Chinese medicine Scutellaria baicalensis is prescribed for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases and tumors in clinic in China. However, the detailed mechanism of anti-metastasis effect of wogonin, a main active ingredient of Scutellaria baicalensis, remains elusive.

Aim of the study

The present study was designed to investigate the action and mechanism of wogonin on the mobility and invasion of human gallbladder carcinoma GBC-SD cells.

Materials and methods

Viability, apoptosis, mRNA and protein expression of tumor cells were analyzed by MTT, Annexin V staining, real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. The migration and invasion assay was used to evaluate the anti-metastasis effect of wogonin. Knockdown of maspin was performed by specific small interference RNA.

Results

Wogonin at the dose of 1-10 μM, which did not induce apoptosis, significantly inhibited the mobility and invasion activity of human gallbladder carcinoma GBC-SD cells. In addition, the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) but not phosphorylated Akt were dramatically suppressed by wogonin in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the metastasis suppressor maspin was confirmed as the downstream target of wogonin. Both maspin mRNA and protein were upregulated by wogonin. Interestingly, the knockdown of maspin resulted in almost completely blocking of wogonin-induced inhibition of MMP-2, MMP-9 and phosphorylated ERK1/2 as well as the mobility and invasion activity of GBC-SD cells.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that wogonin inhibits cell mobility and invasion by upregulating the metastasis suppressor maspin. Together, these data provide novel insights into the chemoprotective effect of wogonin, a main active ingredient of Chinese medicine Scutellaria baicalensis.     

Brazilian green propolis and its constituent, Artepillin C inhibits allogeneic activated human CD4 T cells expansion and activation

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Propolis has long been used as a popular folk medicine by various ethnic groups due to its wide spectrum of alleged biological and pharmaceutical properties including anti-microbial, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory functions. All these can be linked to the modulation of immune function. Therefore, it will be relevant for us to find out whether there is any novel compound that can account for such action and the mechanism involved.

Aim of the study

We investigated the immune modulating effect of Brazilian green propolis (PBrazil) and its constituent Artepillin C (Art-C) by using mixed leukocytes reaction.

Materials and methods

The cytotoxic effect of Art-C on non-tumorigenic human liver cell line miHA and non-tumorigenic human kidney cell line HK-2 as well as human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured by XTT cell proliferation assay. The effect of PBrazil and Art-C on T cell proliferation and activation were determined by using carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and by CD25 expression, respectively. Cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukins such as IL-2, IL-17 were measured by intracellular cytokine staining and IL-10 was measured by ELISA. The effect of PBrazil and Art-C on regulatory T cells (Treg) induction was determined by the Foxp3 expression. The apoptotic effect of these compounds on CFSE labeled alloreactive T cells was measured by using Annexin V.

Results

Using mixed leukocytes reaction we demonstrated for the first time that both Art-C and PBrazil significantly inhibited the alloreactive CD4 T cell proliferation, activation, and suppressed the expressions of IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-17 in these alloreactive CD4 T cells. The inhibitions of Art-C and PBrazil on CD4 T cells were not due to direct cytotoxic effect on PBMC or inducing regulatory T cells differentiation. Both Art-C and PBrazil were found to selectively induce apoptosis in proliferating T cells. The anti-proliferative effect of Art-C and PBrazil were reversible and were also applied to the activated T cells.

Conclusions

In conclusion, our results indicated that Art-C and PBrazil can suppress alloreactive CD4 T cell responses in vitro, suggesting that Art-C could be used as a potential immunosuppressant, either solely or as adjunct agent in treating graft versus host disease.     

外周C纤维传入在电针镇痛中作用的观察

<正> 针刺镇痛的研究中,外周神经中哪一类纤维参与针刺镇痛效应一直是个争论的问题。候宗濂等认为C纤维传入是主要的,张香桐等提出外周神经中Ⅱ、Ⅲ类纤维是重要的,吕国蔚等则看到主要是Aβr类     

白花蛇舌草黄酮成分的研究

从茜草科植物白花蛇舌草中分离出5个黄酮化合物,经光谱数据分析鉴定它们的结构分别为山柰酚(Ⅰ),山柰酚-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅱ),山柰酚-3-O-(6"-O-α-L-鼠李糖基)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅲ),槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅳ)和槲皮素-3-O-(2"-O-葡萄糖基)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅴ).其中Ⅰ～Ⅲ和Ⅴ系首次自该植物中分得.     

电针对猫小脑皮层慢痛反应的影响

<正> 我们曾报道,隐神经 C 类纤维传入可以到达小脑皮层,引起特异的诱发电位(C-CEP)。其易被镇痛剂吗啡抑制,可以反映慢痛。本文进一步从小脑皮层 C-CEP 作为慢痛反应指标,观察电针足三里穴对其影响,以探讨小脑皮层与电针抑制慢痛的关系。材料与方法实验用猫,体重1.5～3.0kg,雌雄不限。静脉注射1%氯醛糖(80mg/kg)麻醉。气管插管后将猫头固定在脑定位仪上。开颅,暴露小脑皮层,在左侧蚓Ⅵ小叶表面安放单极银球电极引导诱发电位,参照电极置于前额皮下,动物接地。小脑皮层表面复盖38℃石蜡油。分离右侧隐神经,在外周端结扎并剪断之,于近中段分别放置铂丝双极刺激电极、Ag-Ag(?)l 阻断电极和记录电极,     

Typhonium flagelliforme induces apoptosis in CEMss cells via activation of caspase-9, PARP cleavage and cytochrome c release: Its activation coupled with G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The plant Typhonium flagelliforme (TF), commonly known as ‘rodent tuber’ in Malaysia, is often used as traditional remedy for cancer, including leukemia.

Aim of the study

We had previously identified morphologically that the linoleic acid rich fraction (DCM/F7) from the tubers of this plant induces selective anti-proliferative effects and apoptosis in CEMss cells. In this present study, we subjected the same DCM/F7 fraction to cell based activity analyses in order to determine the possible mechanism of cell death in leukemic CEMss cells in vitro.

Materials and methods

Extraction of Typhonium flagelliforme tuber has done and fractionation has been done by vacuum liquid column chromatography. The anti-proliferative activity was assayed using MTT and the apoptosis detection was done by Annexin V and DNA laddering assay. Colorimetric caspase assay and immunoblot analysis were employed to detect the expression of protein associated with cell death. Cell cycle analysis was done using flow cytometry.

Results

We found that the cancer inhibitory effect of the DCM/F7 fraction in CEMss cells was 3 ± 0.08 μg/ml (IC₅₀). An early apoptotic induction in CEMss cells was observed by Annexin V assay, which showed a clear dose-dependent DNA fragmentation being observed in gel electrophoresis at 10 and 20 μg/ml. The DCM/F7 fraction at 3 μg/ml significantly arrested CEMss cells at G0/G1 phase (p < 0.05). A constant but increasing pattern-related Sub-G0/G1 index was observed between 12 and 72 h treatment. In relation to this, we further investigated the biochemical events leading to cell death and found that the DCM/F7 fraction increased the cellular levels of caspase-3 and -9 on treated cells. Our results indicated that cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol increased gradually as the DCM/F7 concentration increases, which later lead to the subsequent cleavage of PARP in to 85 kDa fragments. On the contrary, Bcl-2 protein was found to decrease concomitantly during treatment.

Conclusions

Collectively, results presented in this study demonstrated that the DCM/F7 fraction inhibited the proliferation of leukemia cells, leading to the programmed cell death, which was confirmed to be through the mitochondrial pathway.