载脂蛋白E基因多态性与Alzheimer病和血管性痴呆的关系

目的 探讨载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因多态性与Alzheimer病(AD)和血管性痴呆(VD)的关系.方法 用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法检测79例AD患者(AD组)、85例VD患者(VD组)及156名健康老年人(正常对照组)ApoE基因型和等位基因频率.结果 ApoEε3/ε4基因型及ε4等位基因频率AD组分别为25.3%及17.7%,VD组分别为25.9%及20.5%,正常对照组分别为10.9%及5.7%;AD组及VD组ApoEε3/ε4基因型及ε4等位基因频率显著高于正常对照组(均P＜0.01).结论 ApoEε4等位基因可能是AD和VD共同的危险因素.     

阿耳茨海默性痴呆与血管性痴呆的ApoE基因多态性研究

目的探讨ApoE基因在阿耳茨海默性痴呆（Alzheimer-typedementia,AD）与血管性痴呆（Vasculardementia,VD）患者当中的分布情况,以找出中国人的特点,评价ApoE基因检测在早期预测性诊断中的作用,比较AD与VD在ApoE基因多态性方面的异同。方法采用PCR-RFLP方法,对41例AD、35例VD和30例对照进行ApoE基因型测定。结果小于70岁的AD患者,其ε4等位基因频率大大高于同龄VD组患者和同龄对照组（P＜0.01和P＜0.05）。而≥70岁的AD患者ε4频率明显低于70岁以下AD患者（P＜0.01）。结论（1）ApoEε4与散发性AD之间具有明显相关性,其基因型以4/3为主,而ε4/4相对于国外文献报道要少。（2）AD组ε4等位基因频率高于VD组（P＜0.05）。（3）评价AD发病危险时,年龄因素不容忽视,70岁以下ε4携带者可能具有更高的AD发病危险性。     

Alzheimer病和血管性痴呆患者载脂蛋白E基因多态性分析

探讨ApoE多态性与Alzheimer病（AD）和血管性痴呆（VD）的关系。方法：应用PCR—RFLP技术分析25例AD,30例VD及40例对照组人群的ApoE基因型。结果：与对照组相比较,AD和VD患者ε3频率降低（P＜0．05）,ε4频率升高（P＜0．05）,两组患者间各等位基因频率差异无统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论：ApoE多态性与AD和VD的发病机制相关,其在这两种疾病中的作用相似。     

蒙古族Alzheimer病患者载脂蛋白E基因多态性研究

目的探讨载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因多态性与蒙古族Alzheimer病(AD)的关系。方法用聚合酶链反应及基因测序技术检测106例蒙古族AD患者和100名正常对照者的ApoE基因的基因型和等位基因频率,并进行比较。结果 AD组中有ApoEε4基因型频率(31.1%)显著高于正常对照组(17.0%)(χ2=5.591,P=0.018;OR=2.207,95%CI:1.136～4.289);ε4等位基因的频率显著高于正常对照组(χ2=4.27,P=0.039;OR=1.841,95%CI:1.026～3.304);两组ApoEε2、ε3等位基因频率的差异无统计学意义。结论ApoE基因ε4等位基因可能是蒙古族人群患AD的遗传性危险因素。     

乌鲁木齐市老年人群中载脂蛋白E基因与Alzheimer病的相关分析

目的　分析乌鲁木齐市老年人群中载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因与Alzheimer病 (AD)的相关性。方法应用聚合酶链式反应扩增技术及限制性片段长度多态性技术对乌鲁木齐市 6 0例散发性AD患者和 90例对照者的ApoE基因进行分型 ,分别计算两组ApoE各等位基因、基因型的频率。结果　 (1)AD患者组中ApoEε2、ApoEε3、ApoEε4等位基因出现的频率分别为 6 6 7%、75 83%、17 5 0 % ,而对照组分别为 13 33%、79 4 5 %、7 2 2 % ;其中 ,ApoEε4等位基因在AD组中出现的频率明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,ApoEε2等位基因却低于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;(2 )ApoEε4等位基因在不同性别、年龄、受教育程度中的分布差异具有显著性 (P <0 0 1,P <0 0 1,P <0 0 0 1)。结论　 (1)ApoEε4等位基因与中国乌鲁木齐散发性AD有明显相关性 ,其基因型以ε3/ε4为主 ;(2 )ApoEε2等位基因在AD发生时可能具有一定保护作用 ;(3)评价AD发病风险时 ,性别、年龄、受教育程度的因素不容忽视。女性、75岁以下、低教育程度、ApoEε4等位基因携带者可能具有更高的AD发病危险性     

5—HT6受体基因多态性与阿尔茨海默病的关联分析

目的探讨中国上海地区汉族人群中5-HT6受体基因多态性与阿尔茨海默病(AD)的相互关系.方法应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)-限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)方法,在106例AD患者,87例血管性痴呆(VD)患者和140例正常健康人中观察了5-HT6受体基因多态性的分布,并对5-HT6受体基因多态性与阿尔茨海默病之间的关系进行探讨.结果①阿尔茨海默病与5-HT6受体基因的多态性之间无显著意义的关联(P＞0.05);②在将受试人群进行ApoE基因分型后,ApoEε4型与非ApoEε4型人群中AD与5-HT6受体基因各基因型或等位基因均无关联(P＞0.05);③将AD患者进行ApoE基因分型后,非ApoEε4型AD与5-HT6的267C/T基因型正相关(OR=2.46,95%CI5.43-1.11,P＜0.05).结论中国上海地区汉族人群中5-HT6受体基因多态性与非ApoEε4型阿尔茨海默病相关联,表现为C/T型频率的升高.     

新疆维吾尔族、汉族载脂蛋白E基因及尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活因子基因多态性与Alzhemier病的关系

目的 探讨新疆维吾尔族(维族)、汉族载脂蛋白E( ApoE)基因及尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活因子( PLAU)基因多态性与Alzheimer's病(AD)的关系.方法 应用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)方法,检测209例很可能AD患者(AD组,汉族98例,维族111例)及220名正常对照者(NC组,汉族103人,维族117人)的ApoE基因及PLAU基因第6号外显子r2227564s基因型及等位基因频率.结果 AD组中,维族、汉族ApoE ε3/4基因型及ε4等位基因频率明显高于NC组;其与PLAU基因C/T基因型组合的频率明显高于NC组(均P＜0.05);具有ApoE ε3/3基因型的维族T/T基因型频率明显高于NC组(P＜0.05).结论 ApoE基因多态性可能与AD相关;PLAU C/T基因型可能增加具有ApoE ε3/4基因型及ε4等位基因者AD的发病风险;PLAU T/T基因型可能增加具有ApoE ε3/3基因型、ε3等位基因的维族AD的发病风险.     

血管性危险因子与Alzheimer病痴呆进展的相关性研究

目的研究血管性危险因子载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因、低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白(LRP)基因以及血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因与Alzheimer病(AD)痴呆进展恶化之间的相关性。方法应用简易精神状态检查表(MMSE)和痴呆严重程度临床评定量表(CDR),对78例晚发性AD患者进行为期2年的随访研究,并应用多聚酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术或直接通过PCR方法,分析这些患者ApoE、LRP与ACE基因型。结果(1)ApoE基因ε4等位基因和ApoEε4携带者与AD痴呆进展恶化之间在统计学上均有显著性关联(P<0.05);(2)非恶化组ApoE基因ε3等位基因频率比恶化组增多(P<0.05);(3)ACE基因I等位基因频率在两组之间差异显著(P<0.05);(4)LRP基因的等位基因频率在两组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论ApoEε4等位基因可能是AD进展恶化的遗传危险因子,ApoEε3等位基因则可能有保护效应;ACE I等位基因亦可能是AD进展恶化的遗传危险因子。     

血管性痴呆患者载脂蛋白E基因多态性分析

目的：探讨载脂蛋白E（ApoE)基因多态性与血管性痴呆的关系。方法：应用免疫银光比色法分析17例VD患者及22例非痴呆患者的ApoE基因型,结果：VD组ε4基因频率明显高于对照组（P＜0．01）,ε3频率降低（P＜0．05,且ε4与血清TC,LDL－C呈正相关。与HDL－C负相关。结论：ε4可能是VD的危险因子,其机制可能与大脑血管的变性和损害有关。ε     

Alzheimer病和血管性痴呆患者APOE及LRP基因多态性与认知及精神行为症状相关性研究

目的 探讨Alzheimer病(AD)和血管性痴呆(VD)患者APOE及LRP基因多态性与认知及精神行为症状(BPSD)的相关性.方法 收集AD患者79例、VD患者85例和健康对照者(对照组)156名,采用简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)评定认知功能;采用简明精神病量表和汉密尔顿抑郁(HAMD)、焦虑量表(HAMA)评定BPSD.采用PCR-RFLP进行APOEε、LRP基因分型.结果 (1)AD组(17.7％)及VD组(20.5％)APOEε4等位基因频率均高于对照组(5.7％,均P＜0.01).(2)AD组和VD组APOEε4携带者MMSE得分均低于同组APOEε4非携带者[AD组(13.84±2.32)分vs.(14.78±2.54)分,P＜0.01;VD组(15.53±1.87)分vs.(18.45±2.23)分,P＜0.01].(3)AD组患者APOEe4携带者BPSD比例明显高于APOEε4非携带者(55.56％ vs.52.83％,P=0.039).结论 APOEε4可能是AD、VD患者认知障碍的共同危险因素.APOEε4可能是AD的BPSD危险因素.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。