原发性肝癌术后肝动脉栓塞化疗对防治复发的临床价值

目的探讨术后经胆管肝动脉栓塞化疗（TACE）对肝癌切除术后防治复发的作用。方法2000年1月～2003年1月间天津医科大学肿瘤医院肝胆外科对561例原发性肝癌患者行手术切除治疗，其中113例患者为观察组（A组），术后接受了TACE防治复发，每3周1次，共行4次；其余448例未行TACE治疗者作为对照组（B组）。结果A、B两组在性别、年龄、Child—pugh分级、术中失血量及其他临床病理学特征差异均无显著性。A、B两组的1年无瘤生存率分别为81．8％和80．9％，无明显差别；2年无瘤生存率为73．5％和67．8％，A组虽较B组高但无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；3年无瘤生存率为65.5％和49．2％，相比较具明显统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论术后规律行TACE可以增加肝癌患者术后的无瘤生存率。     

中叶肝切除术治疗中央型肝癌

肝切除术仍是目前肝细胞肝癌 (HCC)最有效的治疗手段 ,有报道认为瘤体外 1 cm以上的切缘是影响患者外科手术预后的唯一因素。中央型肝癌 ,即肿瘤位于 Couinaud's分段法的 、 、 段或介于 、 和 、 段的交界处 ,很多中央型 HCC患者因同时伴有肝硬化 ,而不能采用传统的左、右半肝切除或扩大的左、右半肝切除术。但对中央型肝癌行中叶肝切除术因为保留了足够的剩余肝脏 ,使不能耐受大量肝切除的中央型肝癌患者手术根治成为可能。作者分析了 1 993- 1 999年间治疗的 5 2例因术前肝储备功能较差 (ICG1 5高于 1 5 % )行中叶肝切除的 HCC…     

31例肝内复发性肝癌的再切除治疗分析

目的：探讨肝内复发性肝癌的再切除治疗的价值。方法：对1980年至2000年31例肝内复发性肝癌的临床资料、手术方法及预后进行回顾性分析。结果：全组无手术死亡，术后1、3、5年生存率分别为93．5％，69．2％及50．1％，二次切除后的1、3、5年生存率分别为82．1％、32．8％及25．4％，最长一例已无瘤生存12年，而140例未再手术者的5年生存率仅9．3％，其中TACE组及PEI组的5年生存率相似，分别为12．2％及14．8％。结论：再手术切除是治疗肝内复发肝癌最有效的方法，对不能手术者，我们推荐使用PEI术。     

ChildA级单个直径≤5cm肝细胞肝癌行肝移植与肝切除的预后比较

目的比较ChildA级、单个、直径≤5cm肝细胞肝癌行肝移植与肝切除术的预后。方法回顾性分析笔者所在医院肝移植中心2007～2011年期间行肝切除术及肝移植术的ChildA级、单个、直径≤5cm肝细胞肝癌患者的临床资料,比较2组患者术后无瘤生存率及总体生存率。结果本研究共纳入263例患者,其中肝移植组36例,肝切除组227例。肝移植组与肝切除组患者术后1、3及5年无瘤生存率分别为91．7％、85．3％及81．0％和80．6％、59．8％及50．8％,肝移植组高于肝切除组（P=-0．003）;术后1、3及5年总体生存率分别为100％、87．5％及83．1％和96．9％、83．8％及76．1％,2组间差异无统计学意义伊=0．391）。以肿瘤直径〈3em为标准再予以分析,其肝移植组与肝切除组术后1、3及5年无瘤生存率分别为92．3％、92．3％及92．3％和80．2％、62．5％及50．5％,肝移植组高于肝切除组（P=-0．019）;术后1、3及5年总体生存率分别为100％、91．7％及91．7％和97．7％、87．5％及79．5％,2组间差异也无统计学意义（p0．470）。结论ChildA级、单个、直径≤5cm肝细胞肝癌患者肝切除术后复发率高于肝移植,但两种治疗方式的术后总体生存率相似。     

射频消融治疗肝肿瘤315例报告

目的总结1999年6月至2003年8月用射频消融（radiofrequency ablation，RFA）治疗315例肝肿瘤病人的病例资料，探索RFA治疗肝肿瘤近远期疗效。方法采用了一次定位、多点穿刺，RFA联合肝动脉栓塞（TAE）、选择性门静脉栓塞（SPVE）治疗直径5～13cm的大肝癌，及经皮经肺经膈肌RFA治疗膈顶部肝癌。结果总并发症发生率为5．1％，无一例住院期间死亡。AFP阳性的169例肝癌病人中，RFA后有124例（73．6％）明显降低，其中有95例（56．2％）转阴。半年生存率为89．5％，1年生存率为80．1％，18个月生存率为61．4％，24个月生存率为48．3％，〉36个月生存率为35．6％。结论采用TAE、SPVE及RFA一次定位多点穿刺法治疗无手术切除指征的中晚期（含大肝癌）的病人，疗效明显，总并发症发生率低。     

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目的：总结小肝癌手术切除经验,探讨影响疗效因素和进一步提高疗效的途径。方法：比较小肝癌和大肝癌临床病理资料,用Cox模型作影预后多因素分析。结果：小肝癌（n=1000)与大肝癌（n=1366)统计比较表明,小肝癌组手术切除率高（93．6％）,手术死亡率低（1．5％）,癌细胞分化程度好（Edmondson分级III－IV,14．9％）,肿瘤单结了者多（82．6％）,肿瘤包膜完整者多（73．3％）,门静脉有癌栓者少（4．9％）,生存率高（5年为62．7％,10年为46．3％）,小肝癌作有限肝切除（n=949）与肝叶切除（n=51)生存率无显著差异（P＞0．05）,小肝癌切除后复发,转移再切除者84例,结论：手术切除是小肝部首选治疗方法,对合并肝硬化病人作有限肝切除替代肝叶切除是提高切除率和死亡率,对术后亚临床复发和单结肺转移作再切除是进一步提高疗效的重要途径。     

再次肝切除治疗复发性肝癌疗效及预后因素分析

目的：探讨再次肝切除治疗复发性肝癌的价值并分析影响预后的相关因素。 方法：回顾性分析重庆医科大学附属第一医院2006—2013年26例复发性肝癌施行再次肝切除的临床资料。 结果：首次与再次手术的术中出血量、手术时间差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。首次术后中位无瘤生存时间21.0（3~192）个月,1、3、5年无瘤生存率为69.6%、26.1%、8.7%;再次肝切除术后中位无瘤生存时间为19.0（3~35）个月,1、3、5年无瘤生存率为68.4%、0、0,中位生存时间为 40.0个月,1、3、5年累积生存率为83.5%、55.7%、13.0%。26例患者总的生存时间为（87.8±19.3）个月,总中位生存时间为57.0个月,1、3、5年累计生存率100%、60.8%、30.4%。首次术后早期（2年内）复发行再次肝切除患者的生存率明显低于首次术后晚期（2年后）复发行再次切肝除患者（P=0.001）。单因素分析显示,复发间隔、手术方式及病理分期与再次肝切除术后的生存有关（均P<0.05）,三者在多因素分析中的P值分别为0.089、0.006、0.054。 结论：再次肝切除可提高复发性肝癌总生存率,但要严格选择适应证与合理的手术方式。复发间隔越短及肿瘤病理分期越晚,再次肝切除手术预后不良。     

术前TACE对肝细胞肝癌患者肝切除术后预后的影响

目的：探讨术前经肝动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）对肝细胞肝癌（HCC）肝切除患者生存及预后的影响。方法：对479例行肝切除并经病理确诊、临床资料完整的HCC患者进行回顾性分析,除外失访及死亡者50例,余按TACE时机分为2组,其中术前TACE组50例,术前无TACE组379例。对2组患者的临床病理资料行χ2检验,Kaplan-Meier分析术后无瘤生存率及预后。结果：术前2组患者在性别、病灶数目、肿瘤最大径、AFP、HBV感染、静脉癌栓、肝切除范围及肝硬化等方面差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。但术前TACE组患者年龄比术前无TACE组小（χ2=6.228,P=0.012）,且肿瘤分化程度低、坏死率高（χ2=53.874,P=0.000）。2组患者无瘤生存率及总体生存率差异均无统计学意义（χ2=0.736,P=0.391;χ2=0.000,P=0.995）。结论：不能一期切除的肝细胞肝癌患者,经TACE后行手术治疗,其无瘤生存率及预后与直接手术相似。     

中央型巨大肝癌的手术切除及疗效观察

目的　探讨中央型巨大肝癌手术切除的方法和疗效。方法　回顾性分析 1995年以来所切除的直径 >10cm的中央型巨大肝癌病例 ,包括位于左内、右前和全尾叶的肝细胞癌、胆管细胞癌及转移性肝癌。结果　共切除同时累及第一、二、三肝门的中央型巨大肝癌 4 0例 ,肿瘤直径平均为13 6 (10 5～ 19 0 )cm ;肝切除术式包括扩大中肝叶切除 9例 ,不规则中肝叶切除 13例 ,扩大左半肝切除 13例 ,全尾叶加扩大左半肝切除 3例 ,扩大右半肝切除 2例 ;平均手术时间为 197(90～ 380 )min ,平均手术失血量为 15 96 (30 0～ 110 0 0 )ml,全组无手术死亡 ,发生明显并发症者 8例 (2 0 % ) ;随访全组病例术后 1、3、5年生存率分别为 88%、5 6 %和 2 8%。结论　巨大中央型肝癌多同时累及 3个肝门 ,手术切除较为困难 ,但手术仍然是首选的治疗方法     

小儿肝母细胞瘤29例诊治分析

２９例小儿肝母细胞瘤依时间和治疗原则不同分为早期（１９６５～１９８０年行手术切除）、中期（１９８０～１９９１年行手术切除＋术后化疗）、后期（１９９１～１９９５年行术前化疗＋手术＋术后化疗）。早、中期总体手术切除率分别为３７．５％、３０％，总体１年无瘤生存率２５％和３０％。后期总体切除率６２．５％，１年无瘤生存率５０％。统计学分析表明，后期生存率提高是由于采用术前化疗，使进展期肿瘤切除病例增多。认为加强对Ⅲ、Ⅳ期肿瘤的术前化疗，是提高其切除率、改善本病总体预后的关键     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.