Transnasal endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and skull base defect: ten-year experience

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Many reports have advocated the feasibility of using an endoscope for the treatment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea and skull base defect, and diversified endoscopic techniques and repairing materials have recently been proposed. This study determined the effectiveness of endoscopic repair of CSF leaks and interpreted the indications of the lumbar drain. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective follow-up. METHODS: A total of 39 patients with CSF rhinorrhea (20 traumatic, 13 iatrogenic, and 6 spontaneous) were treated in one institution over a 10-year period. An underlay procedure was used to make eight (20.5%) repairs by way of a turbinate composite graft (4 patients), turbinate mucosa graft (3 patients), or the Dura Substitute (Preclude) (1 patient). A free turbinate graft with the applied fibrin glue was used to repair the defect by way of an overlay procedure in 23 (59.0%) lesions. Abdominal fat was used to repair the other eight (20.5%) lesions. RESULTS: Defects in the cribriform plate and anterior ethmoid sinus comprised the majority (61.5%) of all lesions. The successful rates for overlay, underlay, and fat obliteration procedures were 91.3% (21/23), 87.5% (7/8), and 100% (8/8), respectively. There were no statistical difference between underlay and overlay techniques (P = .792, Student's t test). Lumbar drainage was performed in 18 of 39 (46.2%) cases. Most patients required nasal packing (89.7%) and prophylactic parenteral antibiotics (97.4%). CSF rhinorrhea was resolved during the first attempt in 36 of 39 (92.3%) patients. All leaks were successfully repaired after a second attempt. No major complications were encountered. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic approach is safe and effective for the treatment of CSF rhinorrhea, even in the cases not successfully treated by previous neurosurgical approaches. Lumbar drain was suggested for defects in the frontal and sphenoid sinus and defects associated with meningocele or encephalocele. Complete exposure of the defect, appropriate selection of a fitting graft, as well as accurate placement and stabilization of the graft are critical to the success of repair.     

鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术

目的 探讨鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术的手术方法和治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析1996-2010年诊断为脑脊液鼻漏的54例患者的临床资料,所有患者均行鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术.其中,外伤性25例,自发性17例,医源性12例.采用颞肌、颞肌筋膜、中鼻甲黏膜、鼻中隔黏膜、下鼻甲黏膜、阔筋膜、大腿肌肉、腹部脂肪、钩突黏膜、鼻窦黏膜等进行修复.结果 54例患者中,49例一次修补成功,1例2次手术修补成功,1例3次手术修补成功,1例在外院再次手术成功,1例修补不成功,未再治疗,1例术后1年半复发,未再治疗.术后并发症:4例术后出现高热,1例术后出现一过性浅昏迷并高热,1例术后出现癫痫,1例患者术后出现气颅,均经保守治疗痊愈.结论 鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术是一种安全、有效和微创的手术方式,手术成功率高,应作为首选治疗方法;准确的漏口定位,选择合适的入路和适宜的修补方法是手术成功的关键.     

Determining leak locations during transnasal endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea

Objective

For transnasal endoscopic repair procedures to be successful, it is critical to identify leak locations during surgery. We aim to evaluate different methods to more accurately detect leak locations during the endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea.

Materials and methods

We performed a retrospective chart review of 39 cases undergoing endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. The leak locations were determined using preoperative nasal endoscopy, radioisotope scanning, the intraoperative image-guided system, and intraspinal normal saline injection.

Results

The cerebrospinal fluid leak location was in the sphenoidal sinus in 9 cases, the ethmoid sinus in 17 cases, and in the frontal sinus in 1 case. The leak locations could not be determined in the remaining 12 cases using this method alone. For these 12 cases, after the ethmoid sinus was opened and the lateral wall of sphenoidal sinus was exposed with the aid of the intraoperative image-guided system, outflow of cerebrospinal fluid was present on the lateral wall of sphenoidal sinus (in 1 case) and on the ethmoid roof (in 3 cases). Furthermore, using intraspinal saline injection (20-30 ml), leak locations were detected in the sphenoidal sinus (2 cases) and in ethmoid sinus (6 cases) of the remaining cases.

Conclusion

For cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea patients whose leak locations are difficult to determine, surgeons can increase their operative success rates by performing radioisotope scanning and intraspinal saline injections and by using image-guided surgical systems. These safe and effective methods can be used to successfully detect leak locations during transnasal endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks.     

经鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术的方式和方法分析

目的：探讨脑脊液鼻漏的最佳治疗方法。方法：45例经鼻内镜行脑脊液鼻漏修补术患者,42例经鼻进路,3例经鼻及鼻外双进路。采用患者自体游离阔筋膜、捣碎的肌肉,剥去骨质带骨膜的中鼻甲或下鼻甲作为修补移植物,修补采用内贴修补法、堵塞修补法、外贴修补法和充填修补法。结果：1次性手术修补成功44例（97．8％）。术后并发脑膜炎3例,额窦区感染皮瓣下积液1例。45例住院治疗7～30d,平均11d。随访5个月～7年,无复发。结论：对于前颅底小瘘口和鞍底、斜坡处瘘口的脑脊液鼻漏,经鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补具有明显优势。修补方式、方法和修补材料的正确选择是修补成功的关键。     

Exploration of endonasal endoscopic repair of pediatric cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea

Objectives

To summarize the clinical manifestations of pediatric cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea (CSFR), discuss the localization of CSFR, and the surgical approaches, the graft material selection and the prognoses of endoscopic repair of CSFR.

Methods

The case data, surgical techniques and graft materials of endonasal endoscopic approach of 43 patients with CSFR who have been treated at the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University in the last 13 years were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, leaks in 34 cases were from the roof of the ethmoid sinuses. Other sites included frontal sinus (1), sphenoid sinus (6), and the conjunction of ethmoid and frontal sinuses (2). 37 patients were with unilateral CSF leaks, 6 were with bilateral CSF leaks. The dimensions of the defects ranged between 8 and 22 mm. For 25 cases, the procedure was as follows: first, the wound surrounding the perimeter of the defect was freshened and the leaks were plugged by myoplasm and overlaid with iliac fascia, and followed by the use of fibrin glue and nasal packing; for 5 cases, the procedure was as follows: at first, the wound was curetted and the leaks were intracranially plugged by autologous cartilage and muscle, overlaid with iliac fascia, followed by the use of fibrin glue and nasal packing; for 6 cases, the leaks were overlaid with iliac fascia only, and then fibrin and packing were used. For the rest of 7 cases, the frontal and sphenoid sinuses were filled with muscle.

Results

Of the total 43 cases, 31 had successful closure of the leaks by endonasal endoscopic repair on first attempt; 8 had successful closure of the leaks on second attempt, 3 was cured on third attempt; while, leaks in 2 patients failed to close after three attempts. Therefore, they underwent combined intracranial and transnasal endoscopic repair, one patient was cured and another one died postoperatively because of recurrent intracranial infection. At 12 month to 24 month follow-up 42 children remained leak free.

Conclusion

Endoscopic repair of CSF leaks is the optimum approach to the treatment of pediatric CSFR, featuring minor trauma, high successful rate, fewer complications and advantage of being able to carry out a revision surgery or more if needed. For children who have a large CSF leak in size and have failed to be treated successfully via endonasal endoscopic repair, combined intracranial and endoscopic repair could be performed to close the leak.     

鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术

我们于2000—05—2011-10经鼻内镜修补脑脊液鼻漏31例,取得较满意的效果,报告如下。     

脑脊液鼻漏的诊断和治疗的探讨

目的 探讨脑脊液鼻漏的诊断和治疗方法。方法 12例病人，根据鼻漏液糖定量、CT、MRI、鼻内窥镜检查诊断为脑脊液鼻漏，行保守或／和手术治疗。结果 12例病人均痊愈，5例并发嗅觉障碍，1例并发脑膜炎。结论 鼻内窥镜为脑脊液鼻漏的诊断和治疗提供了有力的帮助。     

Traumatic cerebrospinal fluid leaks

This article discusses the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of traumatic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks. An overview of traumatic CSF leaks is presented, and both conservative and operative therapies are reviewed. Management decisions are discussed based on the current literature. Controversial clinical topics are addressed, including the use of prophylactic antibiotics and the timing of surgical repair.     

鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术前漏口定位方法

目的 探讨经鼻内镜行脑脊液鼻漏修补术前准确定位漏口的方法。方法 16例脑脊液鼻漏患者采用术前鼻内镜检查、多层螺旋CT(MSCT)及其三维重建、SPECT/CT脑脊液断层显像等方法判断漏口位置,并与手术结果对比。结果 14例脑脊液鼻漏患者可于MSCT及三维重建中显示颅底骨质异常,15例经SPECT/CT脑脊液断层显像可见颅底至鼻部有异常放射性浓聚影,4例于术前鼻内镜检查中见有脑脊液漏出。有15例患者术前漏点定位与术中所见一致,1例与术中所见不符,手术修补失败后详细检查为脑脊液耳漏经鼻孔流出。结论 经鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术前采用鼻内镜检查、MSCT及三维重建、SPECT/CT等多种方法对漏口进行综合定位分析,可为手术成功奠定基础。应警惕脑脊液耳漏漏液经鼻腔漏出的可能。     

鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补方法的探讨

目的:探讨鼻内镜下脑脊液(CSF)鼻漏修补术中,由于漏口大小及部位的不同而采用的不同修补方 法对疗效的影响。方法:回顾性分析32例鼻内镜下CSF患者的漏口大小,修补方法及术后疗效。结果:①漏口 大小:1mm×1mm～20mm×20mm;②修补方法:浴缸塞法2例,外贴法10例,内贴法18例,筋膜加骨瓣钮扣 法1例。1次手术成功29例,2次成功1例,3次成功1例,1例修补失败由神经外科径口鼻蝶窦边路显微镜手术 成功。结论:①外贴法较为简便,适合较小的漏口;内贴法对抗颅内压较为理想,适合中等大小的漏口修补;浴缸 塞法对于中小漏口的修补疗效较可靠;“钮扣”法较适合修补较大的漏口。②鼻内镜下修补CSF鼻漏具有创伤 小、操作简单、视野清楚、成功率高、并发症少等优点。     

经鼻内镜外伤性脑脊液鼻漏修补术

目的探讨鼻内镜下外伤性脑脊液鼻漏修补术的方法和疗效。方法回顾性分析2008年11月-2012年5月收治的8例外伤性脑脊液鼻漏患者,采用鼻内镜下修补术,并对其手术方法和疗效进行总结。结果1次手术治愈7例,1例再次手术治愈。1例术后并发颅内感染,经对症支持治疗后全愈出院。随访6-24个月,无复发。结论鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术是一种安全、有效和微创的手术方式。     

Sinonasal cerebrospinal fluid leaks: management of 97 patients over 10 years

INTRODUCTION: Although endoscopic closure is now the treatment of choice in the majority of patients with sinonasal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, there is a recurrence rate of up to 10% in most series. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to review our experience in the management of CSF leaks and in particular the cause of recurrent leaks. METHODS: We prospectively collected data on all cases referred as a suspected CSF leak to us, a tertiary referral center, over a 10 year period between 1994 and 2004. RESULTS: The 121 patients referred with an apparent CSF leak had a mean age of 51 (range 2-87) years. Fifty-three percent were male, and 47% were female. In 24 cases, investigations revealed that there was in fact no CSF leak, and in 17 posttraumatic cases, the leak ceased spontaneously. Twenty-nine patients had a spontaneous CSF leak. Of the 80 cases surgically repaired, 72 had an endoscopic approach, with a success rate of 90%, increasing to 97% after a second procedure and 99% by a third procedure. Eight patients with a posterior wall frontal sinus leak underwent an external frontal sinus procedure. There were 8 failures, and 6 occurred in the 13 patients with a spontaneous leak and evidence of raised intracranial pressure (ICP). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our endoscopic repair rate for sinonasal CSF leaks are good and compare well with the standards in the literature. Raised ICP is the most common reason for recurrent CSF leak after repair. Patients with a spontaneous CSF leak and evidence of raised ICP had a 46% failure rate. When consenting such patients for surgery, they must be informed of the lower success rate and that they may need additional procedures, including shunting.     

肥胖与自发性脑脊液鼻漏的相关性研究

目的分析肥胖是否是自发性脑脊液鼻漏（CSFR）的独立危险因素,为预防自发性CSFR的发病及降低术后复发率提供依据。方法收集128例CSFR病例,其中男57例,女71例;年龄19~72岁,平均年龄（40.0±3.9）岁。所有患者均在鼻内镜下行脑脊液鼻漏修补术,采用中鼻甲或鼻中隔黏膜、明胶海绵贴补。所有患者入院时常规测量身高和体重,根据身高及体重计算体质指数（BMI）,根据引起CSFR的病因将128例患者分为外伤性组、医源性组、肿瘤性组及自发性组。结果自发性组的BMI平均值为33.4 kg/m2,明显高于其他3组(外伤性组BMI平均值23.9 kg/m2,P=0.002;医源性组BMI平均值23.5 kg/m2,P=0.003;肿瘤性组BMI平均值21.3 kg/m2,P=0.000),差异均具有统计学意义。但外伤性组、医源性组与肿瘤性组的BMI经比较,差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。术后随访1年,所有患者无任何鼻部、眼部及颅底术后并发症,有5例患者术后出现复发：2例患者术后体重逐渐上升,二次手术修补,并告知患者降低体重,未再出现复发;1例患者自第1次出现复发后,自行进行减肥,未行手术治疗而自愈,随访至今,未再出现复发;2例患者无明显体重增加,二次手术修补后,未再出现复发。结论根据本研究结果,我们认为肥胖只是自发性CSFR的独立危险因素,与其他病因导致的CSFR没有相关性。控制体重是预防自发性CSFR及降低自发性CSFR术后复发率的一种重要举措。     

鼻内镜修补脑脊液鼻漏的临床分析

目的：探讨鼻内镜下修补脑脊液鼻漏的注意事项、修补材料的选择和并发症的处理。方法：对15例脑脊液鼻漏患者，根据术前确定的漏口部位选择不同的手术径路；根据漏口的大小选择不同的材料进行修补。结果：15例患者均在鼻内镜下修补成功，其中3例因脑脊液鼻漏在不同部位再发，行3次以上手术修补，修补次数最多达5次，1次修补成功率为85．6％。结论：脑脊液鼻漏经鼻内镜修补是一种极好的方法，具有方便、成功率高、并发症少、可重复多次修补等优点，值得推广。     

经鼻内镜修补复发性脑脊液鼻漏及颅底缺损

目的：探讨脑脊液鼻漏修补失败的原因及鼻内镜手术修补的方法。方法：经鼻内镜修补18例脑脊液鼻漏手术修补后复发患者。结果：经鼻内镜1次修补成功13例,2次修补成功3例,2例患者2次手术失败后失访。结论：鼻内镜修补复发性脑脊液鼻漏有效。影响手术成功的因素有：漏口位置、修补材料及放置技术、颅骨缺损的面积及漏口定位是否准确等。     

自发性脑脊液鼻漏定位诊断的影像学征象分析

目的 通过总结自发性脑脊液鼻漏患者的影像学直接征象和间接征象,为脑脊液鼻漏修补术前瘘点的影像学定位诊断提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月—2021年3月中南大学湘雅医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科诊治的48例患者的临床资料,所有患者术前行鼻窦颅底高分辨CT(HRCT)和核磁共振(MRI)水成像检查。术前分析其影像学直接征象和间接征象,并结合术中情况证实其瘘点位置。结果 48例患者术前经影像学瘘点判断并经手术证实瘘点位于筛板20例(41.7%),蝶窦外侧隐窝16例(33.3%),筛顶8例(16.7%),额窦后壁2例(4.2%),斜坡2例(4.2%)。研究发现不同区域的自发性脑脊液鼻漏直接征象和间接征象存在明显不同,间接征象如左右侧不对称,引流通道水肿,窦腔黏膜增厚和积液征可以用于寻找瘘点。瘘口在影像学上根据直接征象颅底骨质缺损的诊断符合率为66.7%,而联合应用CT与MRI水成像根据直接征象和间接征象联合应用的诊断符合率为100%。结论 自发性脑脊液鼻漏患者影像学的间接征象对于术前准确判断瘘点具有重要价值。     

Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: endoscopic repair based on a combined diagnostic approach

Background  The treatment of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea has evolved since the first recorded instance of this condition by Willis in 1676. The advancements in radiology and endoscopic nasal surgery have provided ways to solve this potentially dangerous condition. But even now quite a few questions remain unanswered while tackling this difficult clinical situation. Laboratory tests for confirming the presence of cerebrospinal fluid in nasal fluid can yield false positive results and radiological evaluation has never been foolproof when it comes to small leaks and multiple leaks. Also the postoperative recurrence needs to be brought within acceptable limits. Objectives  We have tried to evaluate endoscopic repair of CSF rhinorrhea based on a combined diagnostic approach. The methods for diagnosis of CSF rhinorrhea have been reevaluated based on our experience with a view to prevent recurrences and complications. Materials and methods  The study group included twenty patients of CSF rhinorrhea who have been treated by endoscopic repair and spans over a period of five years from January 2001 to December 2005. A combination of retrospective and prospective methods of study has been used. Patients have been subjected to laboratory, radiological and dye studies for confirmation and localization of leak. Endoscopic repair of CSF fistula with composite graft and fibrin glue has been performed. Postoperative management included intracranial pressure reducing measures and control of primary condition in cases of spontaneous leak. Results  Endoscopic repair of CSF rhinorrhea produced a first time success rate of 92%. CT/MR Cisternogram could localize the defect in 85% cases while intrathecal fluorescein aided localization whenever it was used. The use of fibrin glue with composite graft and postoperative intracranial pressure reducing measures could improve the success rate. Conclusion  Management of a suspected CSF leak requires a combined diagnostic approach. Endoscopic repair with composite graft and fibrin glue should be the first line of management in cases of CSF rhinorrhea requiring surgical closure. Intracranial pressure reducing measures play an important role in preventing postoperative recurrence.     

经鼻内镜额窦脑脊液鼻漏修补术初探

目的探索额窦脑脊液鼻漏修补术的进路、修补方法和手术技巧。方法对9例额窦后壁和4例额隐窝后外侧壁脑脊液鼻漏患者进行手术修补，其中首次手术行鼻内镜下修补术12例，联合进路1例；术后观察手术疗效及并发症情况。结果13例患者中12例一次修补成功，1例二次修补成功。出现并发症2例，其中1例为术后颅内感染，行鼻外引流、额窦填塞术治愈；另1例为阻塞性额窦囊肿，行鼻内镜下额窦开放术治愈。结论经鼻内镜可以成功修补可视的额窦后壁脑脊液鼻漏，但要注意额窦口及漏口大小，防止术后额窦阻塞，诱发阻塞性额窦囊肿、额窦炎和颅内感染；对于额窦内不可视的脑脊液鼻漏和额窦口扩大困难的病例，建议行联合进路修补术。     

脑脊液鼻漏经鼻内镜及其与额部联合进路的治疗

目的 总结脑脊液鼻漏的漏口诊断与经鼻内镜及其额部联合进路治疗的临床经验.方法 对58例确诊脑脊液鼻漏患者临床资料作回顾性分析,58例患者均行CT检查寻找漏口.56例患者接受了手术治疗,其中鼻内镜修补45例,对漏口位于额窦后壁及额眶部位的11例进行了经鼻内镜和额部联合进路修补;2例未行手术.56例手术患者中,普通CT扫描31例,其中25例术中证实正确显示漏口;另外25例行螺旋CT薄层扫描并三维重建方法 ,其中23例正确显示;8例术前CT未能显示漏口者均经术中探查明确部位进行治疗.结果 随访6个月至5年,中位随访时间3年.53例1次治愈,一次成功率94.6%,1例2次修补成功,1例先后行5次手术治愈;1例因术后颅内并发症死亡;2例因故未行手术出院失访.结论 螺旋CT薄层扫描图像的三维重建可使脑脊液鼻漏漏口的定位更准确;对发生于额部的脑脊液鼻漏,经鼻内镜和额部联合进路可弥补内镜下操作困难和不足,有助于提高修补的成功率.     

外伤性迟发性脑脊液鼻漏的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨外伤性迟发性脑脊液鼻漏的发病原因及临床诊治特点.方法 回顾性分析中山大学附属第一医院院2000-2008年收治的13例外伤≥3个月后出现脑脊液鼻漏患者的临床资料,重点分析术前CT及MRI扫描的结果 ,结合术中所见,分析两者之间的关系.结果 13例患者颅底均有陈旧性骨折,MRI扫描显示其中11例有软组织自颅底缺损处疝入鼻窦.术中鼻内镜检查见骨质缺损最小约为0.1 cm×0.2 cm;最大约为1.2 cm×1.5 cm,漏口部位与CT检查结果 一致,其中11例漏口处可见暴露的硬脑膜及坏死组织.所有病例均采用经鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术,术后随访12～36个月,未见复发.结论 脑膜组织经颅底缺损疝入鼻窦为外伤后脑脊液鼻漏迟发的关键因素,CT、MRI检查有助于明确漏口位置,其治疗宜采用鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术.