Discordant Histology of Primary Appendiceal Adenocarcinoid Neoplasms with Peritoneal Dissemination

Background Adenocarcinoid is a rare appendiceal tumor that shows histologically both epithelial and neuroendocrine components. We observed that some patients have peritoneal dissemination, which shows adenocarcinoma but lacks the neuroendocrine histology. The objective of the present study was to quantitate these discordant histopathological findings and examine its clinical implication. Methods Twenty-six patients with peritoneal dissemination from primary appendiceal adenocarcinoid tumors underwent cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. All resected specimens were individually submitted for histopathological examination and immunostaining with three neuroendocrine markers. The anatomic locations for peritoneal implants were prospectively recorded. The loss of the neuroendocrine tumor type in peritoneal implants was referred to as discordant feature of the adenocarcinoid tumor. Clinical and histopathological prognostic factors for survival were analyzed. Results In nine of the 26 patients (35%) with a primary adenocarcinoid of the appendix, a loss of the neuroendocrine immunochemical marker was noted in peritoneal implants. Discordant histology between the primary appendiceal adenocarcinoid and the peritoneal implants was statistically significantly associated with an improved survival (p = 0.0262), when patients were treated by cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Conclusions Discordant histology of the primary appendiceal tumor as compared to the peritoneal lesions occurs frequently in patients with adenocarcinoid. An assessment of neuroendocrine markers in both primary and peritoneal lesions may help in the clinical assessment of this group of patients. Small numbers of patients were available for this study and the conclusions are therefore limited.     

Precision Hepatic Arterial Irinotecan Therapy in the Treatment of Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocellular Carcinoma: Optimal Tolerance and Prolonged Overall Survival

Background

Unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma (ICC) carries a poor prognosis, and there are few chemotherapeutic treatments to prolong survival. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of drug-eluting bead (DEB) therapy by transarterial infusion for unresectable ICC.

Methods

A prospective multicenter study of ICC patients who received hepatic arterial DEB therapy.

Results

Twenty-four patients with unresectable ICC were treated with DEB. Ten patients (41.6%) had recurrent ICC after prior radiofrequency ablation (n = 3) or hepatectomy (n = 7). Twenty patients (80%) had received prior chemotherapy, mostly of gemcitabine (n = 8) or Eloxatin (n = 6). The percent of overall liver involvement was < 25% (n = 8), 26% to 50% (n = 11), and > 50% (n = 4). Ten patients (40%) had sites of extrahepatic disease located at lymph nodes (n = 5), bone (n = 2), peritoneum (n = 1), lung (n = 1), and mouth (n = 1). A total of 42 DEB treatments were administered. Eight were administered in combination with systemic chemotherapy of FOLFOX (n = 4) or Gemzar (n = 4). Twelve patients (48%) received a second treatment, and 4 patients (16%) received a third treatment. The median length of stay was 23 h (23–72 h). Eleven adverse reactions (26.2%) were reported. Of these, 7 (63.6%) were minor (less than grade 3). One patient died from hepatorenal syndrome. The disease of one patient was downstaged to resection. After a median follow-up of 13.6 months, the median overall survival of a multitherapeutic regimen with DEB therapy was significantly greater than chemotherapy alone (17.5 vs. 7.4 months; P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Bead therapy is safe and effective in patients with unresectable ICC. There is a marked survival benefit when DEB therapy is used as adjunctive therapy.     

Aggressive Management of Peritoneal Carcinomatosis from Mucinous Appendiceal Neoplasms

Background

Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) in the setting of mucinous appendiceal neoplasms is characterized by the intraperitoneal accumulation of mucinous ascites and mucin-secreting epithelial cells that leads to progressive compression of intra-abdominal organs, morbidity, and eventual death. We assessed postoperative and oncologic outcomes after aggressive surgical management by experienced surgeons.

Methods

We analyzed clinicopathologic, perioperative, and oncologic outcome data in 282 patients with PC from appendiceal adenocarcinomas between 2001 and 2010 from a prospective database. Kaplan?CMeier survival curves and multivariate Cox-regression models were used to identify prognostic factors affecting oncologic outcomes.

Results

Adequate cytoreduction was achieved in 82% of patients (completeness of cytoreduction score (CC)-0: 49%; CC-1: 33%). Median simplified peritoneal cancer index (SPCI), operative time, and estimated blood loss were 14 (range, 0?C21), 483.5?min (range, 46?C1,402), and 800?ml (range, 0?C14,000), respectively. Pathology assessment demonstrated high-grade tumors in 36% of patients and lymph node involvement in 23% of patients. Major postoperative morbidity occurred in 70 (25%) patients. Median overall survival was 6.72?years (95% confidence interval (CI), 4.17?years not reached), with 5?year overall survival probability of 52.7% (95% CI, 42.4, 62%). In a multivariate Cox-regression model, tumor grade, age, preoperative SPCI and chemo-na?ve status at surgery were joint significant predictors of overall survival. Tumor grade, postoperative CC-score, prior chemotherapy, and preoperative SPCI were joint significant predictors of time to progression.

Conclusions

Aggressive management of PC from mucinous appendiceal neoplasms, by experienced surgeons, to achieve complete cytoreduction provides long-term survival with low major morbidity.     

小儿阑尾脓肿的治疗策略

目的探讨小儿阑尾脓肿的治疗策略。方法回顾分析2006年9月～2012年3月65例小儿阑尾脓肿的临床资料。一期腹腔镜阑尾切除术49例,中转开腹阑尾切除2例;7例仅行抗感染治疗;2例超声引导下穿刺置管引流;5例行CT引导下穿刺置管引流。结果腹腔镜阑尾切除术手术时间（64±23）min,术中出血量（13±7）ml;7例因脓肿〈5 cm抗感染治疗11～23 d,平均16.7 d;7例因脓肿〉5 cm穿刺置管引流,其中2例超声引导,5例CT引导。65例随访3～66个月,平均37.4月。14例抗感染治疗及穿刺引流患者中,2例择期行二期腹腔镜阑尾切除术,3例因再发急性阑尾炎急诊行二期腹腔镜阑尾切除术。所有手术患者无腹腔出血及肠漏。1例耻骨上trocar口感染,换药治疗后痊愈。结论合理运用超声及多排螺旋CT检查、影像引导下穿刺及腹腔镜阑尾切除等措施诊治儿童阑尾脓肿,具有安全、创伤小、恢复快等优点,值得临床推广。     

Efficacy of Surgical Microwave Therapy in Patients with Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background  

We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and long-term outcome in surgical microwave therapy (MW) for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).     

Long-Term Survival Following Treatment with Antineoplastons for Colon Cancer with Unresectable Multiple Liver Metastases: Report of a Case

We report a case of survival for nearly 8 years after treatment of unresectable multiple liver metastases from colon cancer, using microwave ablation and the nontoxic antitumor agent, the antineoplastons. A 72-year-old man diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the ascending colon and 14 bilateral liver metastases underwent a right hemicolectomy combined with microwave ablation of six metastatic liver tumors. We also decided to give antineoplastons to inhibit metastatic tumor growth and recurrence. Antineoplaston A10 was given intravenously, followed by oral antineoplaston AS2-1. Computed tomography scans done 1 and 4 years after the initial diagnosis showed recurrent tumors in S₄ and S₇, respectively. The patient underwent a second and a third microwave ablation of the recurrent tumors, and has survived for nearly 8 years without suffering any serious adverse effects. He is currently free from cancer. This case report demonstrates the potential effectiveness of the nontoxic antitumor agent, the antineoplastons, for controlling liver metastases from colon cancer. Received: March 4, 2002 / Accepted: November 19, 2002 RID="*" ID="*" Reprint requests to: Y. Ogata     

Timing of Repeat Cytoreductive Surgery with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Recurrent Low-Grade Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasms

Annals of Surgical Oncology - Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (LAMN) with peritoneal involvement is a common indication for cytoreductive surgery with heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy...     

Treatment of Unresectable Hepatoblastoma with Liver Transplantation in the Pediatric Population

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the outcome of children who underwent liver transplantation as treatment for unresectable hepatoblastoma. We prospectively collected data on 311 consecutive liver transplants performed at Children's Medical Center of Dallas between October 1984 and November 2000. There were nine recipients (five boys, four girls) with a diagnosis of unresectable hepatoblastoma. Postoperative survival of those currently alive ranged from 6 months to 16 years (mean 6.4 years, median 7.7 years). All recipients received preoperative chemotherapy: 67% received postoperative chemotherapy. Mean AFP level prior to transplantation was 1 448000 ng/mL. Mean age at diagnosis was 0.81 years. Mean age at transplantation was 1.87 years. Only two patients experienced acute cellular rejection in the postoperative period. There was a total of three deaths and one recurrence. The only instance in which AFP levels did not decrease to low or undetectable levels post-transplantation was in the patient with recurrent tumor. Liver transplantation has an established role in the treatment of hepatoblastoma. It accounted for 3% of pediatric liver transplants, and provided the only opportunity for survival in otherwise incurable patients. Early diagnosis and treatment were found to be associated with better results. Response to chemotherapy may be an important factor influencing survival. Rising AFP levels after transplantation are associated with recurrence.     

Association of Adjuvant Therapy with Improved Survival in Ampullary Cancer: A National Cohort Study

Background

There are limited data on the efficacy of adjuvant therapy in ampullary cancer. The aim of this study was to determine whether adjuvant therapy was associated with improved survival for patients with ampullary cancer.

Methods

From the National Cancer Database, we identified ampullary cancer patients who underwent resection between 2004 and 2013. We performed 1:1 propensity score matching, comparing patients who had postoperative observation to patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) or adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (ACRT).

Results

We identified 4190 patients who fit our inclusion criteria; 63% had postoperative observation, 21% received ACT, and 16% underwent ACRT. In the matched cohorts, the use of ACT was associated with improved overall survival (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.71 to 0.95). The median overall survival was 47.2 months for the ACT group and 35.5 months for the observation group. In a separate matched analysis, ACRT was also associated with improved survival (HR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.72 to 0.98) as compared to observation. The median overall survival was 38.1 months for the ACRT group and 31.0 months for the observation group. The benefit was more pronounced in high-risk patients, such as ones with higher T and N categories.

Conclusions

In this retrospective study, the use of adjuvant therapy in ampullary cancer was associated with significantly improved overall survival. The benefit of adjuvant therapy for this disease should be confirmed in a more rigorous fashion via randomized controlled trials.

     

Long-term Survival in Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma also Possible in Unresectable Patients

Background

Radical resection remains the only curative treatment for hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA). Only a limited proportion of patients, however, are eligible for resection. The survival and prognostic factors of these patients are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate survival and prognostic factors in unresectable patients presenting with HCCA.

Methods

We performed a cohort study of the denominator of HCCA patients seen in a tertiary referral center between March 2003 and March 2009. Demographics, treatment, pathology results, and survival were analyzed.

Results

A total of 217 patients with suspected HCCA were identified. Ninety-five patients (40?%) underwent laparotomy, and in 57 (63?%) of these patients resection was performed. Overall median and 5-year survival of resected patients were 37?months and 43?%, respectively, as compared to 13?months and 7?% in unresectable patients. In unresectable patients, median survival was better in patients with locally advanced disease (16?months) as compared to patients with hepatic and extrahepatic metastases (5 and 3?months, p?Conclusion Of the patients presenting with HCCA in our center, 26?% proved resectable. The 7?% long-term survival rate of unresectable patients is remarkable and emphasizes the indolent growth of some of these tumors. Patients with metastases had a much worse prognosis with a median of 4?months.     

Critical Analysis of Treatment Failure After Complete Cytoreductive Surgery and Perioperative Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Peritoneal Dissemination From Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasms

Background Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) combined with perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (PIC) has been suggested as a treatment strategy for peritoneal carcinomatosis. The objective of this data analysis was to study treatment failure after complete cytoreduction for peritoneal dissemination from appendiceal mucinous neoplasms. Methods Before June 2006, a total of 402 patients with peritoneal dissemination from appendiceal mucinous neoplasms underwent complete cytoreduction and PIC at the Washington Cancer Institute. Patient characteristics, pathologic features, and treatment-related data were obtained from a prospective database. Survival analyses were performed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox regression model. Results After a median follow-up of 66 months, the 5- and 10-year progression-free survival rates for these 402 patients were 70% and 67%, respectively. Disease progression was the only independent risk factor for a reduced overall survival. One hundred eleven patients (28%) developed progressive disease. Of these, 98 patients underwent second-time and 26 patients third-time CRS and PIC. Complete cytoreduction after repeat surgery was the only independent prognostic factor for improved survival. The most common sites of treatment failure were on the small bowel and in the pelvis. Conclusions The present study reported the patterns of treatment failure after complete cytoreduction and demonstrated that a disease-free state is important for long-term survival in peritoneal dissemination from appendiceal mucinous neoplasms. Repeat complete cytoreduction should be pursued when possible and is associated with improved overall survival in patients with recurrent disease.     

Significant Long-Term Survival After Radiofrequency Ablation of Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Cirrhosis

Background Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) offers an alternative treatment in some unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with disease confined to the liver. We prospectively evaluated survival rates in patients with early-stage, unresectable HCC treated with RFA.Methods All patients with HCC treated with RFA between September 1, 1997, and July 31, 2002, were prospectively evaluated. Patients were treated with RFA by using a percutaneous or open intraoperative approach with ultrasound guidance and were evaluated at regular intervals to determine disease recurrence and survival.Results A total of 194 patients (153 men [79%] and 41 women [21%]) with a median age of 66 years (range, 39–86 years) underwent RFA of 289 sonographically detectable HCC tumors. All patients were followed up for at least 12 months (median follow-up, 34.8 months). Percutaneous and open intraoperative RFA was performed in 140 (72%) and 54 (28%) patients, respectively. The median diameter of tumors treated with RFA was 3.3 cm. Disease recurred in 103 (53%) of 194 patients, including 69 (49%) of 140 patients treated percutaneously and 34 (63%) of 54 treated with open RFA (not significant). Local recurrence developed in nine patients (4.6%). Most recurrence was intrahepatic. The overall complication rate was 12%. Overall survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years for all 194 patients were 84.5%, 68.1%, and 55.4%, respectively.Conclusions Treatment with RFA can produce significant long-term survival rates for cirrhotic patients with early-stage, unresectable HCC. RFA can be performed in these patients with relatively low complication rates. Confirmation of these results in randomized trials should be considered.Presented at the 57th Annual Cancer Symposium of the Society of Surgical Oncology, New York, New York, March 18–21, 2004.Published by Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. © 2005 The Society of Surgical Oncology, Inc.     

Improved Survival in Surgically Resected Distal Cholangiocarcinoma Treated with Adjuvant Therapy: a Propensity Score Matched Analysis

Background

Data on the efficacy of adjuvant therapy (AT) in distal cholangiocarcinoma (dCCA) is limited. This study aimed to determine the role of AT in resected dCCA and identify subgroups that benefit from AT.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of surgically resected dCCA in the NCDB from 2004 to 2013. Patients who received AT or observation (OB) were matched by propensity score. Log-rank test was used to compare OS.

Results

Of 1782 patients with resected dCCA, 840 (47%) were in the OB group and 942 (53%) in the AT group. AT was younger (64.0 vs. 68.7 years, p?<?0.001), had less comorbidities (Charlson Deyo score 0) (74.6 vs. 68.0%, p?<?0.001), and more likely to have private insurance (p?<?0.001). AT was more likely to present with T3/T4 stage (72 vs. 57%, p?<?0.001), N1/N2 disease (58 vs. 37%, p?<?0.001), and positive surgical margins (26 vs. 16%, p?<?0.001). After 1:1 propensity score matching, 500 OB and 500 AT patients were compared. AT was associated with better OS (HR 0.79; 95% CI 0.67–0.93). Median OS was 31 and 25 months for the AT and OB (p?=?0.006). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 87, 46, and 31% for AT; 79, 39, and 24% for OB. Subgroup analysis revealed an associated survival advantage for AT in T3/T4 tumors (HR?=?0.72; 95% CI 0.59–0.89), node positive disease (HR 0.70; 95% CI 0.56–0.87), and positive margins (HR 0.58; 95% CI 0.42–0.81).

Conclusion

AT is associated with improved OS in resected dCCA, especially in T3/T4 tumors, node positive disease, and positive margins.

     

Obstruction-Free Survival Following Operative Intervention for Malignant Bowel Obstruction in Appendiceal Cancer

Annals of Surgical Oncology - Patients with peritoneal metastases from appendiceal cancer are at high risk of malignant bowel obstruction (MBO), which is associated with significant morbidity and...     

Adhesion-Mediated Signaling in the Regulation of Mammary Epithelial Cell Survival

Tissue architecture in multicellular organismsis maintained through adhesive interactions betweencells and their neighbors, and between cells and theunderlying extracellular matrix. These interactions are important in the dynamic regulation oftissue organization as well as the control of cellproliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Theultimate goal of this regulation is to promote cellgrowth and differentiation only when the cell is inthe correct location, and to delete cells that havebecome displaced from their proper environment. Ittherefore plays an important role in development andtissue remodeling. In this review we consider themolecular mechanisms by which cell-matrix interactionscontribute to cell survival, and discuss their role inmammary gland development and function.     

Radiation Therapy for the Salvage of Unresectable Subungual Squamous Cell Carcinoma

BACKGROUND: A case of subungual squamous cell carcinoma, which is a rare malignancy and has an elusive etiology, is reported. OBJECTIVE: To present radiation therapy as a viable treatment option to amputation for surgically unresectable subungual squamous cell cancer. METHODS: A 69-year-old man with a 16-year-old history of subungual squamous cell carcinoma of the left thumb was treated by external beam radiation therapy. In this case, bone invasion precluded the patient from successfully completing Moh's micrographic surgery. RESULTS: The treated thumb at 17 months after radiation therapy remained tumor free. CONCLUSION: Radiation therapy should be considered a treatment option for nail bed squamous cell carcinoma before considering amputation and perhaps as salvage for all unresectable lesions.