遥控器微生物污染状况调查

[目的]了解不同场所遥控器微生物污染状况. [方法]随机选取包头市使用2年以上部分居民家中、宾馆饭店及歌厅电视、VCD、DVD和空调遥控器,检测其消毒前、后微生物污染状况.菌落总数、大肠菌群参考<公共场所卫生标准检验方法>进行检测,HBsAg采用EUSA法进行. [结果]消毒前3个场所遥控器细菌总数、大肠菌群超标率差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),均为歌厅遥控器超标率最高,宾馆饭店遥控器超标率最低;消毒后污染状况明显好转,消毒前、后细菌总数、大肠菌群检出率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).消毒前歌厅遥控器HBsAg检出率分别与居民家和宾馆饭店遥控器HBsAg检出率进行比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),消毒后HBsAg污染状况好转,HBsAg总阳性率消毒前、后差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). [结论]各场所遥控器污染较严重,应要重视日常清洗和定期消毒,应特别强调加强宾馆、饭店、歌厅卫生管理,歌厅遥控器HBsAg检出率较高,应引起经营部门和监督部门高度重视.     

2002年包头市部分电脑卫生状况调查

[目的]了解包头市部分电脑污染状况。[方法]随机选取包头市3所高校办公室、网络中心及校外部分电脑检测污染状况。菌落总数、大肠菌群的检验方法参考《公共场所卫生标准检验方法》进行。HBsAg采用 ELISA法进行检测。[结果]消毒前3个场所电脑菌落总数均随着使用年限的增加而增大,且 3 个场所电脑细菌总数超标率两两比较差异有统计学意义,其中校外网吧电脑菌落总数超标率最高,高校网络中心最低。消毒后菌落总数明显降低,且消毒前后菌落总数总超标率差异有统计学意义(P<0 05)。消毒前 3 个场所电脑大肠菌群检出率两两比较差异有统计学意义(P<0 05),其中校外网吧电脑检出率最高,高校网络中心最低;消毒前后大肠菌群检出率差异有统计学意义(P<0 05)。消毒前3个场所电脑HBsAg检出率两两比较差异无统计学意义(P>0 05),消毒前后 HBsAg总阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0 05)。[结论]电脑污染非常严重,要进行日常清洗和定期消毒,尤其是校外网吧电脑污染最重,更应加强管理和清洁。     

部分鲜切农产品微生物污染的监测

[目的]了解蔬菜沙拉原料中鲜切农产品微生物污染状况,为建立蔬菜沙拉HACCP体系提供依据。[方法]依据国标（GB/T 4789-2003）菌落总数和大肠菌群总数检测方法,对部分鲜切农产品原料进行微生物指标监测。[结果]抽检的鲜切农产品原料的菌落总数和大肠菌群总数污染程度以玉米粒、西芹较严重。玉米粒与其它鲜切农产品原料间菌落总数和大肠菌群超标率差异有统计学意义（P﹤0.01）。[结论]鲜切农产品原料存在不同程度微生物污染,控制鲜切农产品原料的卫生质量是蔬菜沙拉危害分析和管理的关键控制点。     

西安铁路局旅客列车厕所门手柄污染状况调查

目的通过调查西安铁路局部分旅客列车厕所门手柄微生物污染状况,及时指导铁路客运部门加强列车上公用设施的消毒、保洁工作,减少疾病在旅客之间传播。方法 2014年4-5月间,在宝鸡站及宝鸡南站分别抽取不同类别旅客列车28对,采集列车厕所门手柄448份样品,并检测以下指标:细菌总数、大肠菌群、真菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。结果旅客列车厕所门手柄细菌总数平均值为(5 599±358)cfu/25 cm2,不同等级旅客列车细菌总数差异有统计学意义;大肠菌群检出率42.6%;真菌检出率17.6%;金黄色葡萄球菌检出率8.7%[1]。其中普通旅客列车检出率较高,终到列车检出率较高。不同等级列车真菌检出率和金黄色葡萄球菌检出率各组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),大肠菌群检出率各组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论西安铁路局部分旅客列车厕所门手柄污染严重并存在有致病性微生物。其中动车组列车微生物污染最轻,普通列车微生物污染最重。     

西安铁路局部分旅客列车厕所门手柄污染状况调查

目的通过调查西安铁路局部分旅客列车厕所门手柄微生物污染状况,及时指导铁路客运部门加强列车上公用设施的消毒、保洁工作,减少疾病在旅客之间传播。 方法2014年4-5月间,在宝鸡站及宝鸡南站分别抽取不同类别旅客列车28对,采集列车厕所门手柄448份样品,并检测以下指标：细菌总数、大肠菌群、真菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。结果旅客列车厕所门手柄细菌总数平均值为(5599±358)cfu/25cm²,不同等级旅客列车细菌总数差异有统计学意义;大肠菌群检出率42.6%;真菌检出率17.6%;金黄色葡萄球菌检出率8.7%^[1]。其中普通旅客列车检出率较高,终到列车检出率较高。不同等级列车真菌检出率和金黄色葡萄球菌检出率各组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),大肠菌群检出率各组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论西安铁路局部分旅客列车厕所门手柄污染严重并存在有致病性微生物。其中动车组列车微生物污染最轻,普通列车微生物污染最重。     

吉林市公共场所室内空气中甲醛浓度水平分析

[目的]了解吉林市主要公共场所甲醛污染状况及影响因素。[方法]用便携式甲醛分析仪对吉林市5类公共场所36家117个检测点的室内空气甲醛浓度进行测定。[结果]公共场所检测点总超标率为40.17%,其中装饰材料市场的超标率为68.42%,家俱商场的超标率为61.54%,综合商场的超标率为18.75%,旅店宾馆的超标率为40.63%,行政办公楼的超标率为8.33%,不同类型公共场所以行政办公楼甲醛超标率为最低,装饰材料市场、家俱商场和旅店宾馆的超标率明显高于行政办公楼(P﹤0.05)。通风情况和装修后时间是影响公共场所甲醛污染状况的两个主要因素,自然通风不良的公共场所检测点甲醛浓度超标率明显高于通风良好的公共场所检测点(P﹤0.05),装修半年以内的公共场所检测点甲醛浓度超标率明显高于装修半年以上的公共场所检测点(P﹤0.05)。[结论]应选择"绿色装饰材料"装修公共场所,装修后应确保足够的时间进行有效的通风以降低甲醛的浓度累积,同时还应注意其他来源的甲醛污染。     

咸宁市咸安区饮食业砧板微生物污染情况调查

目的：为了解本区部分饮食业砧板微生物污染情况。方法：采用纸片粘贴法采样184块砧板，用平皿菌落计数和发酵培养及ELISA法检测，并对生熟食砧板的微生物污染情况进行比较。结果：生菜砧板和熟食砧板微生物超标率分别为85．10％和72．86％，二者之间有显著性差异（P〈0．05），生菜砧板细菌总数超标率和大肠菌群及致病菌检出率分别为80．7％、76．32％和20．18％，熟菜砧板细菌总数超标率和大肠菌群及致病菌检出率分别为67．14％、48．57％和2．8％，前者污染率明显高于后者，上述各指标均差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：餐饮业砧板微生物污染严重，生菜砧板污染率明显高于熟食砧板，因此应该加强食品卫生监测和管理。     

清洗消毒对城市公交传染病流行的预防作用

目的探讨清洗消毒对城市公交传染病流行的预防作用。方法 2016年8—11月随机抽查南阳市5条公交线路在线运营的15辆公交车,分3个时间段进行污染状况调查。从中选择5辆公交车间隔相同天数分别采取不同的消毒方法于当天营运结束后进行消毒,消毒后采样。检测细菌总数、大肠菌群和致病菌。计数资料比较采用χ~2检验,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果吊环拉手、横(竖)扶手杆和座椅靠背扶手细菌总数和大肠菌群合格率比较差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。中班车辆车内扶手细菌总数和大肠菌群合格率(31.5%、35.4%)均最低(均P0.05)。乘车前后细菌总数和大肠菌群合格率(80.2%、54.7%,90.1%、67.4%)比较差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。消毒后细菌总数和大肠菌群两项指标合格率均提高,3种方法比较差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。清洗消毒前样本合格率为49.1%;采用自来水擦洗后合格率为76.0%,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。清洗消毒车辆运行1 d后大肠菌群检测合格率为56.0%,合格率降低(P0.05)。结论加强对公交车辆车内手扶部位经常性消毒刻不容缓,应尽快修订相关法律法规,依法强制消毒。     

过滤水和食用冰块中微生物污染状况

目的 了解食品加工用过滤水和食用冰块的微生物污染状况,为加强过滤水和食用冰块的关键控制点和危害性分析(HACCP)管理提供科学依据.方法 于2006年9-12月,采集长春市某连锁西餐厅过滤水和食用冰块样本.参照《生活饮用水卫生规范》(2001)对样本中的细菌总数、总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群指标进行检测和评价.结果 第3季度共检测过滤水样37件,细菌总数、总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群超标率分别为37.8%,32.4%,13.5%.7-9月过滤水中总大肠菌群超标率间比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=14.866,P＜0.01).第4季度共检测过滤水样21件,细菌总数、总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群均未超标.第4季度过滤水样中细菌总数、总大肠菌群超标率均低于第3季度,差异有统计学意义(细菌总数:x2=8.510,P＜0.01;总大肠菌群:x2=8.588,P＜0.01).第3季度共检测食用冰块样本37件,细菌总数、总大肠菌群超标率分别为48.6%,24.3%;粪大肠菌群均未超标.第4季度共检测食用冰块样本21件,细菌总数超标2件,超标率为9.5%;总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群均未超标.第4季度食用冰块样品中细菌总数、总大肠菌群超标率均低于第3季度,差异有统计学意义(细菌总数:x2=9.077,P＜0.01;总大肠菌群:x2=6.046,P＜0.05).结论 过滤水和食用冰块存在不同程度微生物污染,建议对受总大肠菌群污染的过滤水点进行动态监测,以寻找危害分析的关键控制点.     

北京海淀区2005年中招体检ALT及 HBsAg检测结果分析

[目的]了解北京海淀区青少年肝功能异常及HBsAg阳性携带状况,探讨发病原因,为今后对学校流行病的防治工作提供依据。[方法]对20 716名中招体检学生进行ALT及HBsAg检测,并对ALT偏高或HBsAg阳性者做进一步调查。[结果]中考学生ALT偏高、HBsAg阳性、ALT偏高且HBsAg阳性检出率分别为1.1%、0.98%、0.1%,男生均高于女生,且两性间比较均有显著性差异(P﹤0.01,P﹤0.05)。城区与郊区学生ALT偏高、HBsAg阳性检出率差异均无统计学意义﹙P﹥0.05,P﹥0.05),而ALT偏高且HBsAg阳性检出率,郊区均高于城区学生,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);HBsAg阳性除了与家族史、卫生习惯有关外,与疫苗是否发挥作用有关。[结论]北京海淀区青少年肝功能异常及HBsAg阳性携带率,男生偏高;活动性肝炎,郊区学生偏高;ALT偏高以超重、肥胖学生为主;ALT偏高且HBsAg阳性学生应立即隔离,以防传染;当注射过乙肝疫苗后,应定期检测抗体,对无应答及弱应答者,应加强注射,以确保疫苗发挥效力。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.