高危妊娠与巨细胞病毒感染的关系

为了探讨某些高危妊娠与人巨细胞病毒感染之间的关系，本研究应用酶联免疫法与核酸杂交技术对１９５例正常妊娠的孕妇和１４４例有某些异常妊娠情况孕妇本人血，部分新生儿脐血和尿进行了ＣＭＶ－ＩｇＧ，ＩｇＭ，ＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ检测，并比较它们的阳性率。     

用Dot－ELISA检测孕妇巨细胞病毒感染

建立了快速检测孕妇血清内的巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＡ的ＤＯｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ技术，用该法检测１２０例孕妇血清，ＨＣＭＶ－ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＡ的阳性率分别为１２．５０％和１４．１７％；总检出率为２１．６７％，显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。与ＥＬＩＳＡ相比，灵敏性为９６．３０％，特异性１００％。两者对ＨＣＭＶ－ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＡ的检出率无显著性差别（Ｐ＞０．０５），但较ＥＬＩＳＡ更为快速，简便，经济，适于推广普及。     

细胞因子与人巨细胞病毒感染

人巨细胞病毒是致人类病毒性疾病的最常见病原体之一,宿主对人巨细胞病毒免疫应答一直是国内,外研究的热点,人巨细胞病毒感染后无论是免疫正常或免疫缺陷的机体均可发生体液和细胞免疫应答,而细胞免疫要比体液免疫起更重要的作用,细胞因子是免疫细胞发挥功能的重要调节者,因此日益引起人们的注意,本文就近年来这方面的研究作一简要归纳。     

朝鲜族一家3例人巨细胞病毒感染与遗传物质损伤初探

目的 :本文报道为HCMV感染的一对朝鲜族夫妇头胎妊娠 18周 ,B超发现胎儿软组织损伤畸形 ,终止妊娠。对HCMV感染导致机体内遗传物质损伤发生机制进行初步探讨。方法 :HCMV DNAPCR检测 :常规外周血淋巴细胞培养染色体标本制备 ,G显带 ;SCE、微核标本制备。结果 :①妻子、丈夫、胎儿HCMV DNA均为阳性 ;②核型分析 :妻子为 46 ,XX、丈夫为 46,XY、胎儿为 46,XX ,与表型相一致 ;③SCE率 :同上顺次为 9.65 %、5 .95 %、9.2 5 % ,;④微核率 :同上顺序为 19‰、7 5‰、5‰。③④项均高于本实验室的正常人对照组平均值 ,即SCE率为 6 2 9%± 0 .2 9、微核率为 3 5 4‰± 1 71。结论 :HCMV感染与SCE率、微核率增高有直接关系。HCMV可能有直接损伤DNA或染色体的作用。     

人巨细胞病毒感染与细胞自噬的关系

人巨细胞病毒与宿主共同进化的漫长过程中,为促进自身的增殖和感染,HCMV也进化出多种策略利用或抵消自噬的影响。自噬是进化上高度保守的细胞降解途径,通过回收细胞质、细胞器和蛋白质以维持细胞内稳态。同时它也可以作为细胞防御机制,直接包裹降解病原体或通过促进先天性和适应性免疫以对抗多种病原体的侵袭。本文将对近年来有关HCMV与自噬关系的研究作一综述。     

巨细胞病毒感染的致病机制初探

目的 探讨人巨细胞(HCMV)的致病机制。方法 应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对36例早孕人工流产妇女进行了HCMV抗体IgG、IgM的检测，对抗体阳性者的绒毛及蜕膜进行了HCMV的PCR检测，对DNA阳性者进行了绒毛蜕膜的病理切片分析。结果 HCMV免疫抗体阳性的31例患者仅有10例DNA阳性者绒毛蜕膜均发生了明显的病理变化，绒毛细胞滋养层增生过长，蜕膜变性坏死，伴淋巴细胞浸润。结论 绒毛蜕膜的病理改变可能参与了HCMV的致病机制。     

巨细胞病毒感染与先天肾积水关系探讨

对先天肾积水的病因研究以前主要着重于解剖和病理学方面。我们应用聚合酶链反应技术直接检测手术中从肾盂内取的尿液及肾盂输尿管连接处的病变组织，结果２５例患儿１１例检测出巨细胞病毒。对照组６例检测结果全部为阴性。二者经统计学处理结果有显著性差异。提示ＣＭＶ感染可能是引起先天肾积水的原因之一。     

特异性CD8+T细胞与人巨细胞病毒感染

人巨细胞病毒(Human Cytomegalovirus,HCMV)是疱疹病毒科β属的一种双链DNA病毒,在正常人群中普遍易感,在发达国家人群血清HCMV抗体检出率约40％ ～ 60％,而在发展中国家几乎达到100％ [1].与其他人类疱疹病毒不同,HCMV原发性感染通常为隐性感染,临床上表现为无症状状态,潜伏感染是依赖病毒复制的慢性免疫抑制而不是依赖病毒转录模式的改变.对于免疫抑制人群来说,HCMV容易发生激活感染,病毒复制难以控制,可以出现明显的组织损坏.HCMV激活感染是异基因造血于细胞移植和实体器官移植后患者发病率和死亡率不断攀升的主要原因,骨髓抑制、肾毒性、耐药病毒株的出现等治疗的不良反应限制了抗病毒药的抢先治疗[2-3].     

婴幼儿支气管肺炎与巨细胞病毒感染关系

目的：探讨婴幼儿支气管肺炎与巨细胞病毒感染关系及其临床意义。方法：采用抗体捕获法酶联免疫吸附试验（MAC－ELISA），对婴幼儿支气管肺炎559例检测血清抗巨细胞病毒免疫球蛋白的IgM(CMV-IgM)。结果：检出阳性126例（22．5％），其中0－2月和3－12月龄者分别18．6％和40．3％。12个月龄CMV－IgM阳性123例（97．6％）。结论：CMV感染是婴幼儿支气管肺炎重要病原之一。早期检测有利于诊断和治疗。     

尿毒症患者巨细胞病毒感染及与输血关系的研究

应用间接酶联免疫吸附试验法检测５２例尿毒症患者血清中巨细胞病毒特异性ＩｇＭ，ＩｇＡ抗体。结果表明特异性ＩｇＭ，ＩｇＡ抗体阳性率分别为６９．６％和１３．８％，明显高出对照组人群，统计学处理Ｐ〈０．０１，差异非常显著。     

CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) poses an important public health problem as it may cause serious morbidity and mortality in congenitally infected newborns and immunocompromised patients, most notably transplant recipients and HIV-infected persons. It is probably one of the most common infections known to humans and is characterized by a self-limiting infection in healthy individuals. CMV infection is the single most frequent cause of infectious complications in the early period following kidney transplantation Post-transfusion cytomegalovirus infection is of concern in the immunocompetent as well as in certain categories of immunocompromised individuals such as neonates, pregnant women, recipients of bone marrow and other organ transplants and individuals with immunodeficiency disorders. The emergence of AIDS in India has necessitated the establishment of reliable tests for diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection as a damaged immune system permits cytomegalovirus reactivation. The magnitude of this problem in India and the various diagnostic modalities used have not been adequately investigated and, hence, CMV infection is still a major health problem warranting strong preventive measures. The ultimate goal of the prevention program is to develop a vaccine that can be administered to seronegative women of childbearing age to prevent primary infection during pregnancy.     

用PCR技术产前诊断人巨细胞病毒感染

用ＥＬＩＳＡ法筛选早孕妇女血人巨细胞病毒ＩｇＭ（ＨＣＭＶ－ＩｇＭ），在孕１２￣２０周用聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）技术检测其羊水中ＨＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ，对胎儿巨细胞病毒感染作出产前诊断。在３８４例孕妇中，筛选出血ＨＣＭＶ－ＩｇＭ阳性２６例为实验组，其羊水ＨＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ检出率为３４．６２％；从２５８例ＨＣＭＶ－ＩｇＭ阴性中选出２０例为对照组，其羊水ＨＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ检出率为１０．０％，两组比较有显著性差异（     

点免疫结合试验和反向间接血凝试验检测粪便中福氏志贺氏菌的研究

采用单克隆抗体作为试剂,建立了两种用于快速检测粪便中福氏痢疾杆菌的方法—DIBA夹心法和RPHA法。长期以来困扰研究者的非特异性干扰问题,可能用煮沸标本上清的方法得到解决。检测114份病人标本的结果证明,用常规培养法检测阳性者,DIBA和RPHA检测均为阳性,两类方法的符合率为86.4％。由此证明两种快速免疫学方法不仅能检出完整的细菌细胞,而且也能检出其裂解产物。这两种方法,尤其是RPHA法具有较高的敏感性、特异性和快速性,且不需复杂的仪器设备,加之实验程序简单,甚适于在基层单位及农村地区应用。     

人巨细胞病毒感染对肾移植受者血清sIL－2R水平的影响

用ＰＣＲ检测ＨＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ，ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测ＨＣＭＶ－ＩｇＭ及ＩｇＧ，以诊断肾移植受者ＨＣＭＶ感染。用双抗体夹心法ＥＬＩＳＡ检测６５例肾移植受者血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平，结果表明：ＨＣＭＶ感染后宿主血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），且ＨＣＭＶ疾病组ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ增高程度大于无症状感染组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；６例原发性ＨＣＭＶ感染者ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平与ＩｇＭ水平呈正相关（ｒ＝０．９９０８），提示随感染程度增加，血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平随之增高，还发现血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平与Ｃ９４／ＣＤ８比值是负相关（ｒ＝－０．９７８９），说明ＨＣＭｖ感染后ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平增高与Ｔ细胞亚群改变有关，反之也说明ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ增高程度可表明体内免疫抑制状态。对于ＨＣＭＶ感染后血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平增高的机理有待进一步探讨。     

IMMUNE ACTIVATION AS EFFECT MODIFIER OF ATHEROGENESIS IN CHRONIC INFECTION

Although no study has proven that infections cause atherosclerotic disease, findings suggest that exposure to infections such as Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, and bacterial infections related to periodontal disease or smoking might influence the development of heart, carotid, and peripheral vascular disease. Epidemiological data convincingly demonstrate risk for atherosclerotic disease associated with bacterial infection and endotoxemia; however, the independent contributions to disease and pathogenic mechanisms of endotoxin remained elusive. Investigation into this relation tested the correlation between endotoxin and neopterin. Data indicated that neopterin, which reflects immune activation of monocytes/macrophages, functions as atherogenic effect modifying factor on the effects of endotoxin. We hypothesize that immune activation via induction of endotoxin hyperresponsiveness determines the atherogenic potential of Gram-negative infections.     

CYTOKINE AND CHEMOKINE RESPONSES UNDERLYING ACUTE AND CHRONIC TRICHURIS MURIS INFECTION

Intestinal nematode parasites are some of the most prevalent infections of man. Infections tend to be chronic and, after drug treatment, have high reinfection rates. Control programs relying solely on drugs are thus at best short-term solutions; immunization programs are our long-term goal. A prerequisite to effective disease control by immunotherapy is the need to understand the immune responses that underlie resistance and susceptibility to infection. Most of our current understanding of immunity to Trichuris trichiura infection in man has come from the laboratory model, Trichuris muris in the mouse. Over the last decade we have learned that the type of T helper cell response (Th1 or Th2) mounted by the host is critical to the outcome of infection, and we have identified key Th2- and Th1- associated cytokines that contribute to resistance or susceptibility, respectively. Notably, the number of these key cytokines is still growing. Our model of immunity to Trichuris has developed from one revolving round IL-4 and IFN-γ to one that also has to accommodate IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-18. Importantly, resistance to infection is not just about making an appropriate type 2 response. Effector cells have to be recruited locally to the site of infection in order to culminate in worm expulsion, which brings new key players into our model, including chemokines.     

5-脂氧酶与小鼠肺部感染的关系

目的 探讨小鼠肺组织内5-脂氧酶(5-LO)与呼吸道感染的关系. 方法采用免疫组织化学方法检测24只小鼠肺组织内5-LO的表达. 结果感染组小鼠5-LO阳性强度比未感染组高;治疗组小鼠5-LO的表达强度降低. 结论小鼠肺组织5-LO的表达强度,对临床及科研中肺感染疗效的评价有一定参考价值.     

HCMVpp65抗原、HCMV mRNA和IgM抗体检测在诊断HCMV活动性感染中的比较

目的比较人巨细胞病毒（HCMV）pp65抗原、HCMV mRNA和血清HCMV—IgM抗体检测3种方法在诊断HCMV活动性感染中的实用意义。方法采集医院TORCH检查HCMV—IgM阳性的病人外周血（60份）。将标本分2份2ml和3ml,别用于HCMV mRNA和pp65检测。将三者结果进行比较。结果pp65抗原检测的结果与IgM抗体检测的阳性符合率为81．67％。与HCMV mRNA检测相比pp65抗原检测法的符合率、特异度和敏感度分别为81．67％,81．81％和81．63％。而且高pp65抗原血症与患者的临床症状密切相关。结论pp65抗原血症反映该病毒活动状况,可监测HCMV活动性感染,联合HCMV—IgM的检测可以提高临床的诊断率并可用于指导临床用药及监测药物疗效。     

INTRANUCLEAR INCLUSION BODIES IN LIVER OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B WITH DELTA INFECTION

Seventy-two patients with HBsAg-positive chronic hepatitis were studied for serum antibody to delta antigen (antl-HD) by radioimmunoassay. Delta antigen (HDAg) in liver of the 72 patients was also studied immunohisto-chemically using peroxidase-labeled anti-HD. In one of the 72 patients, high titers of anti-HD and intrahepatic HDAg were detected. In this patient, HDAg was localized mainly in nuclei and occasionally in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. By immunoelectron microscopy, HDAg was observed diffusely In some he-patocytic nuclei, but their nucleoli, perichromatln and heterochromatin were devoid of HDAg. Occasionally, inclusion body-like ring-shaped or irregularly shaped aggregates of HDAg were observed in nuclei. At higher magnification, these aggregates consisted of an HDAg-positive amorphous substance and microtubular structures. In their vicinity, scattered HDAg-positive granules were also present. By conventional electron microscopy, similar inclusion bodies composed of a clustered amorphous substance and microtubular structures 10-20 nm in diameter, together with 20-30 nm irregular granules were observed in hepatocyte nuclei, but no core of Dane particles were found. These novel intranuclear structures were not observed in other patients with chronic hepatitis B. It is suggested that they may represent the characteristic ultra-structure associated with delta infection.