肝切除治疗难切性肝癌178例报告

目的总结难切性肝癌的肝切除方法。方法1994年6月至1999年6月应用逆行肝切除术切除癌灶巨大、显露困难或紧密粘连甚至侵犯相邻器官和累及下腔静脉的难切性肝癌178例(甲组)。同期用常规方法切除类似难切性肝癌31例用作对照(乙组)。结果两组均无围手术期死亡,甲组术中失血量为(1336±994)ml,乙组为(2286±1363)ml,P＜0.01,术后并发症发生率也明显低于乙组(P＜0.01)。结论应用逆行肝切除术结合血管外科技术切除肝癌是安全和合适的。     

逆行肝切除术及其方法探讨

目的　探索难切性肝癌的切除方法。方法　先离断肝脏,分离被切肝脏与膈肌间的粘连或切除部分被肿瘤侵犯的膈肌,切断相关韧带、取出被切除肝脏。如果邻近脏器与肿瘤紧密粘连或被侵犯则最后分离粘连或一同切除被侵脏器。如邻近脏器之肿瘤侵犯肝脏亦先离断肝脏再将原发肿瘤的器官与肝脏一并切除。结果　１９９４ 年６ 月至１９８８ 年１０ 月,应用该法成功地切除了７４ 例常规肝切除术显露困难或肿瘤与膈肌、相邻脏器紧密粘连以至侵犯的巨大肿瘤（ 甲组） 。同期用常规肝切除术切除１３ 个相似病例（ 乙组） ,二组相比甲组所需手术时间短、术中失血量少、围手术期并发症发生率低（Ｐ＜０－０５） 。结论　逆行肝切除术适合于难切性肝癌的切除。     

累及下腔静脉肝癌的切除及方法探讨

目的改良肝切除方法以提高累及下腔静脉肝癌手术切除的安全性与可靠性。方法１９９４年１０月至１９９７年１２月共行位于Ｉ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅷ段深部肝癌切除４８例。１８例按常现方法切肝（甲组）,平均阻断入肝或全肝血流时间为３～４０分钟（９．４±１０．３）。余３０例（乙组）不阻断入肝或全肝血流,而用肝表面缝扎、手指断肝,闭合切除、修补受累下腔静脉壁,手指控制肝上下腔静脉血流,取出肝静脉癌栓方法控制术中失血。结果术中估计失血量：甲组为３００～４０００ｍｌ（１８３７±１２４２）,乙组为２００－５０００ｍｌ（１３８９±１２６５）（Ｐ＜０．０５）。术中肿瘤破裂：甲组３／８,乙组０／３０（Ｐ＜０．０５）。术后并发症：甲乙两组分别为１７／１和８／３０,甲组明显高于乙组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论本文报道的方法不仅适合于累及下一腔静脉肝癌的切除而且比常规切肝术安全可靠。     

前径路法全尾叶肝切除

目的 探索全尾叶肝切除的安全方法，为尾叶肿瘤的治疗提供可靠途径。方法 1997年3月至2000年9月因尾状叶肿瘤行全尾叶切除14例，其中9例采用前径路法联合逆行肝切除和血管外科技术行全尾叶切除（甲组），5例采用传统方法行全尾叶切除（乙组），比较两种方法的手术所需时间、术中估计出血量、术后并发症、术后肝功能恢复时间及随访结果。结果 甲组手术时间短于乙组（P＜0．05）、术中出血量少于乙组（P＜0．01）、并发症少于乙组（P＜0．05）、术后肝功能恢复比乙组快（P＜0．01），随访结果优于乙组。结论 前径路法联合逆行肝切除及血管外科技术行全尾叶肝切除是安全可靠的，适合为尾状叶肝肿瘤行全尾叶肝切除。     

前入路肝切除技术探讨

目的 探讨前入路肝切除术在难切性肝癌肝切除术中的应用价值。方法 对2例用常规手术方法难以切除的肝右叶肝癌和2例肝门部胆管癌用前入路的方法行肝切除,探讨其手术技巧和适应证。结果 2例右半肝切除,1例肝门部胆管加左半肝切除,1例肝门部胆管加尾状叶切除手术均获得成功。术中平均出血量1075ml,手术至出院时间12.5d。无手术死亡。结论 前入路肝切除术对难切性肝癌是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

肝癌解剖性与非解剖性切除对患者术后近期病死率的影响

目的 探讨肝癌解剖性切除与非解剖性切除对患者术后近期病死率的影响,并分析肝癌切除术后与近期死亡相关的因素.方法 2006年8月～2009年1月,笔者行肝癌根治性切除52例,随机分为两组,甲组25例,采用解剖性肝癌切除术;乙组27例,采用非解剖性肝癌切除术.随访患者术后存活时间.结果 解剖性切除组1年病死率20.0%,非解剖性切除组1年病死率25.9%,两组间近期并发症发生人次及病死率无明显差异;但解剖性切除组术中出血量较非解剖性切除组少(P=0.006).单因素分析和多因素分析提示,肝癌门静脉癌栓与近期病死率有关(P=0.019).结论 肝癌解剖性切除与非解剖性切除对患者术后近期病死率无明显影响,肝癌门静脉癌栓可以成为预测术后早期死亡的主要因素.     

肝蒂横断法解剖性肝段切除治疗肝癌的临床研究（附36例报告）

目的总结肝蒂横断法解剖性肝段切除治疗肝细胞肝癌（肝癌）的安全性及疗效。方法回顾性分析2009年6月至2011年2月我们应用肝蒂横断法解剖性肝段切除治疗36例肝细胞肝癌患者的临床资料。结果36例肝癌患者均顺利完成肝蒂横断法解剖性肝切除,无术中死亡。术中平均出血量为320ml（80～1000m1）,其中80．5％（29／36）不需输血。肿瘤平均最大直径7．6cm（3～20cm）。术后30d内无手术死亡,术后并发症发生率为20％,无出血、肝功能衰竭等严重并发症。术后平均住院时间12d,1年复发率为13．8％,1年生存率为86．1％。结论肝蒂横断法解剖性肝段切除术治疗肝癌安全可行,提高了手术根治率。该方法简单,易于掌握,无需使用昂贵的特殊器械,值得推广应用。     

Glisson蒂横断式肝段切除术治疗肝癌15例分析

目的 报告Glisson蒂横断式肝段切除术在肝癌手术切除中的应用体会。 方法 对2010年2~8月南昌大学第二附属医院肝胆外科手术治疗15例不同肝段肝癌的临床资料进行分析。结果 15例均按Glisson蒂横断式肝段切除法行解剖性肝段切除术,顺利完成解剖性肝段切除,平均手术时间130（100～180）min,术中平均出血量180（80～320）mL,术中均未输血,无术后并发症。结论 Glisson蒂横断式肝段切除法技术简便、快速安全,是一种理想的解剖性肝切除的手术方式。     

解剖性肝切除术治疗原发性肝癌的安全性及疗效探讨

目的探讨解剖性肝切除术治疗原发性肝癌的安全性以及临床疗效。方法38例肝切除术治疗原发性肝癌的患者分为2组：解剖性肝切除术组15例，非解剖性肝切除术组23例，对两组病例的手术和随访情况进行分析评价。结果两组患者均无手术死亡，术中出血、并发症发生率、住院时间差异无统计学意义。解剖性肝切除标本切缘满意率（〉2cm）较高、术后近期复发率显著降低，1年无瘤生存率高于非解剖性肝切除。结论解剖性肝切除术是治疗原发性肝癌安全有效的术式，对有适应证的病例应尽可能采用此种手术方式，有望获得较好的疗效。     

肝蒂横断法解剖性肝段切除术患者的围术期护理

目的探讨肝蒂横断法解剖性肝段切除术治疗肝癌的围术期护理方法。方法对68例肝癌患者采取肝蒂横断法解剖性肝段切除术,同时做好术前准备,术后密切监护病情变化及并发症的护理。结果所有患者成功切除肿瘤,手术顺利,无术中死亡。术后并发症发生率为20.6%,1例术后出血及1例胆漏的患者再次开腹手术,其余均经保守治疗治愈。平均住院15.6d。结论肝蒂横断法解剖性肝段切除术可提高肿瘤切除率,细致的护理可提高手术成功率,降低术后并发症的发生率。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.