右美托咪定与丙泊酚在小儿麻醉中维持喉罩通气的效果分析

目的在小儿短小手术麻醉应用喉罩过程中,研究右美托咪定和丙泊酚分别复合瑞芬太尼麻醉的临床效果。方法 120例择期短小手术的患儿,年龄1～10岁,ASAI～Ⅱ级,随机分为两组,每组60例:D组用药:右美托咪定+瑞芬太尼;P组:丙泊酚+瑞芬太尼。记录入室(T)、诱导后(T)、置入喉罩(T)、术毕(T)、拔出喉罩(T)及拔出喉罩后15min(T)六个时点的HR和SpO2的变化情况;记录患者清醒及留观时间;记录术中手动通气的发生率、拔出喉罩后不良反应的发生率。结果 T时,D组HR低于P组(P<0.05);T～T时,D组SpO2高于P组(P<0.05);患者清醒时间和留观时间D组短于P组(P<0.05);D组术中手动通气的发生率、拔出喉罩后不良反应的发生率低于P组(P<0.05)。结论在小儿短小手术静脉麻醉中,右美托咪定和丙泊酚分别复合瑞芬太尼,维持喉罩通气时,右美托咪定的麻醉诱导与维持的效果优于丙泊酚,并且能提高术后的苏醒质量。     

不同剂量的右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼与丙泊酚对肝癌患者射频消融麻醉中血流动力学参数的影响

目的:分析不同剂量的右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼与丙泊酚对肝癌患者射频消融麻醉中血流动力学参数的影响。方法:选取2013年1月—2014年10月间收治的行肝癌射频消融手术患者60例作为研究对象,按照数字随机法将其分为A组和B组,每组30例;A组患者均给予右美托咪定0.5μg/kg,舒芬太尼0.6μg/kg与丙泊酚注射液1mg/kg诱导麻醉;B组患者均给予右美托咪定0.8μg/kg,舒芬太尼0.6μg/kg和丙泊酚注射液1 mg/kg麻醉诱导;比较两组患者对麻醉中血流动力学参数的影响。结果:A组患者麻醉自主呼吸恢复时间与拔出喉罩时间均短于B组(P<0.05);术后并发症发生率低于B组(P<0.05);镇静效果与血流动力学参数的改善效果均优于B组(P<0.05)。结论:采用低剂量的右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼与丙泊酚对肝癌患者射频消融手术中诱导麻醉的效果较显著,术后恢复时间快,并发症的发生率较低。     

脑电双频指数监测下右美托咪啶复合咪达唑仑在喉罩置入中应用的可行性研究

目的：探讨 BIS 监测下右美托咪啶复合咪达唑仑在喉罩置入中应用的可行性。方法喉罩通气全麻下择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者60例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,年龄21～65岁,体重46～78 kg,随机数字表法分为两组（n ＝30）：C 组（泵注生理盐水0．15 mL·kg －1）和 D 组（泵注右美托咪啶0．6μg·kg －1）。之后静脉注射咪达唑仑0．06 mg·kg －1、芬太尼3μg·kg －1,2 min 后根据脑电双频指数（BIS）值指导静脉注射丙泊酚,BIS 值≤60即静脉注射顺式阿曲库铵0．2 mg·kg －1,3 min 后置入喉罩。记录麻醉诱导前（T0）、喉罩置入前（T1）、喉罩置入后（T2）患者的平均动脉压（MAP ）、心率（HR）和 BIS 值,诱导期两组丙泊酚使用量,以及所有患者血管活性药物使用情况。结果与 C 组比较,T1时 D 组 MAP 升高（P ＜0．01）;T2时 D 组 MAP 升高（P ＜0．05）,HR 降低（P ＜0．05）;与同组 T0时比较,C 组 T1、T2时 MAP、HR 和 BIS 均下降（P ＜0．01）,D 组 HR 和 BIS 下降（P ＜0．01）;D 组组内比较,MAP 变化差异无统计学意义。D 组均无需追加丙泊酚,C 组有6例患者诱导期使用了麻黄素。结论右美托咪啶复合咪达唑仑应用于全麻诱导喉罩置入,患者血流动力学稳定,值得临床推广。     

右美托咪定对全麻下妇科腹腔镜术围术期血动学及眼内压的影响

目的:观察右美托咪定对全麻下妇科腹腔镜术围术期血动学及眼内压(IOP)的影响。方法:80例ASAⅠ级择期行妇科腹腔镜手术患者,随机分为A、B、C、D四组(n=20),A组:采用喉罩全麻,麻醉诱导前10min静脉泵注右美托咪定0.6μg/kg(10min注完);B组:采用喉罩全麻,与A组用同样方式输注等剂量0.9%氯化钠溶液;C组:采用气管插管全麻,与A组用同样方法应用右美托咪定;D组:气管插管全麻,与C组用同样方法应用等剂量0.9%氯化钠溶液。观察记录四组患者在麻醉诱导前(T0)、麻醉诱导后(T1)、气管插管或插喉罩即刻(T2)、气腹并改变体位后30min(T3)、气管拔管或拔喉罩即刻(T4)时血压(BP)、心率(HR)、眼内压(IOP)的变化。结果:与T0比较,T1时A组、C组患者MBP、HR和四组患者IOP明显降低(P<0.01或P<0.05),T2~T4时D组患者MBP、HR、IOP明显增高(P<0.01或P<0.05);与A组比较,T2~T4时B、C、D组患者MBP、HR、IOP明显增高(P<0.01或P<0.05)。A组患者高血压、高眼压发生率低于B、C、D组(P<0.01),其中B、C组低于D组(P<0.01或P<0.05);B、D组心动过缓发生率低于A、C组(P<0.01)。结论:右美托咪定有助于稳定全麻下妇科腹腔镜术围术期血动学与眼内压,不延迟苏醒,尤其应用喉罩下情况下,值得推广。     

不同剂量右美托咪定复合丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼在腹腔镜胆囊手术中的麻醉效果

目的 比较不同剂量右美托咪定复合丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼在腹腔镜胆囊手术中的麻醉效果。方法 回顾性选取2020年4月—2021年4月福鼎市医院收治的腹腔镜胆囊手术患者78例,按照右美托咪定使用剂量分为A组25例、B组27例、C组26例。术中3组分别予以右美托咪定剂量：A组0.25μg/kg, B组0.50μg/kg, C组1.00μg/kg。3组术中均予以丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼麻醉。比较3组平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、麻醉苏醒时间、拔管时间,不良反应。结果 诱导前5 min, 3组MAP、HR比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组、B组用药后10 min、60 min MAP、HR均低于诱导前5 min, C组用药后10 min MAP、HR高于诱导前5 min(P<0.05);A组拔管即刻MAP高于同组诱导前5 min, C组拔管即刻HR低于同组诱导前5 min(P<0.05)。用药后10 min、用药后60 min、拔管即刻3组VAS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3组苏醒时间、拔管时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P&g...     

右美托咪定和丙泊酚分别复合瑞芬太尼在小儿麻醉中维持喉罩通气的效果观察

目的分析观察右美托咪定和丙泊酚分别复合瑞芬太尼在小儿麻醉中维持喉罩通气的临床效果。方法回顾性分析我院140例小手术患儿临床资料,按其用药不同分为2组,A组为右美托咪定复合瑞芬太尼麻醉用药;B组为丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼用药。统计2组患者进入手术室时(T0)、诱导后(T1)、置入喉罩(T2)、手术结束(T3)、取出喉罩(T4)以及取出喉罩后20min时(T5)6个时间点的心率(HR)和脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)参数值,记录患者不良反应情况。结果 T5时,B组患儿HR显著低于A组(P<0.05),T1^T5时,B组患儿SpO2显著高于A组(P<0.05);B组患儿术中无手动通气案例,A组手动通气率为38.5%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);B组术后不良反应情况发生率为4.2%,A组为55.7%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论小儿手术麻醉药剂中丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼维持喉罩通气效果显著优于右美托咪定复合瑞芬太尼,并且术后不良反应较少,值得临床推广。     

右美托咪定复合丙泊酚用于无痛纤维支气管镜检查的效果分析

目的观察右美托咪定复合丙泊酚用于无痛纤维支气管镜检查的麻醉效果及安全性。方法 90例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级行无痛纤维支气管镜检查的患者,随机分为丙泊酚组(P组)、0.5μg/kg右美托咪定复合丙泊酚组(D1组)和1μg/kg右美托咪定复合丙泊酚组(D2组),每组各30例。P组单独静脉注射丙泊酚2.5mg/kg。D1组10min内静脉泵注右美托咪定0.5μg/kg,再静脉注射丙泊酚2mg/kg;D2组10min内静脉泵注右美托咪定1μg/kg,再静脉注射丙泊酚2mg/kg。观察3组患者注药前(T0)、注药后2min(T1)、过声门时(T2)、过气管隆突时(T3)及苏醒时(T4)HR、SBP、SpO2的变化,记录麻醉起效时间、苏醒时间、离院时间和全程丙泊酚给药总量,观察麻醉后不良反应发生情况。结果 D2组镇痛效果优于D1组及P组(P<0.05)。T1时3组HR、SBP及SpO2均明显低于T0时(P<0.05)。T2~T4时D2组HR、SBP低于P、D1组(P<0.05)。D1组苏醒和离院时间短于P组、D2组(P<0.05),D2组起效时间和丙泊酚用量明显低P组、D2组(P<0.05)。术中舌后坠和呼吸抑制P组明显高于D1、D2组(P<0.05),D2组苏醒时头晕、躁动发生率明显低于D1、P组(P<0.05)。结论右美托咪定复合丙泊酚用于无痛纤维支气管镜检查安全可靠,且麻醉效果满意。     

盐酸右美托咪定用于全麻腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿切除术的临床观察

目的探讨腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿切除术中应用盐酸右美托咪定的安全性和有效性。方法 40例择期行腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿切除术的患者,随机分为盐酸右美托咪定组(D组)和对照组(C组),每组20例。D组麻醉诱导前10 min给予盐酸右美托咪定0.5μg/kg,10 min静脉泵入;C组给予等容量生理盐水10 min静脉泵入。取患者入室(T0)、输注完盐酸右美托咪定或等容量生理盐水即刻(T1)、气腹后5 min(T2)、拔除喉罩即刻(T3)各时点,记录心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP),测定T0、T2时点血糖值,并记录患者的手术时间和喉罩拔除时间(从手术结束到拔除喉罩)。结果 D组患者与C组对比,心率(HR)在T1、T2、T3时点差异均存在统计学意义(P<0.05),而T0时点差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),D组较C组心率下降明显。D组患者与C组比较,平均动脉压(MAP)在T2和T3时点差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),术中D组患者血压较C组明显平稳。血糖值T2时点C组与D组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。D组患者的术后拔除喉罩时间少于C组。结论在腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿剔除术中应用盐酸右美托咪定,可以有效地维持患者血流动力学稳定,降低应激反应,缩短拔除喉罩时间。     

不同靶控浓度右美托咪定对静脉闭环麻醉下颅内动脉瘤夹闭术的影响

目的比较不同靶控浓度右美托咪定对静脉闭环麻醉下颅内动脉瘤夹闭术的影响。方法 80例拟行颅内动脉瘤夹闭手术患者分为四组,每组20例。B、C、D组麻醉诱导开始前20 min启动右美托咪定靶控输注系统,靶控浓度分别设为3、5、7 ng·m L-1,A组给予氯化钠注射液。四组其余麻醉诱导和维持方式均相同,均采用意识深度指数负反馈闭环靶控输注丙泊酚。记录诱导前(T0)、插管前(T1)、插管时(T2)、插管后5 min(T3)、切皮时(T4)、切皮后5 min(T5)、停药时(T6)、术毕拔管时(T7)各时点患者平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)水平及丙泊酚的血浆靶控浓度。结果 T0时四组MAP和HR差异均无显著意义(P>0.05)。B组T2、T5、T6时MAP和HR均低于A组(P<0.05)。C、D两组各时点MAP和HR均低于A组和B组(P<0.05),D组MAP和HR水平低于同时点C组(P<0.05)。D组出现15例MAP≤70 mm Hg,13例HR≤60次·min-1,其余各组均未出现MAP和HR过低情况。T1^T5时B、C、D三组丙泊酚靶控浓度均低于A组,C、D两组低于B组,而D组低于C组,差异均有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论右美托咪定可降低颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者闭环靶控麻醉中丙泊酚的靶控浓度,其靶控输注浓度为5 ng·m L-1时患者术中血流动力学控制更满意。     

预注右美托咪定预防丙泊酚注射痛的临床观察

目的观察预注右美托咪定预防丙泊酚注射痛的临床效果。方法全身麻醉患者100例,随机分为A、B 2组,每组50例。A组麻醉诱导前10 min预注右美托咪定1μg/kg+静脉注射丙泊酚诱导麻醉;B组麻醉诱导前10 min预注生理盐水(与右美托咪定1μg/kg等容)+静脉注射丙泊酚诱导麻醉。观察各组注射痛的发生率以及术中术后不良反应的发生率。结果 A的无痛率显著高于B组(P<0.01),轻度和中重度疼痛发生率显著低于B组(P<0.01);A组丙泊酚用量显著低于B组(P<0.05);A组患者发生高血压及心动过缓的发生率高于B组(P<0.05),低血压的发生率低于B组(P<0.05),恶心呕吐和寒战发生率A组低于B组(P<0.05)。结论预注右美托咪定能有效缓解丙泊酚注射痛。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.