异甜菊醇抗豚鼠离体心脏缺氧复灌损伤作用

目的　拟证实双萜类化合物异甜菊醇抗豚鼠离体心脏缺氧复灌损伤作用及与线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道 (mito KATP)的关系。方法　Langendorff装置逆向心脏灌注。预先灌注异甜菊醇 1,5和 10μmol·L- 1,5min ,流速约为 9.5mL·min- 1,全心停灌 30min ,复灌 2 0min ,观察心脏舒缩功能、冠脉流出液酶学和心肌组织学改变。结果异甜菊醇预处理有效减轻缺氧复灌引起的左室舒缩功能下降 ,降低冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶和肌酸激酶浓度 ;延迟停灌后心脏出现挛缩的时间。mito KATP关闭剂 5 羟基癸酸 10 0 μmol·L- 1可部分逆转异甜菊醇 10 μmol·L- 1的心肌保护作用。光学和电子显微镜观察结果表明 ,异甜菊醇预处理可减轻缺氧复灌引起的心肌纤维和线粒体损伤。结论　异甜菊醇 1～ 10 μmol·L- 1预灌注可有效减轻豚鼠离体心肌缺氧复灌引起的损伤 ,该作用可能与mito KATP的开放有关。     

瑞芬太尼预处理对心力衰竭大鼠心肌的保护作用

目的探讨瑞芬太尼预处理对阿霉素心衰大鼠离体心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的作用。方法 60只成年♂SD大鼠(250±20)g,尾静脉注射阿霉素2μg·g-1,每周1次,共6周,制成阿霉素心衰大鼠模型。随机将阿霉素心衰大鼠分为6组:对照组(Sham组)、缺血/再灌注组(I/R组)、缺血预处理组(IPC组)、10μg·L-1瑞芬太尼预处理组(RPC 1组)、30μg·L-1瑞芬太尼预处理组(RPC 2组)、60μg·L-1瑞芬太尼预处理组(RPC 3组)。采用Langendorff离体大鼠心肌灌注模型。除Sham组为持续灌注165 min外,所有心脏予以30 min缺血,90 min再灌注。IPC组在缺血前结扎左冠状动脉5 min,松开5 min,共3个循环。RPC组在缺血前给予含浓度分别为10、30、60μg·L-1的瑞芬太尼的K-H液灌注5 min后改用不含瑞芬太尼的K-H液灌注5 min,共3个循环。记录各组心脏在平衡末、再灌5 min、再灌30 min、再灌90 min时的心率(HR)、左室发展压(LVDP)和左室压力升高或降低最大速率(±dp/dtmax)、冠脉流量(CF)并测定冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性。再灌末TTC法计算心肌缺血梗死区(IS/AAR)。Western blot半定量检测p-Akt和总Akt的含量。结果平衡灌注末各组间心功能指标(基础值)差异未见统计学意义(P>0.05)。再灌5、30、90 min时,RPC 2组和RPC 3组的LVDP、±dp/dtmax、CF较I/R组高,LDH值较I/R组低(P<0.05)。灌注结束后,见RPC 2组、RPC 3组的IS/AAR较I/R小,p-Akt表达水平升高(P<0.05),而IPC组和RPC 1组的各项指标较I/R组无差异。结论 RPC在一定程度上减轻阿霉素心衰大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤,而缺血预处理对阿霉素心衰大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤无明显保护作用。     

异丙酚对离体大鼠缺血/再灌注心肌丙二醛和含水量的影响

目的 :探讨异丙酚对离体大鼠缺血 /再灌注心肌丙二醛 (MDA)和水肿程度的影响。方法 :采用改良Langendorff离体大鼠心脏模型 ,将 2 4只大鼠随机分成 4组。正常对照组 :用K H液持续灌注 80min ;缺血 /再灌注模型组 :用K H液预灌 30min ,然后用4℃的St.Thomas停搏液使心脏停跳 ,常温下全心停灌 2 0min ,K H液再灌注 30min ;异丙酚组和异丙酚 +格列本脲组 :从预灌第 15min改用含相应药液的K H液灌注 ,停灌同缺血 /再灌注模型组 ,然后用含相应药液的K H液再灌注 30min。测定心肌含水量、MDA含量和冠脉流出液肌酸激酶 (CK)活性。结果 :缺血再灌注可使心肌含水量、MDA含量和CK活性明显增高 (P <0 .0 1) ,30 μmol·L- 1异丙酚能显著减轻上述损伤性变化 ,格列本脲对异丙酚的心肌保护作用无影响 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :心肌缺血 /再灌注可致心肌水肿 ,异丙酚减轻水肿作用与其抗氧化有关 ,而与ATP 敏感性钾通道的开放无关     

芬太尼与瑞芬太尼预处理抗大鼠体外心肌缺血 再灌注损伤作用比较

目的 比较芬太尼与瑞芬太尼预处理对大鼠体外心脏功能及心肌缺血-再灌注损伤后的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠50只,体重200～250 g,随机分为5组,麻醉后开胸取心脏,建立Langendorff大鼠体外心脏灌注模型.每组均灌注平衡20 min.对照组（CON）用95%氧气和5%二氧化碳饱和的K-H液持续灌注20 min,停灌30 min再灌注45 min.芬太尼预处理组（FPC1,FPC2）：缺血前用含芬太尼20或40 μg&#8226;L-1的95%氧气和5%二氧化碳饱和K-H液灌注20 min,全心缺血30 min,复灌45 min.瑞芬太尼预处理组(RPC1,RPC2)：瑞芬太尼浓度及灌注方法同芬太尼组.记录各组左室舒张末压（LVEDP）、左室收缩压（LVSP）及冠状动脉流量（CF）变化,测定平衡15 min后到再灌注后15 min内冠状动脉流出液乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性,测定再灌注后45 min时的心肌丙二醛（MDA）含量,同时取每组大鼠心肌做切片,在电镜下观察心肌细胞的超微结构.结果 在平衡20 min末,各组LVEDP,LVSP以及LDH的活性比较差异无显著性.与对照组比较,芬太尼及瑞芬太尼预处理组在灌注后各时间点LVEDP降低（均P＜0.01）,LVSP及CF升高（均P＜0.01）,灌注后15 min冠脉流出液LDH活性降低（均P＜0.01）,再灌注后45 min后心肌MDA含量降低（均P＜0.01）,梗死面积较小（均P＜0.05）,电镜下心肌结构破坏不明显;组内比较,高浓度处理组保护作用明显（P＜0.05）;组间比较瑞芬太尼组保护作用较好（P＜0.05）.结论 芬太尼和瑞芬太尼对体外大鼠全心缺血 再灌注损伤均有保护作用,且有浓度依赖性,相同浓度的瑞芬太尼与芬太尼比较保护作用更明显,二者对体外心肌心功能影响无差别.     

脂质体携载前列腺素E_1抗心肌缺血再灌注损伤

目的　研究脂质体携载前列腺素E1(Lipo PGE1)减轻心肌再灌注损伤的机理。方法　 2 4只家兔随机分成Lipo PGE1组 ,PGE1组及对照组 ,每组 8只。以家兔左冠脉前降支 (LAD)结扎 6 0min ,再灌注 12 0min为缺血再灌注模型 ,于再灌注前 10min分别自耳缘静脉静注Lipo PGE1(2 μg·kg-1PGE1) ,PGE1(2 μg·kg-1)及等容量的脂肪乳剂 (Lipo PGE1的溶剂 ) ,以Evans蓝及氯化三苯基四氮唑 (TTC)双重染色确定缺血心肌及梗塞心肌范围 ,通过测定心肌组织髓过氧化物酶 (MPO)活性反应缺血心肌中性粒细胞浸润程度。结果　Lipo PGE1组梗塞心肌占危险区心肌重量百分比(32 2 0 %± 4 70 % )比较对照组 (44 5 7%± 5 46 % )及PGE1(42 0 9%± 6 93% )降低 (P <0 0 1) ;Lipo PGE1治疗组缺血区心肌组织MPO活性〔(1 9± 1 2 )U·g-1〕较对照组〔(5 3± 2 4)U·g-1〕及PGE1组〔(4 2± 2 0 )U·g-1〕均降低 ,边缘区心肌组织MPO活性〔(1 4± 1 1)U·g-1〕较对照组〔(3 3± 1 5 )U·g-1〕也降低 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　Lipo PGE1能有效抑制再灌注心肌中性粒细胞的浸润 ,减轻心肌再灌注损伤。     

M受体机制在粉防己碱保护心脏缺血再灌注损伤作用中的影响

目的　探讨M受体对粉防己碱抗心脏缺血再灌注损伤作用的影响。方法　以离体豚鼠工作心脏缺血再灌注为心肌损伤模型 ,观察乙酰甲胆碱 (Mch ,0 1μmol·L-1) ,粉防己碱 (Tet,0 3μmol·L-1)的心肌保护作用。结果　对照组在缺血复灌后 2 0min ,主动脉压 (AP)、左室收缩压(LVSP)、左室压力上升最大速率 (+dp/dtmax) ,左室压力下降最大速率 (-dp/dtmax)仅分别恢复至缺血前的 6 5 6 %±3 6 9%、6 7 9%± 9 0 9%、5 8 8%± 7 6 4%、48 6 %±8 38%。Mch、Tet使AP恢复至缺血前的 80 7%±11 70 %、77 2 %± 6 96 % (P <0 0 1vscontrol) ,LVSP恢复至 97 9%± 6 32 %、93 9%± 10 1% (P <0 0 1vscon trol) ,+dp/dtmax 恢复至 91 2 %± 11 99%、80 0 3%±9 2 4% (P <0 0 1vscontrol) ,-dp/dtmax恢复至 92 13%±6 89%、79 43%± 8 83% (P <0 0 1) ;对照组复灌后心输出量 (CO)、冠脉流量 (CF)均降低 ,恢复率不足 5 0 % ;Mch、Tet能使CO、CF维持于缺血前水平的 90 %、80 %以上。给予阿托品 0 1μmol·L-1阻断心脏M受体可见Mch、Tet保护心功能的作用明显受到抑制 ,心功能各项指标恢复程度与对照组差异无显著性。结论　调节心脏M受体能影响Tet的心肌保护作用。     

己酮可可碱对大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注及缺钙/复钙损伤的保护作用

目的探讨己酮可可碱对缺血/再灌注引起心肌损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法首先建立心肌缺血/再灌注模型,采用Langendorff灌流装置进行20min预灌注,30min缺血,30min再灌注,70只Wistar大鼠随机分为己酮可可碱4个剂量(50、100、125、150μmol·L-1)组、缺血/再灌注组、对照组以及己酮可可碱再灌注组,持续观察己酮可可碱对血流动力学指标的影响;建立缺钙/复钙模型,将30只Wistar大鼠随机分为己酮可可碱给药组、钙反常组和对照组,离体心脏预灌注20 min,无钙灌注5min,复钙灌注30min,持续观察己酮可可碱对血流动力学指标的影响。结果缺血前及灌注期己酮可可碱100μmol·L-1给药能明显恢复大鼠的缺血/再灌注前后心脏的左室发展压(P<0.05),左心室舒张末期压亦明显下降;100μmol·L-1己酮可可碱明显改善钙反常模型钙超载引起的左心室收缩功能异常,左室发展压恢复41%(P<0.05)。结论己酮可可碱提高大鼠心肌缺血缺氧后心肌收缩力的恢复水平、增强心肌缺血缺氧的耐受性;改善心肌缺血/再灌注引起的钙超载可能是其心肌保护作用的机制之一。     

蝙蝠葛酚性碱对离体大鼠心肌顿抑的保护作用

目的　探讨蝙蝠葛酚性碱(PAMD)对离体大鼠心肌顿抑的作用。方法　采用缺血10min后再灌注30min造成心肌顿抑模型(S) ,灌流液中加0.5mg·mL^-1 PAMD(P)组同样缺血再灌注。结果　灌注末S组LVSP ,+dp/dt_max和-dp/dt_max分别降至预灌末的49% ,53%和58% ,LVEDP则增至422% ;心肌钙含量为(514±142 ) μg·g^-1 (干重) ;出现可逆性心肌超微结构损伤。而P组再灌注末LVSP ,LVEDP ,+dp/dt_max和-dp/dt_max恢复为预灌末值的70% ,205% ,78%和79% ;心肌钙为(316±84) μg·g^-1 (干重) ;以上变化均有显著差异。结论　PAMD对离体大鼠顿抑心肌有保护作用     

α_1受体对不同状态心肌细胞的作用

目的　通过激活和阻断不同状态心肌的α1 受体 ,探讨α1 受体的活化状态与不同状态心肌的关系。方法　采用Langedorff灌流技术复制动物模型。第 1个实验检验不同浓度的α1 受体激动剂 phenylephrine和阻断剂 prazosin(0 0 1、0 1、1、1 0、1 0 0 μmol·L- 1 )在缺血前 1 0min、缺血期和再灌注时的效应。第 2个实验研究 phenylephrine和 prazosin的时间依赖性。每组实验的末期 ,测量磷酸肌酸激酶、细胞凋亡和坏死情况。结果　 0 1、1 μmol·L- 1 的 phenylephrine可发挥最大效益 ,但prazosin浓度超过 1 0 μmol·L- 1 可产生有害作用。缺血前激活、缺血期间阻断α1 受体可保护心肌。再灌注时激活α1 受体效应不明确 ,但阻断α1 受体有害。结论　激动或阻断α1 受体所产生的效应与心肌的状态有关     

KB-R7943对大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注的后适应保护作用

目的研究钠钙交换抑制剂KB-R7943对大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的后适应保护作用,探索给药的最佳时机。方法大鼠麻醉后,取心脏,置Langendorff灌流装置上以台氏液灌流,结扎冠状动脉左前降支制备大鼠离体心脏缺血(30min)/再灌注(120min)模型,监测心功能,测定心肌梗死面积。结果KB-R79431μmol·L-1于再灌注开始前1min至再灌注14min给药可改善心功能各项指标,心肌梗死面积较对照组缩小约77%(P<0·01),与钠氢交换抑制剂cariporide 1μmol·L-1及其与KB-R7943联合于再灌注早期给药产生的心肌保护作用差异无显著性。同浓度KB-R7943于再灌注全程灌流也具有一定的心肌保护作用,再灌注后期给药则对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤无保护作用。结论KB-R7943对大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤具有药理性后适应保护作用,最佳给药时机为再灌注早期用药。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Synthesis and anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of pyridyloxy- and phenoxyalkanoic acid derivatives

Synthesis of pyridyloxy-, pyridyloxyphenoxy- and phenoxylphenoxyalkanate derivatives and their anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities were investigated. Analysis of structure-activity relationships showed that in pyridyloxyalkanoic acid derivatives anti-edematous potency was associated with the presence of chlorophenoxypropionic acid moiety and 2-nitrated methyl propionates contributed to the analgesic activity.     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983