HPLC法测定咽炎合剂中绿原酸的含量

目的 建立测定咽炎合剂中绿原酸含量的HPLC法.方法 采用Thermo ODS-2HYPERSIL色谱柱,以乙腈-0.4％磷酸溶液(10∶90)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长327 nm,柱温为30℃.结果 绿原酸在10.2～76.5 μg·mL-1范围内具有良好的线性关系,r=0.9998;平均回收率为101.23％,RSD=0.91％(n=6).结论 本方法操作简便、结果准确,可用于咽炎合剂中绿原酸的含量测定.     

HPLC法测定复方鱼腥草合剂中绿原酸、黄芩苷的含量

目的:建立同时测定复方鱼腥草合剂中绿原酸、黄芩苷的高效液相色谱法.方法:采用Sinochrom ODS-BP(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱;流动相为甲醇:0.2%磷酸溶液,进行梯度洗脱;柱温:30℃流速为0.9 ml·min-1,检测波长为315 nm.结果:绿原酸在0.1～1.0 μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为100.26%,RSD=0.53%(n=9);黄芩苷在1.8～18.0 μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.996 6),平均回收率为100.04%,RSD=0.87%(n=9).结论:本方法简便易行,能够准确、快速测定复方鱼腥草合剂中的绿原酸和黄芩苷的含量.     

HPLC法测定双黄连胶囊中金银花的绿原酸含量

目的测定双黄连胶囊中金银花(以绿原酸计)含量。方法高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸(25∶75∶1);流速1mL.m in-1;检测波长325nm;柱温30℃。结果绿原酸在22.8μg.mL-1~114.0μg.mL-1范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为101.4%,RSD为1.3%。结论该方法可用于双黄连胶囊中绿原酸的含量测定。     

UPLC测定红毛五加嫩叶中的绿原酸

目的 采用UPLC测定红毛五加嫩叶试制品中绿原酸的含量并比较差异.方法 Acquity UPLC(R)BEH C18柱(50 mm× 2.1 mm,1.7 μm),柱温30℃,流动相为乙腈-2‰磷酸溶液(10∶90),检测波长327 nm,流速0.2 mL· min-1.结果 绿原酸0.02 ～0.72 mg· mL-1与峰面积具有良好的线性关系,回归方程为:Y=3×107X-9.9481×104(r2 =0.9997,n=9),平均回收率为97.7％,RSD =0.61％(n=6),红毛五加嫩叶晒干品中绿原酸的含量最高(0.0326 g·g-1),百合粉中绿原酸含量为0.结论 所用方法简便、准确、重复性好,能为红毛五加嫩叶的开发提供参考.     

HPLC法同时测定烫伤合剂中绿原酸、虎杖苷和盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的:建立烫伤合剂中绿原酸、虎杖苷和盐酸小檗碱含量的测定方法.方法:采用HPLC法,用色谱柱为Inertsil C8-3(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)柱,乙腈-0.1%磷酸-四氢呋喃(19:80:1)为流动相,流速为1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为290 nm.结果:绿原酸、虎杖苷和盐酸小檗碱的线性范围分别为25.45～254.5(r=0.999 4),3.07～30.75(r=0.999 6)和6.62～66.25 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 7);平均加样回收率分别为99.99%,97.40%和98.81%(n=6).结论:此法简便、准确,具有良好的重复性好,适用于烫伤合剂中3种组分的同时测定.     

烫伤合剂质量标准研究

目的:建立烫伤合剂新的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱法(TLC)定性鉴别处方中的金银花、地榆和虎杖;采用高效液相色谱法对虎杖苷和绿原酸进行含量测定。用In-ertsil C8-3柱,乙腈-0.1%磷酸-四氢呋喃(19∶80∶1)为流动相,流速为1.0mL.min-1,检测波长为290 nm。结果:TLC特征斑点明显、专属性强。虎杖苷和绿原酸的线性范围分别为3.07～30.75μg.mL-1和5.45～254.5μg.mL-1;平均加样回收率分别为97.40%和99.99%(n=6)。结论:所建的新标准可用于烫伤合剂的质量控制。     

测定皮炎合剂的金银花中绿原酸含量的高效液相色谱法实验研究

目的:采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定皮炎合剂的金银花中绿原酸含量.方法:本研究应用HPLC方法测定,采用的色谱柱为Spherigel C18色谱柱(200mm×4.6mm,5μm),以水:乙腈:甲醇:冰醋酸=96:6:11:2为流动相、以327nm为检测波长,建立高效液相色谱法测定皮炎合剂的金银花中绿原酸含量的方法.结果:此色谱条件下,测定出皮炎合剂的金银花中绿原酸的含量在线性范围为0.2~2.0μg之间具有良好的线性关系(r=0.9996),绿原酸回收率可达96.88%,RSD为0.89%(n=5).结论:测定皮炎合剂的金银花中绿原酸含量的高效液相色谱法操作简单,分离度好,测定结果准确,精密度、重现性及稳定性均良好,适用于皮炎合剂的金银花中绿原酸含量的测定.     

HPLC法测定银黄含化片中绿原酸和黄芩苷含量

目的　建立HPLC法测定银黄含化片中绿原酸和黄芩苷含量。方法　采用C18柱(2 5 0mm× 4 6mm,5 μm),乙腈 -1%乙酸(30∶70)为流动相,流速为 1ml·min-1,检测波长 0～ 5min,32 7nm,测定绿原酸;5～ 10min,2 80nm,测定黄芩苷。结果　绿原酸在 0 14 4～ 0 72 μg范围内峰面积与进样量呈良好的线性关系,RSD =0 5 5 %(n =6);黄芩苷在 0 2 5～ 1 2 5 μg范围内峰面积与进样量呈良好的线性关系,RSD =0 6 5 %(n =6)。     

IC法测定托吡酯胶囊中氨基磺酸盐和硫酸盐

目的 建立检测托吡酯胶囊中氨基磺酸盐和硫酸盐的离子色谱方法.方法 采用Dionex IonPac AS14A分析柱(250 mm×4 mm),前接IonPac AG14A保护柱(50 mm×4 mm),外接ASRS300抑制器,以碳酸盐缓冲液(508.8 mg无水碳酸钠与84.0 mg碳酸氢钠,溶于1 000 mL水中)为淋洗液,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,进样量为25 μL,检测器温度为30 ℃.结果 空白溶液不干扰本品中氨基磺酸盐和硫酸盐的检测,氨基磺酸盐(以NH2SO3-计)的回归方程为A=0.130 5C-0.001 9(n=7),在0.077 8~9.340 8 μg·mL-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6),平均回收率为100.16%,RSD为2.08%(n=9),检测限为0.03 μg·mL-1,定量限为0.08 μg·mL-1;硫酸钠(以SO42-计)的回归方程为A=0.306 9C+0.009 6(n=7),在0.112 7~13.524 0 μg·mL-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=1.000 0),平均回收率为101.44%,RSD为1.31%(n=9),检测限为0.10 μg·mL-1,定量限为0.23 μg·mL-1.结论 该方法简便、快速、准确、专属性强、灵敏度高、重现性好,可用于托吡酯胶囊中氨基磺酸盐和硫酸盐的测定.     

复方金银花合剂的质量标准研究

目的建立复方金银花合剂的质量控制方法。方法采用薄层色谱法对金银花、甘草进行定性鉴别,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定金银花合剂中绿原酸的含量[固定相:ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液(10∶90);检测波长:327 nm;流速:1.00 mL.m in-1;柱温:25oC]。结果定性鉴别分离度好,专属性强;绿原酸在0.010 2~0.142 8μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=1.000 0,平均回收率为99.48%,RSD=0.28%。结论该方法简便准确、灵敏度高,可用于复方金银花合剂的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.