肝移植治疗乙型肝炎、肝硬化并发肝癌的分析

 目的　研究乙型肝炎、肝硬化并发肝癌行肝移植手术时机的选择及术后免疫抑制剂的应用。方法　对9例患者施行肝移植,其中4例为经典式原位肝移植,5例为背驮式原位肝移植,术后应用免疫抑制剂甲基泼尼松龙、他克莫司及吗替麦考酚酯（商品名：骁悉）,同时采用抗乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白及拉米夫定预防乙肝病毒复发。结果　9例肝癌肝移植手术均获成功,2例术前情况差的患者术后死于多器官衰竭,1例死于急性排斥反应,余6例全部生存至今。结论　乙型肝炎、肝硬化并发肝癌最有效的治疗方法之一是肝移植,手术在肝癌转移前进行疗效较好,术后应用免疫抑制剂甲基泼尼松龙、他克莫司及吗替麦考酚酯可以有效控制免疫排斥的发生。     

肝移植治疗乙型肝炎、肝硬化并发肝癌的分析

目的 研究乙型肝炎、肝硬化并发肝癌行肝移植手术时机的选择及术后免疫抑制剂的应用.方法 对9例患者施行肝移植,其中4例为经典式原位肝移植,5例为背驮式原位肝移植,术后应用免疫抑制剂甲基泼尼松龙、他克莫司及吗替麦考酚酯(商品名:骁悉),同时采用抗乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白及拉米夫定预防乙肝病毒复发.结果 9例肝癌肝移植手术均获成功,2例术前情况差的患者术后死于多器官衰竭,1例死于急性排斥反应,余6例全部生存至今.结论 乙型肝炎、肝硬化并发肝癌最有效的治疗方法之一是肝移植,手术在肝癌转移前进行疗效较好,术后应用免疫抑制剂甲基泼尼松龙、他克莫司及吗替麦考酚酯可以有效控制免疫排斥的发生.     

肝移植治疗乙型肝炎、肝硬化并发肝癌的分析

目的 研究乙型肝炎、肝硬化并发肝癌行肝移植手术时机的选择及术后免疫抑制剂的应用.方法 对9例患者施行肝移植,其中4例为经典式原位肝移植,5例为背驮式原位肝移植,术后应用免疫抑制剂甲基泼尼松龙、他克莫司及吗替麦考酚酯(商品名:骁悉),同时采用抗乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白及拉米夫定预防乙肝病毒复发.结果 9例肝癌肝移植手术均获成功,2例术前情况差的患者术后死于多器官衰竭,1例死于急性排斥反应,余6例全部生存至今.结论 乙型肝炎、肝硬化并发肝癌最有效的治疗方法之一是肝移植,手术在肝癌转移前进行疗效较好,术后应用免疫抑制剂甲基泼尼松龙、他克莫司及吗替麦考酚酯可以有效控制免疫排斥的发生.     

肝移植在结直肠癌肝转移中的价值

结直肠癌是全球范围内发病率和死亡率均高的恶性肿瘤之一,早期容易发生转移,而肝脏恰是结直肠癌远处转移的最常见器官.随着肝移植技术的发展与进步,不可切除性结直肠癌肝转移患者获得了长期生存的新机遇.近年来,挪威奥斯陆大学医院在肝移植治疗不可切除性结直肠癌肝转移的领域中取得了一系列巨大突破,引起了世界各地学者的广泛关注.随后,...     

Heme synthesis in normal mouse liver and mouse liver tumors

Hepatic cancers from mice and rats demonstrate decreased levels of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the heme synthetic pathway, and increased heme oxygenase, the heme-catabolizing enzyme. These findings suggest that diminution of P-450, b5, and catalase in these lesions may result from a heme supply that is limited by decreased heme synthesis and increased heme catabolism. Heme synthesis was measured in mouse liver tumors (MLT) and adjacent tumor-free lobes (BKG) by administering the radiolabeled heme precursors 55FeCl3 and [2-14C]glycine and subsequently extracting the heme for determination of specific activity. Despite reduced delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase activity in MLT, both tissues incorporated [2-14C]glycine into heme at similar rates. At early time points, heme extracted from MLT contained less 55Fe than that from BKG. This was attributed to the findings that MLT took up 55Fe at a slower rate than BKG and had larger iron stores than BKG. The amount of heme per milligram of protein was also similar in both tissues. These findings militate against the hypothesis that diminished hemoprotein levels in MLT result from limited availability of heme. It is probable, therefore, that decreased hemoprotein levels in hepatic tumors are linked to a general program of dedifferentiation associated with the cancer phenotype. Diminution of hemoprotein in MLT may result in a relatively increased intracellular heme pool. delta-Aminolevulinic acid synthase and heme oxygenase are, respectively, negatively and positively regulated by heme. Thus, their alteration in MLT may be due to the regulatory influences of the heme pool.     

原位肝移植治疗原发性肝癌６８例报告

目的：探讨原位肝移植在原发性肝癌治疗中的价值。方法：对６８例接受肝移植原发性肝癌病例进行回顾性分析,随访６个月以上,对术后患者存活情况进行分析。结果：６８例肝移植手术均获成功,无围手术期死亡,５４例存活至今,最长无瘤存活已达６５个月。小肝癌复发率为２.２％（１／４６）,大肝癌复发率为５４.５％（１２／２２）,其中肝内门脉分支有癌栓者复发率为６６.６％（４／６）,门脉主干有癌栓者为１００％（３/３）;小肝癌患者的存活时间显著长于大肝癌（Ｐ＝０.０００）。此外,肝癌肝移植术后及早停用类固醇激素,并维持抗排斥药物在较低的药物浓度也可能有助于减少肿瘤术后复发。结论：原位肝移植是治疗肝癌特别是小肝癌的有效手段,对于门静脉主干无癌栓的中晚期肝癌也能起到积极治疗作用。     

Isolated liver perfusion for non-resectable liver tumours: a review

Many treatments have been proposed for non-resectable primary or secondary hepatic cancer but the results have generally been disappointing. Isolated Hepatic Perfusion (IHP) was first attempted four decades ago but it gained acceptance only recently, after spectacular tumour responses were obtained by isolated limb perfusion with melphalan and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) for melanomas and sarcomas. Surgical isolation of the liver is a technically demanding operation that allows the safe administration of high doses of chemotherapeutics and TNF. Percutaneous techniques using balloon occlusion catheters are simpler but result in higher leakage rates from the perfusion circuit into the systemic circulation. Several phase I-II trials indicate that IHP can yield high tumour response rates, even when there is resistance to systemic chemotherapy. However, no significant advantage in overall survival has been demonstrated so far. IHP offers unique pharmacokinetic advantages for locoregional chemotherapy and biotherapy. It might also allow gene therapy with limited systemic exposure and toxicity. At present, IHP nevertheless remains an experimental treatment modality which should therefore be used in controlled trials only.     

经肝动脉栓塞治疗肝海绵状血管瘤（附26例）

目的：观察经肝动脉栓塞治疗肝海绵状血管瘤的临床疗效和安全性。方法：对26例肝海绵状血管瘤经股动脉或左锁骨下动脉入路插管,超选择至肿瘤供血动脉,采用平阳霉素与无水乙醇或碘化油、明胶海绵进行栓塞治疗,1年内随访疗效及不良反应。结果：26例患者介入治疗成功率100％,肿瘤完全消失者6例,瘤体缩小〉50％者17例,瘤体缩小不足50％者2例,瘤体无变化者1例,无瘤体进展者;总有效率为95．1％;所有患者未出现严重并发症。结论：经肝动脉栓塞治疗肝海绵状血管瘤是一种安全、简便、有效的方法。     

肝X受体与肝癌研究进展

原发性肝癌是我国最常见消化系统肿瘤之一,肝癌侵袭性强且复发率高,总体疗效往往不满意。肝X受体(liver X receptors,LXRs)是核受体超家族成员之一,最初发现其参与可调节胆固醇代谢及免疫应答。目前,细胞及分子生物学研究不断深入并取得新的进展,LXR在肝脏疾病尤其是肝癌的发生发展中作用明显,提示LXR是肝癌治疗中潜在的新治疗靶点,为肝癌治疗提供新的思路。     

Outcome following repeat liver resection for colorectal liver metastases.

AIM: Our aim was to determine independent predictors of survival after second liver resection and to confirm whether the type of first resection influences survival after repeat resection. METHODS: Fifty-four patients who underwent a second liver resection for colorectal liver metastases were analyzed. To find independent predictors of survival, possible prognostic factors regarding the primary tumor, and the first and second resections were used in the Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: There were three postoperative deaths within 90 days of surgery. The 3- and 5-year overall survival rates were 53% and 46%, respectively. The size of the tumor (>50mm) (p=0.005), serum carcinoembryonic antigen level (>30microg/L) (p=0.002), and the presence of a positive surgical margin at the second resection (p=0.006) were independent predictors of poor survival following the second resection. The type of first resection was not associated with survival but was associated with the ability to achieve a histological negative surgical margin at the second liver resection (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Three independent predictors of survival were identified. Major initial liver resection was associated with a reduced ability to achieve surgical clearance at the second resection. For colorectal liver metastases, major resection should only be performed if a negative margin cannot be achieved by minor resection.     

A breakthrough in liver regeneration for treatment of liver cancer

The liver is the largest solid organ, and it is involved in mul-tiple biological processes, including energy metabolism, pro-tein synthesis, and detoxification1...     

Drug-induced liver injury

Cholestasis is the failure of bile to reach duodenum due to three different mechanisms: a. alteration of bile secretion by hepatocytes into the canaliculus with or without liver cell damage; b. obstruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts caused by diseases of ductules or small/medium bile ducts; c. obstruction of extrahepatic bile ducts. This short review focuses on drugs which may induce cholestasis by any of these mechanisms.     

Primary liver tumors

Many improvements have been made in the treatment of primary liver tumors, especially in hepatocellular carcinoma. Partial hepatectomy still remains the mainstay of therapy for resectable tumors, and it offers the potential of a cure. Total hepatectomy and liver transplantation may be applicable in selected patients. Palliative resection and tumor debulking operations are beneficial for some malignant tumors. Local ablative therapy can be tried on patients with small tumors who are not suitable candidates for open resectional surgery because of serious associated medical diseases or because of poor liver function. For patients with advanced malignancy, new treatment modalities in the form of hepatic artery transcatheter treatment or systemic therapy are on the horizon. Some of these treatment options show very promising results. Properly conducted randomized studies are required to evaluate these new treatment modalities, as well as those older treatment modalities for which there is insufficient data to determine their actual role in the management of patients with liver cancer.     

Radiofrequency-assisted liver resection

BACKGROUND: Surgical resection remains the treatment of choice for primary, secondary liver cancer and a number of benign liver lesions. Complications are mainly related to blood loss. Radiofrequency-assisted liver resection (RF-LR) has been proposed in order to achieve minimal blood loss during parenchymal transection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between May 2005 and April 2007, 46 consecutive patients with various hepatic lesions underwent RF-LR using Radionics, Cool-Tip System. There were 28 men and 18 women with median age 65 years (range 54-76 years). Twelve major and 34 minor hepatectomies were performed for various diseases: hepatocellular carcinoma (n=19), metastatic carcinoma (n=23), focal nodal hyperplasia (n=2) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) (n=2). Hepatic inflow occlusion was not used. RESULTS: No perioperative death was documented. Median blood loss was 100ml (range 30-300cm(3)). Blood transfusion was required postoperatively in one patient. Median transection time was 35min (15-60min). Three patients developed biliary fistulas, four patients pleural effusions, one patient hyperbilirubinemia, two pneumonia and four wound infection. The median postoperative hospital stay was 6 days (range 4-10 days). In a median 12 month follow-up (range 3-24 months), four patients with colorectal metastases (CRM) and one patient with ICC developed recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Cool-Tip RF device provides a unique, simple and safe method of bloodless liver resections and is indicated in cirrhotic patients with challenging hepatectomies (segment VIII, central resections).     

经肝动脉栓塞治疗肝海绵状血管瘤(附26例)

目的:观察经肝动脉栓塞治疗肝海绵状血管瘤的临床疗效和安全性.方法:对26例肝海绵状血管瘤经股动脉或左锁骨下动脉入路插管,超选择至肿瘤供血动脉,采用平阳霉素与无水乙醇或碘化油、明胶海绵进行栓塞治疗,1年内随访疗效及不良反应.结果:26例患者介入治疗成功率100%,肿瘤完全消失者6例,瘤体缩小＞50%者17例,瘤体缩小不足50%者2例,瘤体无变化者 1例,无瘤体进展者;总有效率为95.1%;所有患者未出现严重并发症.结论:经肝动脉栓塞治疗肝海绵状血管瘤是一种安全、简便、有效的方法.     

The expression of ETAR in liver cirrhosis and liver cancer

Background: To investigate the expression of endothelin receptors in liver diseases and discuss its role in the process of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Research design and methods: We examined the expressions of ETAR, ETBR and α-SMA in tissue samples using western blotting analysis. Furthermore, immunofluorescence was used to locate ETAR expression in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSECs), we calculated the percentage of positive cells and then analyzed its relation with clinical indexes.

Results: According to the western blotting analysis, the expression of ETAR was high in hepatic hemangioma and liver cancer tissues and ETBR was highly expressed in cirrhosis tissues. The immunofluorescence results demonstrated that the expression of ETAR was elevated in hepatic hemangioma and liver cancer tissues. Moreover, ETAR expression was found in both HSCs and HSECs. Finally, the statistical analysis revealed that the number of positive ETAR cells was correlated with the clinical index platelets (PLT), alanine transaminase (ALT) and diameter of portal vein.

Conclusion: Endothelin receptors express differently in liver cirrhosis and liver cancer tissues and play a role in hepatic diseases by affecting HSCs and HSECs.     

Metastatic liver tumors

The liver is a common site of metastasis from a variety of tumors. In many cases, liver resection for metastatic cancer provides the only chance for a cure and can be performed with less than 5% mortality and acceptable morbidity. The 5-year survival following liver resection for colorectal metastasis is reported in many large series to be 25% to 37%. The data regarding liver resection for other metastatic tumor types are less clear. However, resection for selected tumors, such as neuroendocrine and renal cell, can provide durable palliation and/or cure. We will review important prognostic factors used to guide the selection of patients for resection of metastatic disease and make recommendations for imaging studies and follow-up routines. The role of adjuvant regional and systemic chemotherapy for resectable metastatic disease is also discussed. Methods for ablating unresectable metastatic tumors may prove to be useful adjuncts to current therapies.