2008-2011年金华市放射工作人员个人剂量监测结果分析

[目的]了解金华市放射工作人员外照射个人剂量水平. [方法]采用热释光剂量测量方法,对金华市2008-2011年放射工作人员的外照射个人剂量水平进行监测. [结果]4年中共监测799人,总集体有效剂量为854.70 man mSv,人均年有效剂量为1.07 mSv/a,年剂量＜5mSv者占监测总人数的98.12％.在不同工种放射工作人员中,人均年有效剂量最大的为介入放射工作人员(1.97 mSv/a),介入放射工作人员监测人数逐年递增. [结论]金华市大多数放射工作人员个人剂量水平符合国家标准的规定,介入放射工作人员是放射防护的重点对象.     

武汉市 2009-2013 年职业外照射个人剂量监测结果分析

目的调查了解武汉市2009—2013年职业外照射个人剂量水平及其动态变化情况,评价不同工种、不同类型医院的放射工作人员的电离辐射危害程度及防护效果。方法采用热释光剂量方法监测。结果武汉市放射工作人员5年人均年剂量当量为0．76mSv·a-1,并呈逐年下降趋势;不同工种的个人剂量水平以核医学、介入诊疗的年剂量当量相对较高分别为1．77mSv·a-1、1．30mSv·a-1;乡镇卫生院个人剂量水平较高为1．12mSv·a-1。结论武汉市放射工作人员绝大多数年受照剂量较低且逐年下降,放射防护条件逐年得到改善,放射工作场所基本能满足国家职业接触限值的要求,但放射防护的监督管理仍有待进一步加强。     

宁波市2011年放射工作人员外照射个人剂量监测结果分析

[目的]了解宁波市放射工作人员职业外照射个人剂量水平,为评价放射工作场所防护状况及估算突发放射事故物理剂量提供依据. [方法]采用热释光个人剂量测定方法对宁波市接触职业放射的医疗单位及工厂企业工作人员进行监测. [结果]共监测宁波市放射工作人员1563人,2011年的人均年剂量当量为0.2980 mSv,其中,1528人的人均年剂量当量低于2 mSv,28人在2～5 mSv之间,5人在5～20mSv之间,2人超过20mSv;不同单位中,以乡镇卫生院及个体诊所工作人员职业外照射人均年剂量当量最高,其次为县级医院工作人员,工厂企业、市级医院工作人员最低;不同工种中,放射治疗学工作人员职业外照射人均年剂量当量较高,加速器运行工作人员最低. [结论]宁波市放射工作人员职业外照射个人剂量处于较低水平,放射防护工作效果良好.     

福建省1998～1999年放射工作人员外照射个人剂量水平的监测

[目的] 了解福建省放射工作人员外照射个人剂量水平.[方法] 用LiF(Mg、Cu、P)热释光剂量计连续监测.[结果] 1998和1999年全省放射工作人员的年平均有效剂量当量为1.54和1.03mSv.a-1;94.98%的工作人员年有效剂量当量小于5 mSv;核医学科工作人员年有效剂量当量较高,X射线诊断次之;年剂量大于15 mSv的人员占比例较小,但对本工种的年集体剂量贡献较大.[结论] 福建省大部分放射工作场所、防护设施及工作人员的防护水平是安全的.     

2011年南通市城区放射工作人员职业外照射的剂量水平

目的了解南通市城区放射工作人员职业外照射的剂量水平,评价放射工作人员职业危害及防护效果。方法2011年使用FJ-427A1型热释光剂量仪,对放射工作人员进行外照射个人剂量监测。结果南通市城区放射工作人员外照射年剂量当量均5mSv,人均年有效剂量为0.56mSv/a,以临床介入工种最高为2.17mSv/a。私营医院医用X射线诊断放射工作人员外照射年人均有效剂量为0.45mSv/a,明显高于市直属医疗机构和社区卫生服务中心。结论南通市城区放射工作人员的放射防护条件良好,工作环境安全,临床介入工作人员人均年有效剂量最高,是放射防护的重点人群。     

2000—2011年上海某医院放射工作人员个人剂量水平分析

[目的]探讨放射诊疗工作人员外照射个人剂量水平的变化趋势和可能影响因素。[方法]采用热释光个人剂量计常规监测方法,对上海某医院放射诊疗工作人员在2000—2011年的外照射个人剂量水平监测结果进行统计分析,共计1200人次。[结果]2000—2011年12年间该医院放射诊疗工作人员的人均年有效剂量为0.22～0.44mSv/a,年均有效剂量中位数为0.25mSv/a,其中核医学放射工作人员的年均有效剂量最高,为0.52mSv/a。但各工种放射工作人员的剂量水平普遍低于国家标准规定的年均有效剂量限值和上海市及全国平均水平。[结论]该医院放射工作人员的年均有效剂量低于国家标准规定的个人剂量限值。     

2008年-2010年杭州市放射工作人员个人剂量监测结果分析

目的:了解杭州市放射工作人员外照射个人剂量水平。方法:依据国家职业卫生标准GBZ128-2002,采用热释光剂量测量方法对杭州市2008年-2010年放射工作人员进行监测。结果:三年间人均年有效剂量为0.581 mSv.a-1,人均年有效剂量较大的工种是放射治疗和诊断放射学,各工种的剂量水平普遍低于全国平均水平。结论:杭州市大多数放射工作人员在现有的工作条件下是安全的。     

江西省2011年医院放射工作人员个人剂量监测结果及分析

目的 调查2011年江西省医院放射工作人员不同工种的外照射个人剂量水平。方法 依据GBZ128-2002《职业性外照射个人监测规范》的要求,采用热释光剂量方法对个人外照射剂量进行监测。结果 江西省2011年医院放射工作人员个人剂量监测的周期依从性合格率仅为77.05%;总集体年有效剂量为1.061人·Sv,人均年有效剂量值为0.534 mSv,99.35%的医院放射工作人员年剂量低于5 mSv。结论 江西省医院放射工作人员个人剂量监测的周期依从性有待进一步提高;年有效剂量均低于国家标准限值,符合安全标准^[1]。     

2003～2005年广州市放射工作人员个人剂量监测结果分析

目的了解放射工作人员受照剂量水平,建立个人剂量档案,加强放射防护管理,保障放射工作人员健康。方法按照《职业性外照射个人监测规范》的要求,采用热释光剂量仪检测个人剂量计,对2003～2005年全市3309人的个人剂量监测结果按照不同年份、不同工种、不同剂量组进行统计和分析。结果3a的总集体剂量为3.344人.Sv,人均年剂量1.01mSv.a-1,98%以上放射工作人员人均年剂量小于5mSv。不同工种中,临床介入放射工作人员人均年剂量最高,为1.60mSv.a-1。结论广州市大部分放射工作人员工作条件和环境是符合要求和安全的,同时应重视临床介入放射工作人员高剂量的情况。     

深圳市放射工作人员职业性外照射个人剂量水平调查

目的了解深圳市放射卫生职能移交后部分不同放射工种工作人员的外照射个人剂量水平。方法采用热释光剂量测量方法对全市214家放射工作单位1321名放射工作人员进行外照射个人剂量监测，共6845人次。结果全市人均年有效剂量为0．22mSv／a，监测结果低于全省和全国平均水平。结论放射工作人员人均有效剂量低于国家规定的剂量限值20mSv／a，监测结果满意。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.