非营养性吸吮改善早产儿胃肠喂养不耐受临床观察

早产儿吸吮、吞咽及协调功能差，经口喂养困难，往往采用鼻胃管喂养，这一方法虽然解决了吸吮困难的问题，但却是一非生理过程，使早产儿不能经过口腔的吸吮活动来完成一系列胃肠道生理过程。目前，越来越多的研究者注意到非营养性吸吮(non-nutrititon sucking，NNS)对早产儿生长发育、胃肠功能等方面的作用。我们给予早产儿NNS，观察其对生长发育和胃肠喂养的影响以及该方法在基层医院应用的可行性。     

非营养性吸吮对早产儿血胃泌素、胃动素水平的影响

目的 探讨非营养性吸吮（NNS）对早产儿血胃泌素（GAS）、胃动素（MOT）水平的影响。方法 测定87例早产儿d1（喂养前）、d3及d7空腹血GAS、MOT水平，根据对胃肠道喂养的耐受情况分为禁食组、NNS组（禁食的早产儿予以NNS）和正常畏组。结果 早产儿血GAS、MOT水平出生后7d内随日龄而逐渐升高，其中正常喂养组高于禁食组和NNS组，差异有显著意义（P＜0．05）。生后d7内随日内逐渐升高，其中正常喂养组高于禁食组和NNS组，差异有显著意义（P＜0．05）。生后d7NNS组也显著高于禁食组（P＜0．05）。结论 禁食抑制了早产儿血GAS和MOT的分泌，NNS有促进胃肠道发育和成熟的作用。     

非营养性吸吮对早产儿呼吸、心率和血氧饱和度的影响

早产儿由于胃肠功能发育不成熟，尤其是胎龄小于34周者胃肠激素水平低下，往往不能耐受经口喂养而需要接受鼻胃管等非生理性的喂养途径。如何使这些早产儿尽快康复是近年来围产医学的研究热点。国内已有运用非营养性吸吮(non-nutritive sucking，NNS)方法对早产儿进行辅助喂养的报道，那么NNS对早产儿的呼吸、心率和血氧饱和度变化的有何影响?我们现将进行的一些探讨总结如下。     

新生儿抚触联合非营养性吸吮治疗早产儿喂养不耐受39例分析

目的观察新生儿抚触联合非营养性吸吮、口服红霉素或口服西沙必利3种方法治疗早产儿喂养不耐受的疗效比较。方法将2006年5月至2010年5月河南省安阳市人民医院120例喂养不耐受早产儿随机分为红霉素组43例,西沙必利组38例和新生儿抚触联合非营养性吸吮组(简称抚触联合吸吮组)39例。3组均给予保温、体位疗法、部分静脉营养及改善喂养策略等常规治疗。红霉素组在常规治疗基础上加用红霉素每次2.5mg/kg每6h1次口服;西沙必利组在常规治疗基础上加用西沙必利每次0.1mg/kg,每6h1次进食前30min口服;新生儿抚触联合非营养性吸吮组在常规治疗基础上给予新生儿抚触和非营养性吸吮,疗程均为3～5d。结果 3组患儿在病程和呕吐时间、胃残余、平均增加体重、日增加奶量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论新生儿抚触联合非营养性吸吮组与红霉素组,西沙必利组治疗早产儿喂养不耐受疗效相当,临床可适当减少对早产儿喂养不耐受的药物治疗,为早产儿喂养不耐受的适度医疗提供临床依据。     

抚触疗法及非营养性吸吮治疗早产儿喂养不耐受

早产儿由于胃肠功能未成熟予出现喂养不耐受，限制其成活率的提高。肠外营养只是暂时应急措施，长时间肠外营养可造成肠黏膜萎缩，乳糖酶缺乏，代谢紊乱等一系列不良情况。因此早产儿胃肠功能建立及诱导成熟是其生存的基础。对我院喂养不耐受早产儿在常规治疗基础上，施加抚触疗法及非营养性吸吮干预，取得明显效果。报道如下。     

非营养性吸吮对早产儿血清胰岛素和胃泌素的影响

有关非营养性吸吮（NNS）可刺激胃泌素（GAS）和胃动素（MOT）的分泌，促进胃肠道功能成熟的报道较多，但NNS对早产儿胰岛素（INS）分泌的影响鲜有报道。我们对NNS的早产儿进行了血胰岛素、胃泌素的测定，并对其体重和进奶量进行观察，现报告如下。     

非营养性吸吮对早产儿生长发育的影响

目的探讨非营养性吸吮(NNS)对早产儿生长发育的影响。方法2004-11—2005-09对贵阳医学院附院新生儿室收治的需经间断鼻胃管喂养(INGF)早产适于胎龄儿60例,根据是否辅以非营养性吸吮随机分成无非营养性吸吮(N-NNS)组及NNS组;并以同期出生无窒息、无消化系统解剖及功能异常足月新生儿25例为对照。放射免疫法(RIA)动态监测早产儿生后第1、3、7天血、胃液中胃泌素(GAS)、胃动素(MOT)水平,同时记录胃肠道功能紊乱发生的情况(呕吐、腹胀、胃潴留、消化道出血、坏死性小肠结肠炎)、生长发育指标(体重、头围)及其它临床指标。结果①随日龄增加,各组GAS、MOT有增高趋势,NNS组增高幅度较大。第1天N-NNS组、NNS组血GAS低于对照组(P<0.01),血及胃液MOT低于对照组(P<0.05);第3天N-NNS组及NNS组血GAS、MOT低于对照组(P<0.05),N-NNS组血GAS低于NNS组(P<0.05);第7天N-NNS组血GAS、MOT均低于NNS组及对照组(P<0.05)。②N-NNS组腹胀、胃潴留发生率均高于NNS组(P<0.05);N-NNS组胃肠功能紊乱发生率为60.0%(18/30),NNS组胃肠功能紊乱发生率为26.7%(8/30),两组差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.787,P=0.018)。③NNS组睡眠时间较N-NNS组长,烦躁时间较N-NNS组短,第14天体重及头围增长幅度较N-NNS组大,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);N-NNS组呼吸暂停发生率为43.3%(13/30),NNS组呼吸暂停发生率为16.7%(5/30),两组差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.080,P=0.047)。结论NNS能促进GAS、MOT分泌,改善胃肠转运功能,减少胃肠功能紊乱的发生,促进胃肠功能成熟,加快早产儿体格生长。     

刺激排便及非营养性吸吮治疗早产儿喂养不耐受

目的评估刺激排便联合非营养性吸吮干预早产儿喂养不耐受的治疗效果。方法选择早产儿51例,分为干预组26例,在常规治疗同时施加刺激排便及非营养性吸吮干预措施;对照组25例,用小剂量红霉素治疗。比较两组治疗后胃残留量、腹胀消失、恢复至出生体质量、喂养耐受、肠道营养达418.4 KJ/(kg.d)时间。结果干预组在胃残留量、腹胀消失时间明显优于对照组(P均<0.01);在恢复出生体质量、喂养耐受、肠道营养达418.4 KJ/(kg.d)时间优于对照组(P均<0.05)。结论刺激排便及非营养性吸吮干预早产儿喂养不耐受效果显著,是治疗早产儿喂养不耐受的有效措施之一。     

非营养性吸吮对早产儿胃排空及胃食管反流的影响

目的评价非营养性吸吮(NNS)对早产儿胃排空及胃食管反流的影响.方法将38例需经鼻胃管喂养(INGF)的健康早产适于胎龄儿,用同一种配方乳喂养.根据是否辅以非营养性吸吮随机分为非营养性吸吮(NNS)组和单纯鼻胃管喂养(N-NNS)组.记录入液量、奶量、热卡及肠道营养达418.4 kJ/(kg·d)的时间,记录喂养相关情况;测定胃窦纵切面积(ACSA),计算胃半排空时间(T1/250%ΔACSA);同时进行食管24小时pH监测,记录以下指标24小时内总反流次数;反流指数(RI);反流持续时间>5分次数;pH<4总时间;最长酸反流时间.结果 NNS组胃半排空时间快于对照组[分别为(58.33±22.94)分,(73.75±17.76)分],差异有显著意义(P<0.05).38例早产儿中出现GER者32例,占84.2%;NNS组反流次数明显少于对照组[分别为9(2～31)次,(5～31)次,P<0.05];pH<4的总时间和反流指数与对照组比较,有下降趋势,但差异无显著意义(P>0.05).NNS组胃残留发生率(16.7%)低于对照组(50%),差异有显著意义(P<0.05);肠道营养达418.4kJ/(kg·d)的时间比对照组明显缩短[分别为(12.36±4.29)天,(15.50±4.58)天,P<0.05].结论鼻胃管喂养期间给予NNS是一种简单而安全的喂养方式,可促进胃排空,减少胃食管反流次数,对胃肠动力发育有促进作用,有助于早产儿生后肠道营养的建立.     

A randomized study of the efficacy of sensory-motor-oral stimulation and non-nutritive sucking in very low birthweight infant

To assess if sensory-motor-oral stimulation and non-nutritive sucking gavage feeding enhances the oral feeding performance of preterm infants born between 26 and 32 weeks of gestational age. STUDY DESIGN: Very low birthweight infants (n=98) were randomized into a experimental and control group. Preterm infants in the experimental group received sensory-motor-oral stimulation and non-nutritive sucking and infants in the control group received a sham stimulation program. Both were administered from when they reached enteral diet (100 kcal/kg/day) until the beginning of oral diet. Primary outcome was length of hospital stay. RESULTS: Independent oral feeding was attained significantly earlier in the experimental group than the control group, 38+/-16 days of life (mean+/-S.D.) versus 47+/-17 days of life, respectively (P<0.001) There was significant difference in length of hospital stay between the two groups (41.9+/-17 (mean+/-S.D.) versus 52.3+/-19 days (P<0.01)). CONCLUSION: Sensory-motor-oral stimulation, together with early non-nutritive sucking (as soon as the newborn reaches full diet and is clinically stable) in very low birthweight preterm infants, as long as they are clinically stable, in this study, earlier initiation of oral feeding and earlier hospital discharge.     

非营养性吸吮对早产儿营养胰岛素及生长抑素水平的影响

目的：非营养性吸吮(NNS)对早产儿的有益作用尚存在不同意见，该文探讨了NNS对早产儿营养、血浆胰岛素(INS)及生长抑素(SS)水平的影响。方法：将38例需经鼻胃管喂养的健康早产适于胎龄儿，随机分成NNS和无非营养性吸吮组(N-NNS)两组，用同一种配方乳喂养，并用放射免疫法测定INS、SS水平。结果：NNS组恢复出生体重时间 8.8 ±3.7 d 较N-NNS组11.1±3.0 d缩短，差异有显著性(P<0.05)，1周、2周时体重、身长、头围的变化无差异(均P>0.05)；NNS组肠道营养热能达每日418.4 kJ/kg 的时间为 12.3±5.1 d 较N-NNS组15.7±5.2 d 缩短，差异有显著性(P<0.05)；鼻胃管留置时间NNS组为13±10 d，N-NNS组为17±12 d，差异无显著性(P>0.05)。NNS组胃残留的发生率(16.7%)较N-NNS组(50%)减少(P<0.05)。早产儿喂奶后1，2周INS水平NNS组为 37.1±11.3 μU/ml、50.3±18.4 μU/ml高于N-NNS组29.6±8.8 μU/ml、40±9.9 μU/ml，而SS水平NNS组 454.6±136.4 pg/ml，595.6±172.1 pg/ml 低于N-NNS组 595.3±260.1 pg/ml，727.2±220.8 pg/ml，差异均有显著性意义(均P<0.05)。结论：NNS可促进INS的分泌，抑制SS的分泌，NNS有利于早产儿生后胃肠道的继续发育，加速体格生长，提高经肠道喂养的耐受性。     

早产儿有创机械通气初次撤机失败相关危险因素分析

目的 研究早产儿有创机械通气初次撤机失败相关危险因素及不良预后。方法 回顾性纳入北京大学第三医院新生儿重症监护室收治的生后72 h内有创机械通气的早产儿,根据初次撤机后72 h内是否需要再插管分为撤机成功组和撤机失败组,分析初次撤机失败相关危险因素及不良预后。结果 共纳入282例早产儿,其中撤机失败组43例（15.2%）。撤机失败组胎龄、出生体重均低于撤机成功组（P < 0.05）,撤机失败组产房内插管率、动脉导管未闭（patent ductus arteriosus,PDA;内径≥2.5 mm）比例高于撤机成功组（P < 0.05）。撤机前应用≥2种血管活性药物（OR=2.48,95%CI：1.22~5.03）、PDA（≥2.5 mm）（OR=4.54,95%CI：2.02~10.24）为撤机失败的危险因素（P < 0.05）。撤机失败组患儿呼吸机相关性肺炎、中-重度支气管肺发育不良、败血症的发生率均高于撤机成功组（P < 0.05）,撤机失败组吸氧时间、住院时间长于撤机成功组（P < 0.05）。结论 撤机前使用≥2种血管活性药物、PDA（≥2.5 mm）是撤机失败的主要危险因素,撤机失败可能与住院早产儿不良结局有关。     

极早产儿俯卧位机械通气对呼吸功能的影响

目的 探讨极早产儿俯卧位机械通气对呼吸功能的影响。方法 83例经口气管插管机械通气极早产儿随机分为仰卧位组和俯卧位组,4例退出研究,79例完成治疗和观察（仰卧位组37例,俯卧位组42例）,以容量辅助/控制模式机械通气。俯卧位组患儿每仰卧位通气4 h行俯卧位通气2 h。分组干预之前以及分组干预后仰卧位组每6 h、俯卧位组每于转换为俯卧位后的1 h,分别记录呼吸机参数、动脉血气分析和生命体征。结果 俯卧位组FiO₂、气道峰压,平均气道压、机械通气时间低于仰卧位组,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;两组潮气量、呼气末正压的差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;俯卧位组的PO₂/FiO₂比值高于仰卧位组,而氧合指数、呼吸频率较低,差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。两组PaO₂、pH、BE、心率和有创动脉血压平均压的差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 俯卧位与仰卧位交替通气能改善机械通气极早产儿的氧合功能,降低吸入氧体积分数,缩短机械通气时间。     

Promoting shorter duration of ventilator treatment decreases the number of painful procedures in preterm infants

Aim:  To investigate whether promoting shorter ventilator treatment decreases the number of painful procedures and the use of analgesics in preterm infants.
Methods:  Retrospective patient chart review of all preterm infants in one Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) was carried out in 2000 (n = 240) and 2005 (n = 206). Between these cohorts, early nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) application and early extubation policy were introduced.
Results:  Fewer infants were intubated (22 vs. 32%, p = 0.03), the duration of ventilator treatment decreased (6.7 SD 11.3 vs. 9.0 SD 11.1 days, p < 0.001) and nCPAP treatment became more common (41 vs. 25%, p < 0.001) in 2005 than in 2000. Similarly, the infants' exposure to painful procedures did not decrease significantly (61.9 SD 98.5 vs. 67.1 SD 104.3 procedures, p = 0.32) but the procedures related to respiratory support were fewer (45.2 SD 79.5 vs. 68.9 SD 91.1 procedures, p < 0.001) in 2005 than in 2000. In addition, the amount of pain medication used was significantly lower in 2005 than in 2000. One day on a ventilator included more painful procedures than a day on nCPAP (11.2 95% CI: 11.0–11.5 vs. 4.2 95% CI: 4.1–4.4 procedures, p < 0.001) during both study years.
Conclusion:  Early nCPAP and early extubation policies were successfully implemented in an NICU resulting in less invasive respiratory support. This was associated with fewer painful procedures and less pain medication in the preterm infants who required respiratory support. Despite this positive effect, the number of painful procedures in all preterm infants stayed at the same level. Our results provide further support for the use of nCPAP in preterm infants.     

Development of sucking rhythm in preterm infants

We studied the ontogeny and temporal organization of non-nutritive sucking during active sleep in 6 healthy preterm infants (mean birthweight 1.1 kg (range 0.8-1.3 kg) gestational age 28.6 weeks (range 26-30 w] from 30 to 35 weeks of post-menstrual (PM) age. Recognizable rhythmical sucking bursts were recorded at 28 weeks in one infant and by 31-33 weeks in the others. Results were analyzed for the periods 30-31, 32-33 and 34-35 PM weeks. The number of bursts/min increased with age, while the duration of each burst was stable (mean 4.1 s). The pause between bursts decreased. Sucking pace within bursts increased with age which resulted in an increase in the overall rate of sucking. The coefficient of variation (CV) for intersuck time within bursts and for interburst time was computed to examine the stability of the sucking rhythm. For intersuck time the CV was relatively low and constant across ages. However, for interburst time CV was relatively large across ages. Thus, there appears to be a stability of the intraburst sucking rhythm from 30 weeks of gestation, whereas the interburst rhythm is less regular. This documentation of temporal organization in sucking from 30 weeks is one of the earliest indications of an intrinsic rhythm in human behavior.     

早产儿机械通气不同脱机模式的呼吸力学评价

目的　从呼吸力学的角度评价低出生体重儿机械通气不同脱机模式的优劣及临床意义。方法　通过BicoreCP 10 0呼吸监测仪测定 2 1例早产儿在IMV、SIMV、CPAP模式、脱机拔管前及拔管后 2 0min等条件下的呼吸力学的变化。结果　CPAP 3cmH2 O时WOBp明显高于SIMV、IMV组 ,有显著性差异 ;脱机后患儿每分呼吸功 (WOBp)明显降低 ,与三组比较 ,有显著性差异。CPAP模式下0、1、2、4hWOBp明显改变 ,4h与 0h有显著性差异。 结论　不同脱机模式下WOBp存在差异 ,早产儿呼吸机的撤离以低频率的SIMV、IMV模式较为适宜 ,而CPAP模式不适合早产儿呼吸机的撤离     

Non-nutritive sucking in full-term and preterm infants studied at term conceptional age

Non-nutritive sucking (NNS) patterns in full-term newborn and preterm infants were studied at term conceptional age. The preterm group showed a distinct NNS pattern with a higher frequency and lower amplitude. In the preterm group, gender differences were observed, the girls having higher frequency and larger amplitude. The full-term infants' NNS patterns were also related to pacifier use during early childhood. Experience, gender, maturity and level of tension are suggested as explanatory factors for differences in NNS patterns.