喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜在手汗症手术中的应用

随着声门上通气技术的发展,喉罩(laryngeal mask airway,LMA)已被广泛应用于临床[1].胸膜活检镜由于其独特的Y形构造,也已应用于胸腔积液和胸膜结节的诊疗中[2],自2008年6月至10月,我们将喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜结合施行胸交感神经切断术(EIS)40例,并与同期40例单腔气管插管麻胸腔镜下施行的EIS进行对比分析,发现前者疗效更满意,现报道如下.     

喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜在手汗症手术中的应用

随着声门上通气技术的发展,喉罩(laryngeal mask airway,LMA)已被广泛应用于临床[1].胸膜活检镜由于其独特的Y形构造,也已应用于胸腔积液和胸膜结节的诊疗中[2],自2008年6月至10月,我们将喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜结合施行胸交感神经切断术(EIS)40例,并与同期40例单腔气管插管麻胸腔镜下施行的EIS进行对比分析,发现前者疗效更满意,现报道如下.     

喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜在手汗症手术中的应用

随着声门上通气技术的发展,喉罩(laryngeal mask airway,LMA)已被广泛应用于临床[1].胸膜活检镜由于其独特的Y形构造,也已应用于胸腔积液和胸膜结节的诊疗中[2],自2008年6月至10月,我们将喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜结合施行胸交感神经切断术(EIS)40例,并与同期40例单腔气管插管麻胸腔镜下施行的EIS进行对比分析,发现前者疗效更满意,现报道如下.     

喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜在手汗症手术中的应用

随着声门上通气技术的发展,喉罩(laryngeal mask airway,LMA)已被广泛应用于临床[1].胸膜活检镜由于其独特的Y形构造,也已应用于胸腔积液和胸膜结节的诊疗中[2],自2008年6月至10月,我们将喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜结合施行胸交感神经切断术(EIS)40例,并与同期40例单腔气管插管麻胸腔镜下施行的EIS进行对比分析,发现前者疗效更满意,现报道如下.     

喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜在手汗症手术中的应用

随着声门上通气技术的发展,喉罩(laryngeal mask airway,LMA)已被广泛应用于临床[1].胸膜活检镜由于其独特的Y形构造,也已应用于胸腔积液和胸膜结节的诊疗中[2],自2008年6月至10月,我们将喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜结合施行胸交感神经切断术(EIS)40例,并与同期40例单腔气管插管麻胸腔镜下施行的EIS进行对比分析,发现前者疗效更满意,现报道如下.     

喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜在手汗症手术中的应用

随着声门上通气技术的发展,喉罩(laryngeal mask airway,LMA)已被广泛应用于临床[1].胸膜活检镜由于其独特的Y形构造,也已应用于胸腔积液和胸膜结节的诊疗中[2],自2008年6月至10月,我们将喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜结合施行胸交感神经切断术(EIS)40例,并与同期40例单腔气管插管麻胸腔镜下施行的EIS进行对比分析,发现前者疗效更满意,现报道如下.     

喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜在手汗症手术中的应用

随着声门上通气技术的发展,喉罩(laryngeal mask airway,LMA)已被广泛应用于临床[1].胸膜活检镜由于其独特的Y形构造,也已应用于胸腔积液和胸膜结节的诊疗中[2],自2008年6月至10月,我们将喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜结合施行胸交感神经切断术(EIS)40例,并与同期40例单腔气管插管麻胸腔镜下施行的EIS进行对比分析,发现前者疗效更满意,现报道如下.     

喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜在手汗症手术中的应用

随着声门上通气技术的发展,喉罩(laryngeal mask airway,LMA)已被广泛应用于临床[1].胸膜活检镜由于其独特的Y形构造,也已应用于胸腔积液和胸膜结节的诊疗中[2],自2008年6月至10月,我们将喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜结合施行胸交感神经切断术(EIS)40例,并与同期40例单腔气管插管麻胸腔镜下施行的EIS进行对比分析,发现前者疗效更满意,现报道如下.     

喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜在手汗症手术中的应用

随着声门上通气技术的发展,喉罩(laryngeal mask airway,LMA)已被广泛应用于临床[1].胸膜活检镜由于其独特的Y形构造,也已应用于胸腔积液和胸膜结节的诊疗中[2],自2008年6月至10月,我们将喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜结合施行胸交感神经切断术(EIS)40例,并与同期40例单腔气管插管麻胸腔镜下施行的EIS进行对比分析,发现前者疗效更满意,现报道如下.     

喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜在手汗症手术中的应用

随着声门上通气技术的发展,喉罩(laryngeal mask airway,LMA)已被广泛应用于临床[1].胸膜活检镜由于其独特的Y形构造,也已应用于胸腔积液和胸膜结节的诊疗中[2],自2008年6月至10月,我们将喉罩麻醉和胸膜活检镜结合施行胸交感神经切断术(EIS)40例,并与同期40例单腔气管插管麻胸腔镜下施行的EIS进行对比分析,发现前者疗效更满意,现报道如下.     

Novel approach for talc pleurodesis by dedicated catheter through flexi-rigid thoracoscope under local anesthesia

For pleurodesis, talc administered by poudrage is usually insufflated blindly from a single port of entry using the standard method with a small-diameter rigid thoracoscope. In order to visually perform talc poudrage from a single port, we introduced a catheter technique through a flexi-rigid thoracoscope. Patients with uncontrolled and symptomatic pleural effusion requiring pleurodesis underwent flexi-rigid thoracoscopy under local anesthesia for talc poudrage. A dedicated catheter with 2.1-mm inner diameter was connected to a talc atomizer and inserted through the working channel of the flexi-rigid thoracoscope to insufflate talc into the pleural cavity under visualization. Nine patients were included in this study. Three patients were >75 years old, and two were Karnofsky performance status 50. Three patients received propofol for sedation and six were not sedated. Mean operative time was 30.8 min for all patients, and 21.3 min for cases without sedation. All procedures were performed easily under clear visualization with no major complications or catheter obstructions. This novel approach for talc pleurodesis using a catheter was well-tolerated and seems feasible for patients with uncontrolled pleural effusion. We consider this technique useful even for difficult cases, such as elderly patients or those with relatively low performance status.     

电视胸腔镜诊治胸腔积液的临床体会

目的:探讨电视胸腔镜手术诊治胸腔积液的应用价值。方法:回顾分析2006年3月至2012年8月为152例胸腔积液患者行电视胸腔镜手术的临床资料。双腔气管插管全麻后置入胸腔镜及活检钳,取胸膜组织送病理检查,并根据病理检查结果决定治疗方案。结果:152例患者中肺癌胸膜转移83例,恶性胸膜间皮瘤18例,胸腺瘤3例,恶性肿瘤胸膜转移16例,来源不明的转移肿瘤4例,结核性胸水25例,3例未明确诊断。恶性胸腔积液患者行滑石粉胸膜固定,根据病理类型术后予以规范化抗肿瘤治疗。结核性胸腔积液患者,术后予以正规抗结核治疗。余者均根据病理回报结果进行相应后续治疗。结论:电视胸腔镜手术诊治胸腔积液微创,确诊率高,疗效确切,为进一步治疗疾病提供了有力证据。     

Thoracoscopy: assessment of a physician service and comparison of a flexible bronchoscope used as a thoracoscope with a rigid thoracoscope.

The practicality of physicians performing thoracoscopy for diagnostic purposes was assessed in 30 patients with pleural effusions of unknown cause. A rigid thoracoscope was compared with a fibreoptic bronchoscope used as a flexible thoracoscope and the diagnostic adequacy of biopsy specimens obtained with the two instruments assessed. The two instruments were inserted by a physician in the bronchoscopy suite using local anaesthesia. The procedure proved safe, acceptable, and diagnostically effective. The rigid thoracoscope proved a more satisfactory instrument but the fibreoptic bronchoscope, with minor adaptations, may be used for thoracoscopy.     

A case of lung cancer with extensive pleural adhesion, which could be resected by a thoracoscopic middle lobectomy

A thoracoscopic middle lobectomy was performed for a 78-year-old male with lung cancer associated with extensive pleural adhesion. After peeling off the area of pleural adhesion surrounding the surgical ports by finger, the thoracoscope was inserted into the thorax and then the area of adhesion in the other area was also peeled off under thoracoscope. A pulmonary vein was resected using a stapler. Due to adhesion at the fissures between the lobes, a pulmonary artery and bronchus of the middle lobe were cut from the front of the lung hilum. After that, the fissures between the lobes were also cut using a stapler thus resulting in a complete middle lobectomy. The operation time was 5 hours and 28 minutes, and the intraoperative bleeding was 200 ml. There was no postoperative air leakage, and the chest drain could be removed the day after surgery. In conclusion, even for lung cancer with extensive pleural adhesion, a thoracoscopic lobectomy can still be successfully performed. When a fissure between the lobes is found to adhere, the approach to pulmonary artery and bronchus from the front of the lung hilum is useful for performing a thoracoscopic middle lobectomy.     

Thoracoscopic pericardial fenestration: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.

The cause of cardiac tamponade is only established in 50% of cases. This problem is most commonly treated by pericardiocentesis alone, pericardiotomy being reserved for cases of recurrence and pericardiectomy for those patients presenting with constrictive pericarditis. A series of 16 patients treated with pericardial fenestration via a thoracoscope is presented. Pericardial and pleural biopsies were performed, together with cytological and biochemical analysis of the pericardial and pleural fluid where present. This procedure established the aetiology of effusion in all cases. In malignant pericardial effusion bleomycin was used for pericardial sclerosis. This resulted in fewer recurrences than in those patients where sclerosis was not attempted (12.5% v 60%).     

Lymphatic drainage of carbon particles injected into the pleural cavity of the monkey, as studied by video-assisted thoracoscopy and electron microscopy

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to clarify the dynamics of lymphatic drainage of the pleural cavity to understand the mechanism of malignant pleural effusion. METHODS: We injected carbon particles into the pleural cavity of monkeys subjected to general anesthesia. We then observed the parietal pleura with a video-assisted thoracoscope and scanning and transmission electron microscopes to examine the regions of the parietal pleura where the carbon particles had been absorbed. RESULTS: The video-assisted thoracoscope showed that the carbon particles had gone directly to the costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic pleura by 10 to 15 minutes after injection. From the scanning and transmission electron microscopes, we found that the parietal pleura in the costal and mediastinal regions consisted of 3 elements: a layer of small mesothelial cells, the macula cribriformis, and lymphatic lacunae. Stomata (3-5 microm in diameter) were found between the small mesothelial cells. The macula cribriformis was composed of densely packed collagen fibrils and had many foramina (3-10 microm in diameter). Intrapleurally injected carbon particles were carried into the lymphatic lacunae via the stomata and vesicles of the mesothelial cells and the foramina of the macula cribriformis. The lymphatic lacunae filled with carbon particles were richly distributed in both the anterior costal pleura and the mediastinal pleura. CONCLUSION: We suggest that the mesothelial stomata and the macula cribriformis are structures essential to the absorption of macromolecules and cellular elements from the pleural cavity into the lymphatic system.     

儿童微创Nuss手术相关并发症的处理及预防

目的 总结微创Nuss手术治疗儿童漏斗胸的相关并发症的预防及处理原则.方法 2005年5月～2011年12月采用Nuss手术治疗280例漏斗胸患儿,其中8例为复发漏斗胸,5例合并心肺合并症,7例有胸部手术史.取两侧腋中线小切口,在胸腔镜的监视下,用穿通器将已塑形的钢板凸面朝下由左侧肋弓最高点经胸骨最低点拉至右侧肋弓最高点穿出,翻转钢板撑起凹陷的胸骨,固定钢板.结果 280例手术顺利,平均手术时间54 min(38～ 120 min).并发症发生率16.4％(46/280),其中早期并发症28例:心包穿孔3例,均退回并重置穿通器;肋间隙撕裂1例,重新选择肋间斜置钢板;心包炎1例,对症治疗好转;气胸12例,3例穿刺抽吸,3例闭式引流,6例未处理;胸腔积液7例,2例穿刺抽液,2例闭式引流,3例未处理;肺炎2例,予抗感染治疗后恢复;切口感染2例,换药处理后愈合.晚期并发症18例;切口无菌性囊肿3例,保守治疗好转;支架移位3例,均再手术纠正;疼痛造成获得性脊柱侧弯3例,理疗后1例恢复,2例未恢复;钢板金属过敏2例,分别提前取出固定片及支架;钢板压迫肋软骨3例,提前取出钢板;肋软骨过度增生4例,取钢板时加做肋骨截骨术.结论 早期诊断并及时处理是有效治疗Nuss手术相关并发症的关键.     

Primary thoracoscopic evaluation of pleural effusion with local anesthesia: an alternative approach.

OBJECTIVE: The development of a thoracoscopically assisted technique to be performed with the patient under local anesthesia for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes when treating pleural effusions and empyemas in high-risk surgical patients. METHODS: Twenty patients with pleural effusion or empyema who were also determined to be at high risk for complications following a thoracotomy, pleural biopsy, general anesthesia, or all of these, underwent placement of a thoracoscope while under local anesthesia followed by thoracic fluid drainage, pleural biopsy, and pleurodesis as required. Patients were retrospectively evaluated for a variety of factors including personal history, pre-existing medical conditions, and pre- and postoperative course. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 59 years (18 to 89) with a 55% male/45% female sex distribution. Patients had this procedure as a consequence of malignancy (50%), empyema (30%), spontaneous pneumothorax (10%), bronchiectasis (50%), or heart failure (5%). The average duration of the procedure was 62 minutes (20 to 190), with an average of 861 mL of fluid drainage, and 114 mL of estimated blood loss. The tube thoracostomy was usually removed on the sixth (0 to 13) postprocedure day. This procedure was well tolerated by the patients with the majority of pain management being achieved with patient controlled analgesia (58%). The direct complication rate was 10%, with 2 patients requiring endotracheal intubation. CONCLUSION: This novel thoracoscopic procedure represents an acceptable alternative to the traditional treatment of pleural effusions and empyema with comparable outcome parameters and morbidity. This technique may eventually become the standard of care for the treatment of pleural effusions.     

Y-type urethral duplication in the male

OBJECTIVE: To present a single series of Y-type duplication with an analysis of the presenting features, the management and outcome, as complete Y-type urethral duplication in the male is a rare congenital anomaly that presents many challenges. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patient charts, identifying those with urethral duplication, and then those with complete Y-type duplication. The age at presentation, investigations, management and outcomes were reviewed. RESULTS: Of 49 patients with a diagnosis of urethral duplication, 13 had the complete Y-type. Three were lost to follow-up and were therefore excluded from the study. The median (range) age at presentation was 2 months (birth to 10 years). All patients had other comorbidities, with anorectal malformations in seven, renal agenesis in four, sacral agenesis/partial agenesis in two, and unilateral/bilateral cryptorchidism in four. Presenting features included passage of urine perineally or rectally in seven, and dribbling from the orthotopic urethral meatus in one. The diagnosis was confirmed by micturating cysto-urethrography. A mean of 14 procedures was required to achieve a final complete repair, and included urethral reconstruction, repair of fistulae, urethral dilatation, and evaluative cystoscopy. Excluding cystoscopy and urethral dilatation, a mean (range) of 3 (1-5) reconstructive procedures was required in each patient. The median follow-up was 8 years. Five boys developed urethral strictures and one developed multiple fistulae. The best outcomes were in boys who had a staged urethral reconstruction. CONCLUSION: Due to the strong association with other congenital anomalies we recommend that all patients should be evaluated thoroughly, including a detailed physical examination, renal tract ultrasonography and spinal radiography. Surgical management remains a significant challenge, requiring many procedures with unpredictable outcomes, the goals of which should be to maintain continence and reconstruct the urethra with good cosmesis. The optimum management scheme must be individualized in this rare condition.     

Thoracic endoscopic sympathectomy in palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis

An endoscopic technique is described for thoracic sympathectomy. After establishment of a pneumothorax, the thoracoscope is introduced into the pleural cavity. The telescope is equipped with a wire electrode, a grasping forceps, and a suction coagulation probe for endoscopic electroresection of the sympathetic trunk. In 63 patients, 124 endoscopic sympathectomies were performed. All patients were relieved of sweating in the hands; 18.6% still had some perspiration of the axilla. Side effects of thoracic sympathectomy were compensatory and gustatory sweating that, in four patients, were more embarrassing than the original form of hyperhidrosis. Fifty-five patients were highly satisfied with the result of endoscopic sympathectomy, which is considered the appropriate minor procedure for the treatment of upper limb hyperhidrosis, causing minimal discomfort to the patient and almost invisible scars.