食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血内镜下治疗进展

食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血(esophageal gastric varices bleeding,EVB)是肝硬化常见的并发症,病死率高.内镜下治疗已广泛应运于临床,是预防和治疗EVB的重要手段,疗效显著,极大的提高了患者的生存率.食管主要由胃左静脉供血,大部分由前支经贲门进入曲张静脉,部分伴有食管旁静脉.胃底大部分由胃左静脉供血,小部分则由胃短系统供血.本文针对EVB内镜治疗现状及研究进展做一综述.     

多层螺旋CT门静脉血管成像与内镜对食管、胃静脉曲张诊断的比较研究

目的对比研究多层螺旋CT门静脉血管成像(CTP)和内镜对食管、胃静脉曲张的诊断。方法采用16排多层螺旋CT门静脉血管成像,对57例临床和实验室检查提示门静脉高压的患者进行CTP,观察门静脉及其分支走形、分布,并结合横断面图像仔细观察食管和胃有无静脉曲张,并记录其部位、曲张静脉深浅、观察曲张静脉来源、有无其他部位曲张静脉或其他病理情况。同期对这些病例行胃镜检查,观察食管、胃是否存在静脉曲张及其他病变。结果CTP显示食管及胃静脉曲张病例51例,其中胃底静脉曲张合并食管静脉曲张39例,单纯胃底静脉曲张9例,胃底静脉曲张合并胃体静脉曲张3例。内镜发现食管及胃底静脉曲张46例,其中胃静脉曲张合并食管静脉曲张24例,单纯胃静脉曲张5例,单纯食管静脉曲张17例。CTP可发现内镜无法诊断的肌层或管腔外静脉曲张。结论CTP可清晰显示门静脉高压患者食管、胃底静脉曲张及主要侧支血管的走行、分布。在食管静脉曲张检查方面,CTP与内镜效果相当,CTP有几例假阳性,可作为普通内镜检查的良好补充;对于胃静脉曲张的检查,CTP效果较胃镜敏感,且CTP可清晰显示内镜无法观察的胃腔周围和食管周围静脉曲张。     

内镜下套扎联合经皮经肝TH胶栓塞治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张的临床应用

目的评价内镜下套扎(EVL)联合经皮经肝曲张静脉TH胶栓塞术(PTVE)治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张出血的远期疗效。方法 44例肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张出血患者,先行食管曲张静脉的内镜下套扎治疗,1周后再行TH胶PTVE,栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉区域及其来源血管。联合治疗术后定期复查胃镜,观察曲张静脉消失情况,随访治疗后曲张静脉复发率及再出血率。结果 44例食管胃底静脉曲张患者,32例食管曲张静脉基本消失,消失率72.7%;8例胃底静脉曲张基本消失,消失率100%;12例食管静脉曲张程度明显减轻,总有效率100%。随访6~39个月,平均25.6个月,5例食管静脉曲张复发,复发率11.4%;3例再出血,再出血率6.8%。结论内镜下套扎治疗能机械性地消除食管曲张静脉,经皮经肝TH胶栓塞能栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉区域及其供血血管,二者联合能达到协同作用,具有更好的远期疗效。     

胃冠状、胃短静脉栓塞术对胃底静脉曲张出血疗效评价

目的探讨胃冠状静脉、胃短静脉栓塞术对胃底静脉曲张出血治疗的价值。方法32例肝硬化并食管胃底静脉曲张出血经内镜下套扎、硬化治疗后仍有出血的患者，经皮经肝穿刺行胃冠状静脉、胃短静脉栓塞治疗。栓塞剂主要为无水乙醇、钢圈和明胶海绵。均行1次栓塞治疗，并经3～11个月随访，胃镜复查。结果29例复查胃镜，其中21例(72．4％)胃底曲张静脉完全消失，8例(27．6％)胃底曲张静脉明显减轻，无红色征及糜烂。随访期内有1例(3．1％)因门脉高压性胃炎致黏膜糜烂出血。未发现明显并发症。结论经皮经肝穿刺行胃冠状静脉、胃短静脉栓塞治疗具有消除胃底静脉曲张，并可预防出血的作用。     

多排螺旋CT门静脉成像对门静脉高压食管、胃底静脉曲张的评价

肝硬化失代偿期可引起门静脉高压,食管胃底静脉曲张是门静脉高压的一个严重并发症,其破裂可引起胃肠道大出血,对门静脉高压侧支循环的显示对患者的治疗方式的选择及预后的评估具有重要意义.多排螺旋CT门静脉成像(CTPV)可显示胃底静脉曲张的部位、形态及侧支循环血供的关系,在GEVI型,GV多为LGV或以LGV为主来供应,胃和(或)脾-肾分流较少见,GV的形态多为迂曲型.在GEV2型,GV大部分由PGV和(或)SGV供血,部分病例伴胃和(或)脾-肾分流.IGV型多以PGV和(或)SGV为主要血供,且较多合并胃和(或)脾-肾分流,GEV2和IGV型GV的形态以结节型和瘤型较多.CTPV可显示食管静脉曲张分型与其侧支循环的关系,EV以位于食管黏膜下、食管壁为主时,其血供多为胃左静脉前支优势型;EV为食管管旁静脉曲张为主时,其血供多为后支优势型;EV管壁、黏膜下静脉曲张程度与管旁静脉曲张接近时,其血供多为前后支均衡型.     

三维多层螺旋CT对肝硬化门脉高压患者侧支循环的诊断价值

目的　了解多层螺旋CT门体侧支循环的显示情况,并探讨其临床意义。方法　对2003 -04 ~2003-12北京友谊医院43例肝硬化门脉高压病人分别进行胃镜和多层螺旋CT门脉成像。了解食管胃底静脉曲张及门体侧支循环形成情况并加以比较,同时分析其与肝功能之间的相关性。结果　多层螺旋CT能清晰地显示门静脉及其侧支血管,胃镜显示食管静脉曲张38 /43(88. 4% ),胃底静脉曲张23 /43 (53 .5% ),螺旋CT显示食管静脉曲张37 /43(86% ),胃底静脉曲张25 /43(58 .1% )。对食管胃底静脉曲张的显示与胃镜有高度一致性,Kappa值分别为0 .876和0. 903。结论　多层螺旋CT结合多种三维重建技术进行图像后期处理,能产生高质量的血管图像,三维多层螺旋CT门脉造影,能显示肝硬化病人门体侧支血管,可能是这个领域中理想的血管成像技术。     

门-体分流程度评估血吸虫病肝硬化上消化道出血的应用

目的探讨门-体静脉分流程度在评估血吸虫病肝硬化上消化道出血中的应用。方法以金山医院经临床证实的33例血吸虫病肝硬化上消化道出血患者,及29例血吸虫病肝硬化非出血患者为研究对象,对其进行上腹部128层螺旋CT扫描。采用薄层块最大强度投影(TSMIP)、多平面重建(MPR)对门静脉系进行血管重建,对两组患者门-体静脉分流程度进行评分和比较,分析各侧支血管分流程度与血吸虫病肝硬化上消化道出血的关系。结果 33例上消化道出血患者中,侧支血管发生率如下:胃左静脉曲张86.4%、胃短静脉曲张68.2%、食管静脉曲张50.0%、食管旁静脉曲张50.0%、胃底静脉曲张37.9%、胃肾静脉69.7%、脾肾静脉51.5%、腹壁静脉曲张25.8%、网膜静脉曲张15.2%、脾周静脉曲张63.6%、附脐静脉曲张34.8%、腹膜后-椎旁静脉40.9%、肠系膜静脉曲张36.4%。出血组食管静脉、食管旁静脉、胃左静脉和胃底静脉的发生率和分流程度均明显大于非出血组(P值均0.05)。结论 CT门静脉系成像可精确显示各类侧支血管的部位、程度及走向。食管静脉、食管旁静脉、胃左静脉和胃底静脉能较准确地预测血吸虫病肝硬化上消化道出血的风险情况,上述侧支血管分流程度越高,上消化道出血危险性就越大。     

螺旋CT门静脉造影对门脉高压侧支循环的研究

目的探讨多排螺旋CT门静脉造影(CT portal venography,CTPV)显示肝硬化门脉高压侧支循环血管的临床应用价值。方法对92例肝硬化门脉高压的患者分别进行CT门脉造影,获得门脉侧支循环血管的清晰图像,测量门静脉主干和胃左静脉直径,将胃镜与CT门静脉造影两种技术进行比较。结果应用CT门静脉造影能清晰显示和测量门脉侧支循环的血管。CT门静脉造影与胃镜两种方法对食管和胃底曲张静脉的显示能力具有一致性,Kappa值分别为0.502和0.478。结论应用多排螺旋CT门静脉造影能很好显示和测量门体间侧支循环血管。联合应用多排螺旋CT门静脉造影与胃镜两种方法,对于肝硬化门静脉高压患者的诊断、病情判断和估计预后有帮助。     

MSCT血管成像技术对食管胃底静脉曲张应用价值的探讨

目的探讨MSCT血管成像技术及后期处理技术在食管胃底静脉曲张诊断及临床治疗中的价值。方法对50例门静脉高压症合并食管胃底静脉曲张的患者行MSCT门静脉血管成像技术,观察食管胃底静脉曲张的形态、位置及血供类型。结果实验组50例患者在MSCT血管成像上可见血管改变的形态显示为蔓状23例、结节状17例、瘤状9例,1例未检出;胃镜下可见血管表现形态为迂曲形23例、结节形17例、瘤形8例,未检出2例。MSCT血管成像所显示的蔓状与结节状、瘤状改变和胃镜下所直接见到的迂曲形和结节形、瘤形结果呈互相对应,说明MSCT血管成像技术与胃镜对食管胃静脉曲张诊断的形态结果对比一致性好。结论 MSCT血管成像较胃镜无创、安全、重复性好,可观察曲张迂曲走形及血供,具有很高的临床应用价值,可作为食管胃底静脉曲张诊断及治疗前的常规检查。     

食管静脉曲张——从血管解剖基础到内镜下治疗

食管的静脉系统结构非常复杂,包括食管内静脉和食管外静脉。在食管的下段,根据食管静脉的结构特征,食管可以分为胃区、栅栏区、穿支区和干区4个区。在血液引流方面,颈部、胸部和腹部食管分别流入不同的静脉血管。门静脉高压时,由于门脉血管内静脉压增高,胃左静脉、胃后静脉和胃短静脉成为输入血管,食管各层的血管出现扩张,特别是深静脉明显扩张,形成内镜下可见的3～4条迂曲的曲张静脉。曲张静脉的血液来自胃区血管和穿通支血管,存在单纯胃区供血、单纯穿通支供血和二者同时供血三种情况。食管静脉曲张的内镜下治疗包括套扎和硬化治疗,两种治疗方法各有利弊。理解食管静脉的正常解剖结构和血液引流对于理解食管静脉曲张的发病机制、异位栓塞的途径、制定合理的、个体化的内镜治疗方案具有重要意义。     

Detection of submucosal gastric fundal varices with multi-detector row CT angiography

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The diagnosis of submucosal fundal varices is challenging. Currently, endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) are considered most useful for this purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate if multi-detector row CT (MDCT) angiography contributes to the diagnosis of submucosal fundal varices. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty two patients with endoscopically suspected fundal varices were prospectively included in the study. All patients underwent EUS and MDCT angiography. Levels of agreement between EUS and MDCT angiography for the detection of submucosal and perigastric fundal varices were evaluated by three blinded independent readers. In addition, variceal size and location, as well as afferent and efferent vessels of the submucosal varices, were determined. RESULTS: Good or excellent image quality of MDCT angiography was obtained in 21/22 patients (95%). Based on EUS, submucosal varices were detected in 16 of 22 patients (73%) and perigastric varices in 22/22 patients (100%). Using MDCT angiography, the presence of submucosal varices was confirmed in all of these 16 patients by all three readers. Perigastric varices were also confirmed in all 22 patients by all three readers. In addition, all three readers noted the presence of a submucosal varix in an additional patient which was not detected on initial EUS. MDCT angiography showed an excellent interobserver reliability with regard to variceal diameter (kappa=0.90) and variceal location (kappa=0.94). Based on MDCT angiography, afferent and efferent vessels of submucosal varices included the left gastric vein in 11 (65%), the posterior/short gastric veins in 15 (88%), gastrorenal shunts in 10 (59%), the left inferior phrenic vein in six (35%), and the left pericardiophrenic vein in six (35%) of 17 patients. CONCLUSIONS: MDCT angiography is equivalent to EUS in terms of detection and characterisation of fundal varices, in particular with regard to the distinction between submucosal and perigastric fundal varices.     

Evaluation of magnetic resonance angiography in detection of gastric varices

We evaluated the detection of gastric varices, inflowing blood vessels to gastric varices, and outflowing blood vessels from gastric varices via magnetic resonance (MR) angiography in 31 patients with gastric varices. Twenty-four patients had F₂ type varices and 7 had F₃ type, classified according to the Japanese Research Society for Portal Hypertension. Seventeen patients had cardiofornical varices, and 14 had fundal varices. All patients were examined with an MR system operating at 1.5 T. MR angiography was performed using the two-dimensional time-of-flight method. With MR angiography, the imaging of gastric varices was clearly delineated in 28 of the 31 patients (90.3%). From the images of MR angiography, flow direction itself cannot be determined. The outflowing blood vessels of gastric varices were reported to be the gastro-renal shunt and the subphrenic vein, and angiographic findings have shown the inflowing blood vessels to be the left gastric vein (LGV), the short gastric vein (SGV), and the posterior gastric vein (PGV). In 25 of the 31 patients (80.7%), the outflowing blood vessels from gastric varices were detected (gastro-renal shunt in 24; subphrenic vein in 1). MR angiography provided clear images of the inflowing blood vessels to gastric varices in 18 of the 31 patients (58.1%). These inflowing vessels were categorized as SGV in 7 patients, LGV in 5, LGV and SGV in 4, and LGV and PGV in 2. We suggest that MR angiography be used as a routine method for detecting and diagnosing collateral veins in patients with gastric varices. Received: September 2, 1998/Accepted: December 18, 1998     

Portal hemodynamics in patients with gastric varices. A study in 230 patients with esophageal and/or gastric varices using portal vein catheterization

The hemodynamic features of gastric varices are not well documented. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature of hepatofugal collateral veins, their origins, the direction of blood flow in the major veins and collateral veins, and portal venous pressure. To this end, 230 patients, mostly cirrhotic, who had esophageal or gastric varices, or both, demonstrated by endoscopy were investigated by portal vein catheterization. The findings were correlated with endoscopically assessed degrees of varices. Gastric varices were seen in 57% of the patients with varices due to portal hypertension. In most of the patients with advanced gastric varices, esophageal varices were minimal or absent. When patients with gastric varices were compared with those having predominantly esophageal varices, it was found that advanced gastric varices were more frequently supplied by the short and posterior gastric veins, they were almost always associated with large gastrorenal shunts, and portal venous pressure in patients with large gastric varices was lower. Chronic portal systemic encephalopathy was more common in patients with large gastric varices due to hepatofugal flow of superior mesenteric venous blood in the splenic vein than in patients with predominantly esophageal varices. Thus, the hemodynamics in patients with large gastric varices are distinctly different from those in patients with mainly esophageal varices, and such differences seem to account for the differing incidence of chronic encephalopathy and variceal bleeding.     

Gastric Varices: Profile, Classification, and Management

Development of gastric varices is an important manifestation of portal hypertension. In segmental portal hypertension, gastric varices originate from short gastric and gastroepiploic veins. In generalized portal hypertension, intrinsic veins at cardia participate in the formation of gastric varices. Endoscopy and/or splenoportovenography and a high index of suspicion are required for the diagnosis of gastric varices. The incidence of gastric varices in patients with portal hypertension has been variably reported (2-70%), probably due to difficulties in diagnosis. In a small proportion of patients with gastric varices, chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy or significant variceal bleeding develops. Gastric varices can be classified, depending on their anatomical location, into gastroesophageal varices (a continuation of esophageal varices) or "isolated" gastric varices (fundal or ectopic varices). This distinction is necessary for management. Whereas surgery is recommended for bleeding fundal varices, in acute bleeding from gastroesophageal varices, sclerotherapy could be attempted successfully. In more than a quarter of patients, gastric varices disappear after obliteration of esophageal varices. Prophylactic sclerotherapy of gastric varices is not recommended.     

门脉高压患者内镜下胃静脉曲张分类及其发病分析

目的 对肝硬化患者内镜下胃静脉曲张进行分类，并分析其出血的好发因素。方法 确诊肝硬化门静脉高压患者139例，采用Soehendra和Sarin标准进行食管-胃静脉曲张分类，分析各类型的发生率、出血率、静脉曲张间的关系及出血与肝功能的关系。结果胃静脉曲张的发生率为35％，以GOV1发生率最高，多见于重度食管静脉曲张患者；胃静脉曲张出血率为12％，见于肝功能B级以上患者及GOV2和IOV1，显著低于食管静脉曲张出血率，食管静脉曲张出血见于中度以上静脉曲张、肝功能B级以上患者。结论胃静脉曲张在中国人群中有较高的发病率，出血多发生于胃底部位的曲张静脉，与肝功能差有关；食管静脉曲张出血发生率高于胃静脉曲张，与曲张静脉和肝功不良严重程度有关。     

Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of high risk gastric fundal varices

OBJECTIVE: Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration is an effective new method for treating gastric fundal varices, but subsequent occurrence of esophageal varices creates a problem. The relationship between portal hemodynamics and the occurrence of esophageal varices after prophylactic balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration was investigated. METHODS: Ten cirrhotic patients considered to have high risk gastric fundal varices underwent angiography. Six patients showed a communication between blood flow in gastric wall vessels and that in the gastrorenal shunt (type I), whereas the others (type II) did not. Depending on the flow direction in the left gastric vein, the two groups were further divided into hepatopetal (a) and hepatofugal (b) subgroups. The therapeutic effect on portal hemodynamics and the relationship between pretreatment portal hemodynamics and posttreatment occurrence of esophageal varices were investigated. RESULTS: Fundal varices disappeared endoscopically in all 10 patients and the gastrorenal shunt was also occluded after the procedure. No patient showed worsening of liver function or systemic complications during follow-up. The increase in portal blood flow was more significant in type Ib patients than in the others. Esophageal varices occurred in all type I patients, and as to those in type Ib, high risk varices developed within 6 months after treatment. On the other hand, esophageal varices did not occur in type II patients. CONCLUSIONS: This procedure was effective for treating gastric fundal varices. However, type Ib patients are likely to develop high risk esophageal varices after occlusion of the gastrorenal shunt.     

THREE‐DIMENSIONAL ENDOSCOPIC COLOR DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF ESOPHAGEAL VARICES

Background: Endoscopic color Doppler ultrasonography (ECDUS) is a method for obtaining color flow images in blood vessels. In the present study, we evaluated the usefulness of three‐dimensional endoscopic color Doppler ultrasonography (3D‐ECDUS) using electronic radial ECDUS. Methods: Five patients with esophageal varices were studied. The technique of ECDUS was performed using a Pentax EG3630‐UR (forward‐view) with a distal tip diameter of 12 mm. The instrument (electronic radial array) has a curved array scanning transducer with variable frequency (5.0, 7.5, 10.0 MHz) and B mode/color Doppler/power Doppler capability. A Hitachi EUB 8500 was used for the display, which provided a 270° image. We monitored the color flow images of esophageal varices, paraesophageal veins and perforating veins. Scanning was performed from the cardiac part of the stomach to the distal esophagus by moving the instrument. After completing the examination, 3D‐ECDUS images were reconstructed. Results: Color flow images of esophageal varices and paraesophageal veins were obtained in five of the five patients. Color flow images of perforating veins were obtained in five of the five patients with 3D‐ECDUS. 3D‐ECDUS clearly delineated the continuity of vessels from the cardiac varices to the esophageal varices, and between the perforating veins and esophageal varices. Furthermore, 3D‐ECDUS clearly showed the continuity of vessels from the anterior branch of the left gastric vein to the esophageal varices and from the posterior branch of the left gastric vein to the paraesophageal veins. Conclusion: 3D‐ECDUS more clearly provides visualization of vessel continuity in esophageal varices, which allows for better understanding of the hemodynamics of esophageal variceal cases.     

Influence of extravariceal collateral channel pattern on recurrence of esophageal varices after sclerotherapy

We investigated the influence of extravariceal collateral channel pattern on the recurrence of esophageal varices after sclerotherapy. One hundred and fifteen patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices were studied. They were divided into four groups according to extravariceal collateral pattern on portal venography. Group 1 patients had neither paraesophageal veins nor gastrorenal veins (n-49); group 2 patients had paraesophageal veins only (n=30); group 3 patients had gastrorenal veins only (n=25); and group 4 patients had paraesophageal veins plus gastrorenal veins (n=11). Sclerotherapy was repeated to eradicate esophageal varices and follow-up endoscopic examination were performed. The overall recurrence-free rate at 36 months was 68%. The log-rank test showed the recurrence-free rate to be significantly higher in group 3 (76%) and group 4 patients (89%) than in group 1 patients (51%;P<0.05 andP<0.05, respectively). Although the recurrence-free rate was higher in group 4 than in group 2 patients (59%), this did not reach the level of significance (P=0.10). No significant differences were found between other pairs of groups. These results suggest that gastrorenal veins play an important role in the protection against recurrent esophageal varices after sclerotherapy, while the protective role of paraesophageal veins appears to be small.