The influence of renal insufficiency on sleep-disordered breathing in patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure

BACKGROUND:

Renal insufficiency, a common condition among patients with chronic heart failure, complicates the management of heart failure. However, the influence of renal insufficiency on sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) – another important comorbidity of heart failure – has not been well studied.

METHODS:

Seventy-nine patients (60 men and 19 women) with stable, symptomatic heart failure caused by left ventricular systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 45%) were studied.

RESULTS:

Thirty-nine patients (49%) had SDB as defined by an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of five or greater: 15 patients were classified as having mild SDB (AHI of five or greater and less than 15), 10 patients as having moderate SDB (AHI of 15 or greater and less than 30) and 14 patients as having severe SDB (AHI of 30 or greater). The etiology of SDB was predominantly central. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration in the severe SDB group was 587±377 pg/mL, which was significantly higher than those of the remaining three groups (P<0.05). On the other hand, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was comparable between non-SDB and SDB groups. There was no statistically significant correlation between eGFR and AHI, or between eGFR and the number of central sleep apneas in the study patients.

CONCLUSION:

Higher plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentrations were associated with more severe SDB, whereas the level of eGFR was not correlated with the severity of SDB. The results suggest that renal dysfunction plays a relatively minor role in determining breathing abnormalities in chronic heart failure.     

强直性脊柱炎患者睡眠状态问卷研究

目的研究强直性脊柱炎(AS)患者睡眠状态,探讨睡眠障碍、疼痛之间的性别差异。方法57例男性和23例女性AS患者,进行睡眠状态问卷调查,并与临床资料进行比较。结果74%的女性和46%的男性AS患者有睡眠障碍(P<0.05),造成睡眠障碍的主要原因是疼痛。睡眠障碍和疼痛、晨僵及BathAS活动指数(BASDAI)评分之间存在相关性。结论睡眠障碍是AS的常见问题,与疼痛、病情活动相关,男性女性AS患者之间主观睡眠障碍、疼痛差异存在统计学意义。     

Sleep disturbance in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and its relation to disease parameters

Aim of the workTo assess the prevalence of sleep disturbance in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to evaluate the correlation between sleep disturbance and some disease parameters.Patients and MethodsThe Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to investigate the sleeping habits of 30 female patients with SLE and of 30 healthy age and sex-matched controls. Depressed mood was assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D), functional disability was assessed with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and pain severity was assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS). Disease activity was measured using the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI). Disease severity and cumulative damage were measured using the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage (SLICC/ACR DI).ResultsThe mean global scores for the PSQI were significantly different between cases and controls (8.47 ± 3.53 versus 5.10 ± 3.66, p = 0.000) indicating poor sleep quality for these patients compared to healthy controls, and 76.7% (23 patients) were poor sleepers. Sleep disturbances were correlated with disease duration (p = 0.001), functional disability (p = 0.001), SLEDAI (p = 0.000), pain severity (p = 0.002), organ damage (p = 0.000) and depressed mood (p = 0.000). However, with multivariate linear regression analysis SLEDAI and SLICC/ACR were the only significant predictors associated with higher level of PSQI.ConclusionSleep disturbances are prevalent among female SLE patients, with multiple factors contributing to it, but disease activity and cumulative disease damage were the only predictors of sleep quality. Assessment and management of sleep disturbances should be part of the routine care of SLE patients.     

The role of melatonin in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing haemodialysis

Patients with chronic kidney disease including those undergoing haemodialysis have deranged sleep-wake pattern. In large part this is due to an abnormal circadian cycle of melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in the evening and induces sleep. Subjects undergoing automated peritoneal dialysis or nocturnal haemodialysis have better sleep profile compared to those on daytime dialysis. Studies have shown that exogenous melatonin improves sleep-wake cycle in daytime haemodialysis patients. However, large randomised controlled trials are needed in order to establish its role in this patient population.     

Sleep architecture in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis and the association with severity of lung disease

Previous studies have shown that sleep complaints are common in adult patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, there is very little data on sleep in children and adolescents with CF and the association with severity of lung disease. A prospective study was conducted in CF children and age-matched controls. All patients completed sleep questionnaire and underwent an overnight polysomnographic study. Thirty-eight children and adolescents met the criteria for entry into the analysis, 24 children and adolescents with CF (S) and 14 controls (C). Sleep complaints were common in children and adolescents with CF; 43.5% reported sleep onset problem, 39.1% reported sleep maintenance problem, 30.4% were noted to snore at night, and 73.9% reported daytime sleepiness. Children and adolescents with CF had a significant decrease in sleep efficiency [SE; 75.2 ± 2.5% (S) vs 85.6 ± 1.7%(C); P < 0.01], prolonged rapid eye movement (REM) latency [150.5 ± 16.6 min (S) vs 85.6 ± 11.0 min (C); P < 0.05], and reduction in percentage of REM sleep [12.7 ± 1.5% (S) vs 18.3 ± 1.3% (C); P < 0.05]. The degree of sleep disruption as indicated by SE was correlated with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁; r = 0.52, P < 0.05). However, there was no significant correlation between SE and minimum oxygen saturation [r = 0.30, P=not significant (NS)] or SE and maximal end-tidal pCO₂ (r = 0.11, P=NS). It is concluded that children and adolescents with CF have frequent sleep complaints and significant alteration in the sleep architecture. The magnitude of sleep disruption is associated with severity of lung disease, but is not directly correlated with the degree of nocturnal hypoxemia or hypoventilation. It is speculated that sleep disruption in children and adolescents with CF may have an impact on quality of life and clinical outcomes in this population.     

Fatigue in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: relationships with disease-specific variables, depression, and sleep disturbance

This study was designed to evaluate (a) the frequency of fatigue and its multi-dimensional nature, and (b) its association with demographic variables, disease-specific variables, and other variables, covering depression and sleep disturbance in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Sixty-two patients with AS were included in the study. Fatigue was assessed by the fatigue item of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory—Short Form (MFSI-SF). While the disease activity was evaluated by the BASDAI, the functional state was assessed by Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, metrological measurements by Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index, global well-being by Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Global Score, the pain on rest by VAS (0–10 cm), sleep disturbance by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and depressive symptoms by Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Fifty percent of the patients had severe fatigue. Multi-dimensional assessment with MFSI-SF enabled us to identify fatigue in more detail. The disease-specific variables, covering pain, stiffness, disease activity, and physical functioning, contributed significantly with both BASDAI fatigue and MFSI-SF as dependent variables, accounting for 61.3% and 44.7% of the variance, respectively. Disease activity was the most powerful predictor of both single-dimensioned and multi-dimensioned fatigue. It was also found that the contribution of depression on fatigue was 12%. In conclusion, it was observed that half of the patients had severe fatigue, and multi-dimensional assessment was provided to understand specific aspects of fatigue better. Even though disease activity had a considerable effect on fatigue, the effects of psychogenic factors, especially depression, should be taken into consideration in the management of AS.     

丙型肝炎病毒感染相关睡眠障碍的研究进展

据WHO的统计,全球约有1.71亿人罹受丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV)的感染[1].伴随HCV的感染,患者常常会出现疲劳、睡眠障碍、抑郁等身心异常的状态.既往有文献报道丙肝患者存在睡眠的问题,但往往淹没在众多肝纤维化及终末期肝病相关的睡眠障碍文献中,鲜有人关注与HCV感染直接相关的睡眠障碍[2].近年来,有少量的文献致力于慢性丙型肝炎睡眠障碍的探讨,让人惊讶的是睡眠问题在慢性丙肝患者中存在着很大程度的普遍性,有证据提示其可能独立于干扰素的治疗.对HCV感染相关睡眠障碍的研究可能会为慢性丙型肝炎的发生、发展及转归提供新的研究思路,也有利于提高患者生活质量,优化现有的治疗方案.     

家庭氧疗对存在睡眠呼吸紊乱的稳定期COPD患者的临床研究

目的 探讨早期介入家庭氧疗对存在睡眠呼吸紊乱的稳定期COPD患者的疗效.方法 将存在睡眠呼吸紊乱（AHI 5～30次/h）的患者138例随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组入组病例69例,对照组入组病例69例.给予实验组中的COPD患者长期家庭氧疗治疗（吸氧流量1～2 L/min,吸氧时间＞15 h/d）＋常规治疗,而对照组中的COPD患者仅常规治疗2年.应用圣乔治呼吸问卷（SGRQ）对两组患者治疗前后进行评分.结果 实验组经长期家庭氧疗治疗2年后SGRQ总评分较前下降,差异具有统计学意义（t＝38.42,P＜0.05）,其中呼吸症状评分、疾病影响评分亦较前下降,差异具有统计学意义（t值分别为26.38、33.73,P值均＜0.05）.对照组治疗2年后SGRQ总评分、呼吸症状评分、活动受限评分、疾病影响评分差异无统计学意义（t值分别为5.22、4.61、2.23、2.781,P值均＞0.05）.结论 长期家庭氧疗是延缓COPD患者病情进展、生活质量得以提高的一种简便、安全、有效的治疗手段.     

慢性肾脏疾病增加慢性心力衰竭患者死亡率

目的探讨慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)对慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者死亡率的影响。方法对2007年1月1日至2009年12月31日在北京协和医院心内科住院,年龄≥21岁,临床诊断为心力衰竭,且左心室射血分数(LVEF)≤45%的缺血性(心肌梗死后至少40 d以上)或非缺血性心肌病患者进行回顾性研究,根据肾小球滤过率(eGFR)情况分为两组,一组为eGFR<60 ml.min-1.1.73 m-2(CKD组),另一组为eGFR≥60 ml.min-1.1.73 m-2(对照组),并进行电话随访。结果共筛选242例患者,除外41例不符合入选标准者,对201例进行随访,14例(7%)失访,经过2～41个月[平均(20±9)个月]的随访,共36例(19%)发生全因死亡,包括CKD组21例(30%)和对照组15例(13%)(P=0.003)。结论 CKD增加CHF患者死亡率。合并CKD的CHF患者,积极处理CHF的同时应高度重视CKD处理。     

Sleep disturbance is associated with decreased daily activity and impaired nocturnal reduction of blood pressure in dementia patients

Our aim was to investigate the relationships between sleep disturbance and activities of daily living (ADL) and 24-h blood pressure patterns in institutionalized dementia patients. Using 107 institutionalized dementia patients (32 males and 75 females, mean age 76.3 years), patients with a mini mental state examination (MMSE) score <24 were classified into four groups based on ADL (normal or declined) and nocturnal reduction in blood pressure (dipper or non-dipper). The sleep/wake state was visually monitored hourly for 14 consecutive days, and daytime and nighttime sleep ratios were determined. MMSE scores were significantly lower in the declined ADL group than in the normal ADL group. The nighttime sleep ratio of the non-dipper/declined ADL group was significantly lower than in the other groups. Sleep disturbance was associated with the deterioration of MMSE scores, low ADL, and impaired nocturnal reduction in blood pressure in dementia patients.     

慢性肾脏病患者发生心衰的危险因素分析

目的探讨慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者发生心衰的危险因素。方法将366例CKD患者按2002年K/DOQI慢性肾脏病的分期标准分为5期,再按是否发生心衰分为2组,比较两组患者年龄、既往病史、吸烟史、心电图T波改变、血红蛋白（Hb）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、血脂、血压等方面的变化以及住院期间两组患者的病死率。结果发生心衰组的年龄升高,有既往高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、吸烟史者、心电图T波改变均比未发生心衰组明显增多（P〈0.05）;心衰组C反应蛋白（CRP）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-L）、舒张压（DBP）均比未心衰组明显升高（P〈0.01）,而Hb、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-L）则比未心衰组明显降低（P〈0.01）结论患者年龄升高、既往有心血管病史、吸烟、CRP水平、Hb水平是CKD患者发生心衰的独立危险因素,针对性地干预这些危险因素,有可能降低心衰的发生率和病死率,改善CKD患者的预后。     

慢性肾病患者动脉僵硬度与冠状动脉病变相关性

目的 探讨慢性肾病患者动脉僵硬度与冠状动脉(冠脉)病变的相关性及对冠心病风险评估的意义.方法 203例具有至少一项冠心病危险因素的患者中,慢性肾病(67例)和对照组(136例)两组,分别测定动脉僵硬度指标并行冠脉造影和估价Gemini冠脉病变严重程度.结果 慢性肾病组年龄较大,肱动脉收缩压、舒张压增高(P＜0.01).与对照组比较,慢性肾病组动脉僵硬度增加、冠心病发病率和冠脉病变程度增高.在校正年龄和外周血压影响后,两组动脉僵硬度指标仍有显著差异.PWV＞12和Aix@75＞25为预测冠心病发病的独立指标(P＜0.05).慢性肾病组中,PWV、Aix@75与冠心病发病率、冠脉病变严重度呈正相关(P＜0.01).在控制了多项影响因素后,相关性仍显著.结论 慢性肾病患者动脉僵硬度与冠心病发病以及冠脉病变严重程度呈 正相关.     

茶碱对严重慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺功能和睡眠的影响

目的探讨严重慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ＣＯＰＤ）患者每日１次和２次口服茶碱的血清浓度变化及对２４小时肺功能和睡眠的影响。方法１０例严重ＣＯＰＤ患者，在治疗前先检测２４小时肺功能、多导睡眠图及对症状和睡眠质量进行量化评估，然后用双盲交叉设计的方法，随机先后进行茶碱每日２次和１次用法的研究，测定血清茶碱浓度并重复治疗前的研究内容。结果茶碱２０∶００服后在次日４∶００达峰值，８∶００服后在１２∶００达峰值，谷值均在２０∶００。在４∶００的茶碱浓度每日１次高于２次者，在１６∶００则相反（Ｐ＜０．０５）。茶碱两种方法的治疗对肺功能有相似但明显的改善（Ｐ＝０．０００１）。每日１次用法改善症状明显（Ｐ＝０．００２３）。两种方法对睡眠结构和质量无明显影响。结论口服茶碱缓释片在清晨有较高的血清浓度，较低的血茶碱水平（５～１０ｍｇ／Ｌ）对肺功能就有改善作用。上述茶碱服用方法及剂量对睡眠无明显影响。     

Association of morning hypertension with chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease and hypertension

Background and aimAssociations of morning hypertension with chronic kidney disease are rarely investigated in prospective studies. We aim to investigate the predictive value of uncontrolled morning hypertension (UMH) to chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and cardiovascular (CV) events in patients with CKD and hypertension.Methods and resultsIn this prospective two-center observational study, 304 hypertensive patients with CKD were enrolled. Time to total mortality, CKD progression and CV events was recorded; Kaplan–Meier survival function estimates and Multivariable Cox proportional hazard model were used to investigate associations between UMH and outcomes. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (http://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org; TCTR20180313004). After a follow-up for median 30 months, 23 (7.6%) patients died, 34 (11.2%) had CKD progression, and 95 (31.3%) occurred new-onset CV events, respectively. UMH was shown to be a strong predictor of CKD progression [hazard ratio (HR) 2.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22–4.94] and CV events (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.12–2.53). When morning hypertension was analyzed as a continuous variable, morning systolic blood pressure (per 10 mmHg) was also shown to be predictive to CKD progression (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.07–1.53, P < 0.01) and CV events (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.03–1.28, P < 0.01).ConclusionsUMH is strongly associated with CKD progression and CV events in patients with CKD and hypertension. UMH in CKD patients deserves further attentions.     

Patient-provider communication in patients with diabetes and depressive symptoms

The association between depressive symptoms and patient-provider communication was examined in adult primary care patients with diabetes. Most communication was not patient-centered, but did not differ by level of patient's depressive symptoms.