特殊类型椎间盘突出症临床特点与疗效分析

目的：探索胸椎间盘突出,腰椎极外侧椎间盘突出及硬脊膜内椎间盘突出的临床与外科处理特点。方法：自1985－1998年以来,共收治15例胸椎间盘突出,12例腰椎极外侧椎间盘突出,5例腰椎硬脊膜内椎间盘突出共计32例,对其临床特点,影像征象,手术疗效进行了分析,结果：胸椎椎间盘突出,具有明显的椎体束征与肋间神经受压症状;腰椎极外侧椎间盘突出,以坐骨神经放射痛为主,腰痛轻微,抬腿试验可以阴性,可有上位或下位神经根受压定位征;硬膜内椎间盘突出,表现强迫体位,呈现大小便异常,结论：分析特殊类型间盘突出的特点,为其诊断,手术入路的选择提供有益经验。     

胸腰椎爆裂型损伤联合椎板骨折与硬脊膜撕裂

回顾性分析64例经后路手术治疗的胸腰椎爆裂型骨折,CT及手术证实椎板骨折15例;硬脊膜撕裂13例(20.3％);椎板骨折合并硬脊膜撕裂9例。其余49例无椎板骨折发生硬脊膜撕裂4例(P值〈0.001)。分析提示硬脊膜撕裂与椎板骨折高度相关(相关系数r=0.688),而与病人的年龄、性别、椎管狭窄程度及X线特征相关性无统计学意义。神经损伤与硬脊膜撕裂相关(P值〈0.05,r=0.377)。作者认为,经CT证实胸腰椎爆裂型损伤联合椎板骨折合并神经损伤时就有存在后方硬脊膜撕裂的危险,神经组织卡压甚至嵌夹的可能。此时往往需通过后入路手术,来修补损伤的硬脊膜,解放有可能受压甚至嵌夹的神经组织。     

腰椎手术失败综合征病因分析

腰椎术后失败综合征（FBSS）发生率约为10％～40％,严重困扰临床医师。其常见原因有以下几种：椎间盘切除术后再突出,椎管内硬膜外瘢痕增生致硬脊膜和神经根牵拉、挤压,椎间盘切除术后椎管狭窄,椎间盘切除术后腰椎不稳,诊断错误和遗漏,手术节段的定位错误,骨质疏松,自身免疫反应,化学因素等。     

胸腰椎后路手术脑脊液漏的原因及对策

目的探讨胸腰椎后路手术发生脑脊液漏的原因及预防、处理措施。方法自2009—10-2012-05。对246例胸腰椎后路手术中出现脑脊液漏12例的临床资料进行分析,8例硬膜囊破损者给予术中行硬膜囊修补米,1例无法修补硬脊膜者采用明胶海绵与生物蛋白胶填塞处理,3例为术后发现脑脊液漏。术后均采用头低脚高位。俯卧位（除1例硬脊膜破损位于前方者采用平卧位）,沙袋局部加压,适当延长引流管引流时间,使用一次性皮肤缝合器封闭引流管口。结果12例均在术后3-10d拔除引流管,未发现椎管内感染、脊髓及神经根受压症状以及脑脊液囊肿形成。结论对于胸腰椎后路手术术中出现的脑脊液漏,应当尽量修补破损的硬脊膜,并辅以明胶海绵和生物蛋白胶填塞。术后采用头低脚高位。沙袋局部加压俯卧位,注意抗生素的使用和及时换药,适当延长引流管引流时间,以及拔除引流管后对引流管口的封闭。     

腰椎翻修术并发脑脊液漏的原因分析及防治

目的:分析腰椎翻修术并发脑脊液漏的原因,并探讨其防治对策。方法:回顾性分析了2011年1月至2016年1月收治的135例行腰椎翻修术并发脑脊液漏的24例患者的临床资料。术中因瘢痕形成硬脊膜粘连严重分离时撕裂硬脊膜12例,黄韧带增生与硬脊膜重度粘连分离时撕裂硬脊膜4例。严重腰椎后纵韧带增生骨化与硬脊膜粘连,显露椎间盘时硬膜撕裂2例,置钉不当导致硬膜撕裂2例。其余4例在术中未见明显硬脊膜破损,在术后1~2 d发生脑脊液漏。且24例患者均采用了规范的术前、术中、术后的预防与处理措施。结果:24例发生脑脊液漏的患者经过治疗后均痊愈。其中20例获得了随访,时间6~30个月,均无脑脊液漏的复发及局部或全身并发症。结论:瘢痕形成是导致腰椎翻修手术出现脑脊液漏的主要原因。对于腰椎翻修手术,只要采取规范的防治措施,可显著降低脑液漏的发生率,同时取得较好的临床疗效,从根本上解决了长期困扰医患双方的脑脊液漏这一难题。     

后路翻修术治疗PVP后并发椎管内骨水泥渗漏伴脊髓损伤

[目的]探讨后路手术治疗胸腰椎骨质疏松骨折经皮椎体成形术(PVP)并发椎管内骨水泥渗漏所致脊髓损伤的临床效果。[方法]回顾性分析2013年7月~2016年7月收治4例胸腰椎骨质疏松性压缩性骨折PVP治疗后并发椎管内骨水泥渗漏所致脊髓损伤患者的临床资料,院外转入3例、本院1例,均为女性,年龄65~75岁,平均70岁。发生在T111例、T122例、L11例,骨水泥渗漏至椎管内硬脊膜外3例、硬脊膜内1例,4例患者均有不同程度的胸腰背部及双下肢疼痛、腹部束带感、双下肢肌力下降、感觉减退等脊髓损伤表现。4例患者翻修均采取后路全椎板切除减压、经椎弓根截骨取出骨水泥、椎间植骨支撑、后方长节段内固定术。术后随访12~22个月,平均18个月,通过观察脊髓功能恢复情况、疼痛缓解程度、椎间骨性融合情况等判定其疗效。[结果]渗漏至硬脊膜外3例患者翻修术后临床症状完全缓解,渗漏至硬脊膜内的1例患者仍遗留排尿困难及双下肢疼痛,但肌力已恢复至IV级。4例患者均获得18个月随访,未见内固定物松动、脱出,椎间骨性融合良好。[结论]后路手术治疗PVP并发椎管内骨水泥渗漏所致脊髓损伤减压彻底、骨水泥取出方便安全、椎间植骨支撑后方长节段内固定更加符合胸腰椎骨质疏松性骨折内固定生物力学,临床疗效满意。     

极外型腰椎间盘突出症的诊断和改良术式治疗经验体会(附8例报告)

目的 探讨极外型腰椎间盘突出症较为合理的手术方式。总结复习8例病人的临床特点、影像学资料和手术方式及治疗效果。方法 5例行关节突外侧开窗式椎间盘除术。3例合并有侧隐窝狭窄行关节突内侧部分切除减压加关节突外侧开窗椎间盘除术。结果 术后随访未见复发和腰椎不稳。优4例。良4例。结论 对于单纯的极外型椎间盘突出。采用小关节突外侧开窗,术中只切除少量的关节突和椎板峡部骨质;对合并有侧隐窝狭窄或椎管内椎间盘突出。采用小关节内侧部分切除,加小关节外侧开窗椎间盘除术式。保留部分关节突和椎板峡部。这两种术式均既处理了病灶。又最大限度地保留了骨性结构,对维持术后腰椎的稳定性和防止慢性腰痛的发生有积极的作用。     

经椎间孔硬膜外注入胶原酶治疗腰椎间盘突出症

方法：自１９９４年以来采用胶原酶经腰椎间孔硬脊膜外注射治疗腰椎间盘突出症３８２例。本方法,采用胶原酶１２００Ｕ注入突出节段的硬脊膜外腔,让药物渗透到病变的椎间盘内,达到了溶解的目的。经随访优良率达９１％。结论;作者认为本手术方法简单易行,病人痛苦少,无后遗症收到较好的经济效益和社会效益,有推广的必要。     

经椎间孔硬膜外注入胶原酶治疗腰椎间盘突出症(附382例报告)

方法：自１９９４年以来采用胶原酶经腰椎间孔硬脊膜外注射治疗腰椎间盘突出症３８２例。本方法,采用胶原酶１２００Ｕ注入突出节段的硬脊膜外腔、让药物渗透到病变的椎间盘内,达到了溶解的目的。经随访优良率达９１％。结论：作者认为本手术方法简单易行、病人痛苦少、无后遗症收到较好的经济效益和社会效益,有推广的必要     

腰椎MED手术发生脑脊液漏的原因分析及对策

目的分析显微椎间盘镜下髓核除手术(Micro Endoscopic Discectomy，MED)并发硬脊膜损伤或脑脊液漏的原因特点，探讨其预防办法。方法通过回顾性的方法对1999年12月至2003年12月期间452例MED手术发生硬脊膜损伤或脑脊液漏的15例患临床资料进行分析总结。结果术中发现硬脊膜损伤的13例患，有9例术后出现脑脊液漏；2例术中未发现硬脊膜损伤的患术后也出现了脑脊液漏；11例脑脊液漏患经术后正规的保守治疗于3～7d内治愈，无1例脑脊髓膜炎，无继发的深部感染。结论MED手术因其自身的特点，易发生硬脊膜损伤；但通过术前对病例仔细分析，术中具备一定的手术技巧，可以减少硬脊膜损伤的发生；术中对损伤硬脊膜及时堵塞或修补，术后采取正规的保守治疗措施，脑脊液漏均可治愈。     

胸腰椎多间隙椎间盘突出的诊断与治疗

目的　探讨多发性椎间盘突出诊治特点。方法　对 58例多发性椎间盘包括腰椎多发性椎间盘突出 38例、胸腰椎椎间盘突出 1 2例、胸椎椎间盘突出 8例 ,曾有一次手术史 1 1例。从临床特点、影像学改变及手术效果进行分析。所有病例均作分段小切口椎间盘摘除。结果　所有病例经术后 6个月～ 1 0年的随访 ,其疗效令人满意。结论　详尽病史采集 ,仔细物理检查 ,针对性MRI、CT检查或椎管造影 ,能使多发性椎间盘突出获得早期正确诊断。节段性小切口 ,开窗式椎间盘组织摘除 ,潜在式椎管扩大 ,可最大限度减少腰背肌损伤 ,维持脊柱的稳定性     

Intradural disc herniations in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine: report of three cases and review of the literature

The clinical, neuroradiological, and surgical management of three cases of intradural disc herniations--one each in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions--are presented. Intradural disc herniations comprise only 0.27% of all herniated discs. Three percent occur in the cervical, 5% in the thoracic, and 92% in the lumbar spinal canal. Those with cervical or thoracic lesions frequently exhibit profound myelopathy, whereas those with lumbar lesions demonstrate radicular or cauda equina syndromes. Although varying combinations of the MRI, non-contrast CT, myelogram, and myelo-CT scans may at times fail to accurately establish the diagnosis of an intradural disc herniation prior to surgery, the index of suspicion raised by the lack of clinical correlation with surgical findings justifies an intradural exploration.     

经椎问孔选择性神经根阻滞在复杂腰椎间盘突出症责任节段确定的应用

目的探讨经椎间孔选择性神经根阻滞技术应用于腰椎间盘突出症,以明确诊断及责任节段,为进一步手术治疗提供依据。方法42例复杂的腰椎间盘突出症患者进行47次选择性神经根阻滞,对可疑责任节段进行经椎间孔选择性神经根阻滞,根据患者症状改善情况明确腰腿痛的责任节段,并以此为依据进行手术治疗。结果93％（39／42）的患者结果为阳性,1例假阳性为隐匿性股骨颈骨折。神经根阻滞前下肢放射痛VAS评分为8．12＋1．43,选择性阻滞后下肢放射痛VAS评分改善为2．31±1．63。而后36例进行手术治疗。结论对于诊断复杂的腰椎间盘突出症,在常规诊断依据的基础上进行经椎问孔选择性神经根阻滞,能够明确诊断,为进一步手术治疗方案的确定提供了明确可靠的依据。     

Posterior and anterior epidural and intradural migration of the sequestered intervertebral disc: Three cases and review of the literature

Context: Dorsal migration of the sequestered lumbar intervertebral disc is an unusual and underrecognized pattern of lumbar disc herniation associated with pain and neurological deficit.Findings: Three patients presented with lower limb- and low back pain. MR imaging showed intracanalicular mass lesions with compression of the spinal cord and allowed precise localization of lesions in the extradural or intradural space. Diagnosis was straightforward for the patients with the posterior and anterior epidural disc fragments, whereas various differential diagnostic considerations were entertained for the patient with the intradural mass lesion. All patients underwent surgical removal of the sequestered disc fragments, and recovered full motosensory function. Surgical repair of the dura mater due to CSF leak was required for the patient with intradural disc herniation.Conclusion/clinical relevance: Posterior and anterior epidural, and intradural disc migration may manifest with clinical symptoms indistinguishable from those associated with non-sequestered lumbar disc hernias. Missed, migrated disc fragments can be implicated as a cause of low back pain, radiculopathy or cauda equina syndrome, especially in the absence of visible disc herniation. A high index of suspicion needs to be maintained in those cases with unexplained and persistent symptoms and/or no obvious disc herniation on MR images.     

Gas-filled intradural cyst with migration into the nerve root of the cauda equina

Only 4 cases of gas-filled intradural cysts of the spine have been reported previously. All cysts were due to intradural herniation of a gas-containing disc. The authors report 2 additional patients with gas-filled intradural cysts that migrated into the nerve root of the cauda equina. After surgical treatment their severe leg pain completely resolved.     

腰骶神经根损害发病特点及其外科治疗的临床研究

目的 探讨腰骶神经根损害的临床特点和手术时机的选择及如何制定正确的治疗方案.方法 我院收治的资料完整的腰椎间盘突出症和腰椎管狭窄症致腰神经根压迫造成的下腰痛患者共60例,均排除先天异常、结核、肿瘤、外伤.男38例、女22例.年龄23～70岁,平均46岁.16例单纯腰椎间盘突出症患者中9例行椎板开窗髓核摘除神经根减压术;42例腰椎间盘突出症合并不同程度腰椎管狭窄症患者,均行腰椎后路全椎板切除减压、椎间植骨或植入椎间融合器融合、椎弓根钉内固定术.结果 60例患者均予术后3个月、6个月及1年复查腰椎正侧位片、腰椎屈伸侧位片.结果显示腰椎生理曲度恢复,内固定椎弓根钉及连接杆位置良好,固定节段植骨得到融合.无一例患者发生断钉、断棒及椎间隙变窄改变.疗效评定总体优良率为88%.结论 手术减压的时机选择尽量做到早期手术、积极争取中期、绝对避免晚期,彻底的椎管及背根结的减压是提高手术疗效的关键.     

颈、胸、腰椎共存退行性病变的临床特点及手术治疗

目的 探讨颈、胸、腰椎共存退行性病变的临床特点及手术治疗方法.方法 2004年1月至2008年12月,手术治疗颈、胸、腰椎共存退行性病变患者79例,男51例,女28例;年龄30～80岁,平均58.1岁.79例患者均有颈、胸、腰椎同时受压的表现,如四肢麻木、无力,胸腹束带感,明显感觉减退平面,下肢痛,上、下肢病理征阳性等.其中41例以颈部症状为重,5例以胸椎症状为重,12例以腰椎症状为重.根据病变的严重程度,采用单纯颈椎手术41例,胸椎手术5例,腰椎手术12例;接受两部位手术21例.按日本骨科协会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA)评分评价术后疗效,并计算改善率.结果 采用不同手术方式,术后JOA评分均有不同程度的提高.单纯颈椎手术的改善率为66.06%±14.33%,单纯胸椎手术的改善率为56.19%±9.85%,单纯腰椎手术的改善率为63.49%±9.78%.21例行两部位手术,其中14例一期行两部位手术,改善率为76.78%±3.94%,7例分期行两部位手术,改善率为71.79%±8.74%.结论 颈、胸、腰椎共存退行性病变主要由椎间盘突出、椎管狭窄、后纵韧带及黄韧带肥厚或骨化等引起,为脊柱多部位发现,表现复杂,治疗时应根据患者症状及影像学表现等进行多方面综合判断,选择最佳的手术方案.     

老年腰椎间盘突出症合并腰椎管狭窄症特点与治疗

目的：研究老年腰椎间盘突出症合并椎管狭窄症的临床表现、影像学表现、病理解剖特点及外科治疗方法。方法：回顾分析了147例(男89例，女58例)老年腰椎间盘突出症合并椎管狭窄症患者临床表现、CT、MRI特点及病理解剖特点，病程2周～15年。病变阶段：L4.5 53例，L5S1 42例，L2,4 5例，L2,3 3例，L4,5和L5S1并存44例。全部病例采用椎板减压髓核摘除术，并对治疗方法进行分析。结果：本组92例获得随访，随访时间3个月～3年，平均8个月。术后功能按我们自己制定方法进行评定，优63例，良17例，可10例，差2例，优良率为87％。结论：老年腰椎间盘突出症合并椎管狭窄症具有临床表现不典型、症状与体征不完全一致的特点，并有其特殊的影像学表现。在治疗上应行全椎板减压，髓核摘除，扩大椎管及侧隐窝，使患者获得良好的功能恢复。     

Intraoperative ultrasound imaging in lumbar disc herniation surgery

Summary The diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation has improved with metrizamide rhizography and CT. Also, visualization of the operative site has been enhanced with use of the operating microscope. However, evaluation of the completeness of herniated disc removal can be difficult, especially in the case of medially located lesions. Also, intradural extension of the herniation can be impossible to rule out in some cases without intradural exploration. Intraoperative ultrasound imaging is safe, rapid and readily available in most hospitals. Its application to real-time imaging control of 10 selected cases of herniated lumbar disc showed that the herniated material could be visulalized in relation to the interspace and dural sac in all cases. The effect of removal of the herniation on nerve root compression could also be evaluated. Especially in cases involving extension of the herniation to the medial region under the dura, or into the intradural space, the removal of herniated material could be adequately confirmed without the need for further manipulation with surgical instruments. With appropriate transducer design and frequency, the method can be applied to microsurgical technique to rule out sequestration outside of the surgical exposure.     

Thoracic Endoscopic‐Assisted Mini‐Open Surgery for Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spinal Cord Compression

Intervertebral disc herniation is a common cause of spinal cord compression, especially for the thoracic and thoracolumbar spinal cord, which has limited buffer space in the spinal canal. Spinal cord compression usually causes decreased sensation and paralysis of limbs below the level of compression, urinary and fecal incontinence, and/or urinary retention, which brings great suffering to the patients and usually requires surgical intervention. Thoracotomy or abdominothoracic surgery is usually performed for the thoracolumbar cord compression caused by hard intervertebral disc herniation. However, there is high risk of trauma and complications with this surgery. To reduce the surgical trauma and obtain good visibility, we designed athoracic endoscopic‐assisted mini‐open surgery for thoracic and thoracolumbar disc herniation, and performed this procedure on 10 patients who suffered from hard thoracic or thoracolumbar spinal cord compression. During the procedure, the thoracic endoscopy provided clear vision of the surgical field with a good light source. The compression could be fully exposed and completely removed, and no nerve root injury or spinal cord damage occurred. All patients achieved obvious recovery of neurological function after this procedure. This technique possesses the merits of minimal trauma, increased safety, and good clinical results. The aim of this study is to introduce this thoracic endoscopic‐assisted mini‐open surgery technique, and we believe that this technique will be a good choice for the thoracic and thoracolumbar cord compression caused by hard intervertebral disc herniation.