新生儿胃肠穿孔21例临床分析

目的 探讨新生儿胃肠穿孔的特点及治疗，提高治愈率。方法 对21例新生儿胃肠穿孔病例进行分析。结果 原发疾病中先天性肠闭锁2例，胃壁肌层缺损3例，坏死性小肠结肠炎3例，先天性巨结肠7例，肠旋转不良2例，特发性穿孔4例。治愈12例，死亡6例，自动出院3例。结论 新生儿胃肠穿孔病因复杂，一旦诊断确定，应尽早手术，早期诊断、早期手术治疗、有效术后管理是提高治愈率的关键。     

老年患者消化道穿孔的临床诊治探讨

探讨老年患者消化道穿孔的诊断和治疗策略。回顾性分析近5年60岁以上消化道穿孔患者63例的临床资料。63例患者中2例选择非手术治疗,手术治疗61例。术中证实胃穿孔(其中胃癌5例)27例、十二指肠穿孔11例、小肠穿孔7例、阑尾穿孔10例、结肠穿孔6例。手术采用单纯胃或肠穿孔修补术28例,胃次全切除8例,胃癌根治术2例,阑尾切除10例,肠段切除术8例,穿孔结肠段切除+远端闭合+近端结肠造瘘5例。治愈61例(96.83%),术后并发症死亡及未手术自动出院各1例(3.17%)。老年患者消化道穿孔症状体征不典型,诊断需要结合影像学检查。早期明确诊断,准确把握手术指征,选择合适的手术方式,重视围手术期的处理,可以取得良好的治疗效果。     

肠神经元异常63例诊治

目的探讨肠神经元异常的诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析1998年10月至2009年10月收治的各种类型肠神经元异常63例的临床资料。结果 63例先天性巨结肠及巨结肠同源病患者,除1例短段型先天性巨结肠患者保守治疗外,62例患者因人、因病而异施行了各类根治性手术。1例全结肠型2年前剖腹探查未能确诊、再次确诊后放弃手术;因直肠残端瘘和粘连性肠梗阻再次手术2例,1例治愈,1例失败;吻合口瘘1例,合并抑郁性精神分裂症,再手术做了结肠造口;1例全结肠、跳跃型先天性巨结肠、巨结肠同源病并贲门失弛缓治疗失败。局限性巨结肠同源病治疗效果好。结论全消化道钡餐及多时段钡滞留拍片有助于全结肠型先天性巨结肠、巨结肠同源病的诊断,治疗应因人、因病个体化选用不同术式。     

特发性结肠破裂16例治疗体会

目的探讨特发性结肠破裂的病因、临床表现、诊断及治疗措施。方法回顾性分析我院2001～2009年16例经手术治疗的特发性结肠破裂患者的临床资料。结果术前诊断5例,术中探查诊断11例。治愈10例,术中死亡2例,术后死亡4例,死于感染性中毒性休克、多器宫功能衰竭。结论特发性结肠破裂的术前多难以明确诊断、并发症发生率高,对患者早诊断、早手术、合理的手术方式是改善自发性结肠破裂患者预后的关键。     

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目的 探讨针对争性肠系膜静脉血栓形成不同程度肠缺血病变的最佳手术治疗方式。方法 6例急腹症经影像学检查术前诊断为急性肠系膜静脉血栓形成。所有病人手术探查,依肠管不同缺血程度,对淤血性病变和坏死性病变各3例,分别实行肠系膜务栓除术和肠切除术,围手术期抗凝治疗。结果 3例肠切除者治愈;3例肠系膜静脉血栓切除者2例治愈,1例结肠受累者因结肠动力性肠阻、穿孔而再作右半结肠切除术治愈。随访8个月至6年无复发。结论 以血栓切除术和肠切除手术分别治疗急性肠系膜静脉血栓形成所致的肠淤血和肠坏死。并辅以抗凝治疗是提高生存率、降低病死率的合理而有效方案。     

腹腔镜经脐部切口治疗新生儿先天性肠闭锁

目的探讨腹腔镜经脐部切口治疗新生儿先天性肠闭锁(congenital intestinal atresia,CIA)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2016年6月无锡市儿童医院采取腹腔镜经脐部切口治疗新生儿CIA的22例临床资料。结果 22例中,19例在腹腔镜经脐部切口成功完成肠闭锁手术,术后瘢痕不明显或小;1例另选小切口,2例中转开腹手术,术后瘢痕明显。其中21例治愈,1例放弃。术后无并发症。结论腹腔镜辅助经脐部切口治疗新生儿CIA,具有创伤小、恢复快、手术安全、切口美观、腹壁"无瘢痕"等临床优势,但部分患儿需中转开腹手术。     

高原地区25例结核性肠梗阻的外科治疗

目的探讨高原地区结核性肠梗阻外科治疗的时机以及术式的选择。方法对2010年6月至2012年6月期间笔者所在医院科室收治的25例结核性肠梗阻患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 25例患者中术前确诊7例,疑似诊断14例,误诊为消化道穿孔2例、阑尾炎2例。均经保守治疗48~72 h无效后行剖腹探查术,其中行肿大淋巴结切除术1例,脓肿引流术3例,单纯粘连松解术13例,行粘连松解+肠切除吻合术6例,仅行腹腔引流术1例,行一期坏死肠段切除二期肠吻合手术1例。25例患者术后病理学检查结果:肠系膜淋巴结结核4例,腹膜结核合并小肠结核21例。术后10 d和13 d分别死亡1例,术后给予抗结核治疗,23例治愈,随访2年无复发。结论短期保守治疗无效的结核性完全性肠梗阻患者应尽早手术,术式宜简单、直接,不宜过度追求手术的彻底性;应重视围手术期抗结核治疗和综合性支持治疗。     

新生儿先天性巨结肠的诊断与治疗

目的 总结新生儿先天性巨结肠的诊断及治疗经验，对改进的治疗方案进行评估。方法回顾1995年6月～2002年6月155例新生儿先天性巨结肠的诊断及治疗情况，并且对2000年5月前后不同的治疗方案进行比较。结果本组155例行X线钡剂灌肠、直肠测压及直肠黏膜活检确诊，107例行Ⅱ期根治术，48例新生儿期行I期根治术。147例治愈出院，术后发生肺炎25例，伤口裂开8例，8例死亡。在第一阶段107例中2例施行一期手术；第二阶段48例中46例施行一期手术。与第一阶段相比，第二阶段术后住院天数、并发症、死亡数明显下降。结论(1)新生儿先天性巨结肠的临床症状不典型，一般情况较好者尽可能先保守治疗，造瘘术只用做最后手段。对结肠穿孔者应常规在直肠上段、乙状结肠部位行组织活检。对于诊断有疑问的病例在手术中取多处活检是必要的。(2)不同类型的先天性巨结肠选择不同的手术方式是治疗各种类型先天性巨结肠的原则。对于大部分常见型病例，经肛门手术可以取得良好效果。     

少见病因致下消化道大出血的外科处理：附14例报告

报告14例少见病因致下消化道大出血诊治经验。其中肠道血管病变5例,结肠癌、肠道平滑肌瘤、Crohn病各2例,结肠息肉、Meckel憩室、肠结核各1例。手术切除病变肠段治愈13例;经内镜下局部注射硬化剂治愈1例。讨论了急性下消化道大出血的诊断措施,强调系统、全面地分析处理病人是治疗成功的主要因素之一。     

非新生儿肠旋转不良的诊断和治疗

目的探讨非新生儿肠旋转不良的诊断及治疗要点。方法回顾性分析11例非新生儿肠旋转不良患者的临床资料。结果非新生儿肠旋转不良以呕吐及阵发性腹痛为主要临床表现,症状不典型。11例中消化道造影确诊6例,消化道钡餐造影结合B超检查确诊2例,消化道钡餐造影结合CT检查确诊1例,术前确诊率82%。所有患者均接受Ladd手术治疗,1例术后发生肠粘连,经保守治疗后好转,其余患者恢复良好。均获随访6~60个月,除1例1年后发生肠梗阻,治疗后缓解,余患者情况良好。结论反复呕吐、腹痛的非新生儿患者应警惕肠旋转不良的可能。结合多种影像学检查可提高非新生儿肠旋转不良诊断率。Ladd手术是安全可靠的方法。     

Neonatal gastrointestinal perforation

During the 7-year period from 1980 to 1986, 56 neonates with gastrointestinal (GI) perforation were treated in the Hospital for Sick Children, London. The overall mortality rate was 30%. The highest mortality rate (60%) was associated with gastric perforation, which in this series occurred only in premature neonates. Colorectal perforation carried the lowest risk of mortality (17%). The mortality rate from small bowel perforation was 35%. Prematurity and low birth weight were significant factors increasing the mortality rate from neonatal intestinal perforation. The predominant cause of perforation in the small and large intestine was necrotizing enterocolitis and the most common site of perforation was the terminal ileum. Mechanical ventilation was thought to be the cause of the perforation in four of the five neonates with gastric perforation. Primary anastomosis is a definite option in neonates who are stable intraoperatively. The mortality rate and in-patient stay for neonates who had primary anastomosis were less than for those who had stomas.     

Laparoscopic repair of neonatal gastric perforation

Background

Gastric perforation is a rare, life-threatening condition in neonates. To avoid deterioration, prompt surgical treatment is mandatory.

Patients

We report on 2 neonates (1 and 8 days old) with feeding tube associated gastric perforation managed laparoscopically by single layer suture repair. Both children suffered from severe peritonitis. Operative time was 60 minutes in both cases. Oral feeding was started on postoperative day 3 and 7, respectively. No complications regarding the gastric perforation were encountered on follow-up (11 and 8 months, respectively) in both cases.

Conclusions

We recommend laparoscopic suture repair as a safe and feasible method for surgical treatment of gastric perforation in neonates. These appear to be the first reported cases using this procedure for treatment of neonatal gastric perforation.     

Colonic stricture mimicking Hirschsprung's disease: a localized cytomegalovirus infection

The diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is best established by isolating the virus from urine or saliva within the first 2 weeks of life. Detection beyond this point may reflect perinatal acquisition of CMV. Cytomegalovirus is usually transmitted by direct human-to-human contact through vertical or horizontal routes. Infected persons can excrete CMV in urine, saliva, semen, cervical secretions, or breast milk. Because the virus establishes latent infections, blood products and solid organs can also transmit CMV. In the surgical literature, intestinal CMV-infected cells in infants have prevalently been associated with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, and only very few cases of primary CMV infection of the gastrointestinal tract of surgical interest in immunocompetent neonates have been reported. We describe a neonate with congenital or perinatal CMV infection with gastrointestinal involvement who developed a colonic stricture and manifested a clinical picture simulating Hirschsprung's disease. The intestinal lesion was a localized segmental CMV infection of the colon in which inflammation dominated the histopathologic finding. Chorioretinitis was also present.     

'Spontaneous' neonatal gastric perforation: is it really spontaneous?

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Most historical reports have described gastric perforation in the neonatal population as "spontaneous." More recently, several variables, including prematurity and nasal ventilation, have been implicated as contributing factors. The authors sought to analyze the etiology, course, and outcome of newborns with spontaneous gastric perforation from one institution over a 16-year period. METHODS: The authors reviewed retrospectively the charts of all infants who underwent operation or had perforation of the stomach diagnosed in the newborn period. RESULTS: Among more than 84,000 live births, 7 newborns were identified with perforation of the stomach. Four had coexisting gastrointestinal lesions (2 necrotizing enterocolitis, 1 undiagnosed tracheoesophageal fistula, 1 meconium plug), and 1 received nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). In only 2 cases were no other gastrointestinal lesions or other presumed contributing factors (nasal CPAP) present, and thus, only 2 cases could be classified as "spontaneous." Mortality rate was 57%. Three of the patients were premature, all of whom died. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas in the older literature, most cases of gastric perforation were considered spontaneous, and were full term, the authors' review of 7 cases over a 16-year period leads us to question the cause as spontaneous. The authors found that prematurity and concomitant gastrointestinal lesions were associated with gastric perforation in the neonate and that few cases truly are spontaneous. The authors suggest that when gastric perforation occurs in neonates, a contributing cause should be sought.     

新生儿胃穿孔14例治疗体会

目的　探讨新生儿胃穿孔的发病特点和治疗方法。方法　对我院近 10年治疗的 14例新生儿胃穿孔进行回顾性分析。结果　 14例新生儿胃穿孔皆行手术治疗 ,术后死亡 7例。结论　新生儿胃穿孔多因先天性胃壁肌层发育不良及胃内张力增高缺血缺氧所致。早期诊断 ,及时手术 ,减少并发症及术后加强支持疗法是提高本病治愈率的关键     

Profile of pediatric abdominal surgical emergencies in a developing country

We aim to determine the profile and determinants of outcome of pediatric abdominal surgical emergencies in southeastern Nigeria. We prospectively analyzed 115 children with abdominal surgical emergencies managed at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, from January 2008 to June 2009. The emergencies were typhoid intestinal perforation (TIP) 22 (19.1%), intussusception 20 (17.4%), obstructed hernia 17 (14.8%), neonatal intestinal obstruction 11 (9.6%), appendicitis 11 (9.6%), trauma 8 (6.9%), ruptured omphalocele/gastroschisis 8 (6.9%), Hirschsprung's disease 7 (6.1%), adhesive bowel obstruction 7 (6.1%), and malrotation 4 (3.5%). The mean time to diagnosis was 3.5 days (range, 4 hours to 12 days). Ninety-three cases had an emergency operation, while 22 were managed nonoperatively. After a mean hospital stay of 10.8 days (range, 2-38 days), 35 (37.6%) of the operated patients had one or more postoperative complications. There were 10 (8.7%) deaths. Overall, TIP had a higher postoperative complication rate (P < 0.001), while neonates had a higher mortality (P < 0.001). Delayed presentation and lack of neonatal and pediatric intensive care facilities were daunting challenges. A pediatric abdominal surgical emergency in our setting has high morbidity and mortality. Efforts geared towards improvement in time to diagnosis and perioperative care may result in better outcomes.     

Spontaneous gastric rupture in the newborn: a clinical review of nineteen cases.

The term "spontaneous gastric rupture" is used to describe our cases of neonatal gastric perforation. Nineteen such neonates are reviewed. Current opinions regarding the possible etiology is included in the discussion. Neonatal asphyxia was the most commonly seen predisposing cause in our series (63%). Roentgenograms of the abdomen are most helpful in making a positive diagnosis. Surgical repair is the treatment of choice. All the surviving patients in our series underwent surgical repair. The need for gastrostomy during surgery should be individualized. The mortality was 27% in the cases operated since 1970; a significant improvement as compared to a mortality rate of 62% for the cases operated before 1970.     

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目的探讨全消化道钡餐及钡滞留X线片在便秘、以肠神经元异常为代表疾病中的价值及临床意义。方法回顾性分析襄阳市中心医院2007年6月至2011年10月收治的36例疑为肠神经元异常性便秘病人的全消化道钡餐及钡滞留X线片资料。结果 30例为手术、手术后病检确诊为先天性巨结肠、巨结肠同源病及巨结肠并巨结肠同源病提供支持。6例未能诊断为肠神经元异常性疾病。结论全消化道钡餐及钡分时段滞留X线片,可为肠神经元异常便秘性疾病提供重要诊断参考,并具有胃肠传输功能与胃肠生理、病理形态兼顾优势。至少是对该类疾病诊断困难的一个补充。     

肝移植术后并发消化道穿孔六例报告

目的总结肝移植术后并发消化道穿孔的临床特点及诊疗体会。方法6例肝移植患者术后并发消化道穿孔,其中4例既往有腹部手术史。穿孔诊断时间在肝移植后7～12 d,确诊前2～4 d均有突发性腹部疼痛,但均能耐受,仅有1例腹痛较明显,上中腹压痛及反跳痛,其余5例腹肌不紧张,反跳痛不明显,6例均无明显的寒战及高热,5例的引流物细菌培养发现屎肠球菌感染,另1例未行引流物细菌培养。诊断明确后在全身麻醉下施行剖腹探查及穿孔修补术。结果3例(1例横结肠穿孔,1例胃壁、空肠穿孔,1例空肠憩室穿孔)穿孔直径较大,腹腔污染严重,手术过程中均出现感染性休克症状,分别于修补术后第2、9、33天死于多器官功能衰竭,另外3例(1例为回肠穿孔,1例为胃壁穿孔,1例为横结肠穿孔)的腹腔污染较轻,经穿孔修补术及营养支持治疗后痊愈。结论既往腹部手术史、医源性损伤及大剂量激素的应用,是导致肝移植后并发消化道穿孔的重要原因,而激素的应用使得患者的临床症状不明显,早期诊断、及时处理是治疗成功的关键。     

Das Rapunzel-Syndrom

The Rapunzel syndrome is a rare manifestation of a gastric trichobezoar with a "tail" extending throughout the small intestine and sometimes even to the colon. We report on the surgical removal of such a bezoar in a 4-year-old patient by gastrotomy--the third published case in the German literature. The syndrome is mainly seen in young girls with trichophagia psychodynamically associated with early childhood deprivation and a high comorbidity of serious pediatric psychiatric disorders. The symptoms are nonspecific and may mimic those of other pathologic gastrointestinal conditions. Clinical characteristics are a movable mass in the epigastrium and alopecia. The therapy of choice is surgery of the trichobezoar together with the whole intestinal "tail," as in most cases endoscopic removal fails due to the large extension. Early diagnosis and treatment of the Rapunzel syndrome is of eminent importance in order to avoid later fatal complications such as gastric perforation and intestinal necroses. Intensive psychiatric follow-up is mandatory for preventing relapses.