糖耐量异常与血管重塑关系的探讨

糖尿病与心血管疾病的关系密切,糖耐量异常属于糖尿病前期。糖耐量异常阶段,已有一定程度的高血糖、胰岛素抵抗、内皮素表达增加、糖基化终产物合成并沉积、基质金属蛋白酶表达紊乱,所有这些异常共同导致糖尿病患者血管重塑。现就此作一简要介绍。     

吡格列酮缩小糖耐量异常患者冠状动脉斑块面积的临床研究

目的:观察吡格列酮对糖耐量异常合并冠状动脉(冠脉)临界病变患者冠脉斑块、血清高敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)、脂联素和血浆内皮素-1(ET-1)水平的影响.方法:28例患者随机分为吡格列酮组(n=15)和对照组(n=13).对照组给予常规治疗,吡格列酮组在常规治疗基础上给予吡格列酮15 mg/d,分别于治疗前和治疗6个月后检测血清hsCRP、脂联素和血浆ET-1水平,以血管内超声检测斑块负荷、斑块面积和斑块成分.结果:治疗6个月后,吡格列酮组患者与对照组相比冠脉斑块负荷和斑块面积均显著降低,薄纤维帽斑块比例降低、斑块中坏死成分所占比例降低(P均<0.05),差异均有统计学意义.治疗后吡格列酮组hsCRP和ET-1水平显著降低、脂联素水平升高,与治疗前比差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05).血清脂联素与ET-1水平和冠脉斑块面积均呈显著负相关(r值分别为-0.739和-0.431,P均<0.05).结论:糖耐量异常合并冠脉临界病变患者,在常规治疗基础上加用吡格列酮口服,可以缩小并稳定斑块,其机制可能与升高脂联素水平、改善内皮功能、抑制炎症反应有关.     

三种简易胰岛素敏感性指数在糖耐量异常时的可靠性

目的　探讨在糖耐量异常的情况下 ,三种简易胰岛素敏感性指数 (HOMA IR、ISI composite和ISI cederholm)的适用性。方法　对 13例空腹血糖正常 ,而糖耐量异常的高血压病患者 ,分别以葡萄糖钳夹试验中的稳态葡萄糖利用率 (M值 )及三种简易指数评估胰岛素敏感性。结果　ISI composite和ISI cederholm与M值的相关性 (r分别为 0 687,0 5 94,P <0 0 5 )优于HOMA IR(r =-0 3 73 ,P >0 0 5 ) ,校正 β细胞功能指数后 ,ISI composite和ISI cederholm与钳夹结果的相关性更加显著 (r分别为 0 63 2 ,0 64 0 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,HOMA IR与钳夹仍未显示相关性 (r =-0 3 5 3 ,P >0 0 5 )。结论　对糖耐量异常的高血压病患者进行小样本的临床研究 ,不宜选用HOMA IR评价胰岛素敏感性 ,而ISI composite和ISI ceder holm则是可取的 ,且宜首先校正 β细胞功能指数     

海宁市423例临界高血压4年随防分析

对海宁市城镇9个居民区临界高血压进行4年（1990～1993）随访，除部分失访和服降压药物者外计有423例（男性227例，女性196例，平均39．2岁），青壮年占总数77.8％；血压恢复正常为21，7％，仍在临界高血压范围之内为49．4％．转为确诊高血压24．5％。年龄初测血压水平、心率和体重指数是进展为确诊高血压的重要发病因素。     

The Clinical Implications of Impaired Glucose Tolerance

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was introduced in 1979 as an intermediate category covering the grey area between unequivocal diabetes mellitus and risk free more normal glucose tolerance. The IGT group included those at high risk of subsequent development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) but low risk of specific diabetic complications. Categorisation of subjects as IGT is hampered by the variability of the oral glucose tolerance test, but even those shown to be IGT only once are at increased risk of developing NIDDM. The relative roles of inheritance, fetal undernutrition, and environmental life style factors (physical inactivity and diet) in the aetiology and pathogenesis of IGT are discussed, with all contributing. The prevalence of IGT in different populations has now been widely studied with values ranging from 2 to 25% in adults. Rates of progression to NIDDM also vary widely from 2 to 14% per year. Risk factors for progression are discussed. IGT also carries an increased risk of development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and forms part of the “metabolic syndrome”. The role of insulin resistance as a common aetiological factor is briefly reviewed. Finally, possible means of treatment of IGT are listed with the intent of delaying the onset of diabetes and CVD, which is of obvious clinical importance.     

Evaluation of Glucose Tolerance Status in Patients with Asthma Bronchiale

Background. Asthma is characterized by inflammation and airway hyperesponsiveness, which results in episodic airflow obstruction. A relationship between inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) has been previously characterized, and asthma is known to correlate with increasing IR. Thus, we tested whether patients with asthma bronchiale exhibited abnormally low glucose tolerance. The aim of this study was to compare the occurrence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), two precursors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), in patients with asthma bronchiale and paired control patients. Patients and Methods. We examined patients diagnosed with asthma bronchiale. We excluded patients taking any medications other than inhaler broncodilators, patients with a history of other systemic illness, and patients with any diabetic risk factors. Age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers were included as the control group in this study. History, physical examination, and laboratory analyses were performed for both study and control groups. Results. Mean age of the study group was 40.3 ± 7.8 (F/M: 32/19), and mean BMI of the study group was 26.7 ± 2.2. Mean age of the control group was 39.5 ± 6.7 (F/M: 25/15) and mean BMI of the control group was 26.0 ± 2.1. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), Pg2hBG, Plasma insulin, Homeostasis Model Assessment–Insulin Resistance (HOMA IR), IFG, IGT, both IFG and IGT and (LDL) C levels were significantly higher in the asthmatic group, while HDL C levels were significantly higher in the control group. Conclusion. Our results suggest that disturbance of the glucose metabolism caused by inflammation-induced insulin resistance may occur in asthmatic patients and that this phenomenon may increase the risk of diabetes mellitus in these individuals.     

Loss of the First Phase Insulin Response to Intravenous Glucose in Subjects with Persistent Impaired Glucose Tolerance

Loss of the first phase insulin response to intravenous glucose is one of the earliest detectable defects of beta cell dysfunction in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is considered a prediabetic condition, therefore loss of first phase insulin secretion in subjects with IGT would suggest beta cell dysfunction as an early lesion in the development of Type 2 diabetes. Three groups of subjects were studied, 7 subjects with persistent IGT (classified as having IGT at two 75 g oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) done 6 months apart), 6 subjects with transient IGT (IGT at the first OGTT, but normal glucose tolerance at a repeat OGTT 6 months later), and 7 normal controls. First phase insulin secretion was studied using an intravenous glucose tolerance test with arterialized blood sampling. Fasting, 3, 4 and 5 min samples were assayed for glucose and insulin (specific two-site immunoradiometric assay). The fasting insulin was similar in all three groups, however the 3 min insulin response was significantly lower in those with persistent impaired glucose tolerance (p < 0.02). Thus subjects with persistent impaired glucose tolerance demonstrated loss of the first phase insulin response as an early indicator of beta cell dysfunction while subjects with transient IGT had a normal insulin response to intravenous glucose. During the OGTT, the 30 min glucose was not significantly different (p = 0.1) but the 30 min insulin to glucose ratio was significantly lower in subjects with persistent IGT (p < 0.03). In the whole group the 30 min insulin to glucose ratio during the OGTT showed a significant correlation with the peak insulin response during the IVGTT (r = 0.76, p < 0.001). This study suggests that beta cell dysfunction with impaired early insulin release is present before the development of Type 2 diabetes.     

男性高血压患者发生糖代谢异常的危险因素

目的探讨正常葡萄糖耐量的男性高血压患者发生糖代谢异常的危险因素。方法对口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)正常的106例男性原发性高血压患者进行随访研究,随访前后测定OGTT、同步胰岛素释放试验(InRT)、血脂、血压、体重指数(BMI)及腰围,用HOMA-IR、胰岛素敏感性指数(ISI)及胰岛素代谢清除率(MCRi)计算胰岛素敏感性,用HOMA-β及胰岛素1相和2相分泌计算β细胞功能。结果(1)106例正常葡萄糖耐量(NGT)的男性原发性高血压患者,平均随访3年后,新发糖尿病6例(5.7%),进展为IGT的39例(36.8%),保持NGT的61例(57.5%);(2)随访后进展为IGT的患者与仍为NGT的患者相比较,前者随访前的腰围、BMI、空腹血糖、OGTT2h和3h血糖、OGTT2h胰岛素水平均显著增高(P<0.01),ISI及MCRi显著减低(P<0.01);(3)调整年龄、血压、血脂等因素后,多因素Lo-gistic回归显示腹型肥胖和OGTT2h血糖是男性EHT从NGT转为IGT的独立危险因素(OR值分别为6.81和2.13);(4)随访前有腹型肥胖的NGT高血压患者进展为IGT的比率明显高于无腹型肥胖者(60%vs19%,P<0.01)。比较随访前指标发现,腹型肥胖组的ISI和MCRi显著降低、糖负荷后胰岛β细胞分泌显著增强(P<0.01),随访前后比较,腹型肥胖组HOMA-IR和HOMA-β明显增高(P<0.01)。结论腹型肥胖和OGTT2h血糖是无糖代谢异常的男性原发性高血压患者发展为糖耐量异常的风险预测指标。胰岛素敏感性降低及胰岛β细胞功能增强与腹型肥胖的男性NGT高血压患者发生IGT有关。     

二甲双胍对原发性高血压伴糖耐量异常患者左心室舒张功能的影响研究

目的研究二甲双胍对原发性高血压伴糖耐量异常的患者左心室舒张功能的影响。方法选取60例原发性高血压伴糖耐量异常的患者。随机分为两组,A组30例在常规降血压治疗基础上服用二甲双胍治疗,B组30例仅给予常规降血压治疗。结果经治疗,A组患者较B组患者左心室舒张功能有所改善,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论二甲双胍对原发性高血压伴糖耐量异常的患者左心室舒张功能有一定的改善作用。     

Short Administration of Metformin Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Android Obese Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance

In a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study, the metabolic effects of a short treatment with metformin (2 times 850 mg day^?1 for 2 days and 850 mg 1 h before evaluation) were compared to those of placebo in 15 obese subjects (BMI: 33.2 ± 0.9 kg m^?2), with abdominal distribution of adipose tissue and impaired glucose tolerance. An intravenous glucose tolerance test (0.3 g glucose kg^?1) was performed after each period of treatment. Areas under the curve (AUC_{0–180 min}) were calculated for plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels. Glucose tolerance was estimated by the coefficient of glucose assimilation (K_G). Insulin sensitivity (S_I) and glucose effectiveness (S_G) indices were calculated using Bergman's minimal model. Insulin secretion rate (ISR) was determined by deconvolution of plasma C-peptide levels and insulin metabolic clearance rate (MCR) was estimated by dividing AUC ISR by AUC insulin. Fasting plasma insulin levels were reduced after metformin (89.3 ± 15.9 vs 112.4 ± 24.3 pmol I^?1; p = 0.04). AUC glucose, K_G and S_G were similar in both tests. However, AUC insulin was reduced (39.7 ± 6.5 vs 51.8 ± 10.4 nmol min I^?1; p = 0.02), while S_I (6.98 ± 1.14 vs 4.61 ± 0.42 10^?5 min^?1 pmol^?1 I; p = 0.03) and insulin MCR (715 ± 116 vs 617 ± 94 ml min^?1 m^?2; p = 0.03) were increased after metformin. The demonstration that metformin rapidly improves insulin sensitivity should encourage further research to evaluate the long-term effects of metformin in android obese subjects with impaired oral glucose tolerance.     

Plasma Neurotransmitters Throughout an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Non-Depressed Essential Hypertension Patients

The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with plasma neurotransmitter assays and blood pressure measurements were performed on 68 hypertensive (A and B) and 68 paired normal controls (group C). Those patients who failed to show significant or persistent blood pressure reductions throughout OGTT constitute group A (37 subjects); and those who did show significant and persistent reductions constitute group B (31 subjects). The purpose of this study was to assess if there were any significant differences between those patients whose blood pressure levels normalized throughout OGTT and those who didn't and, further, compare them to their controls. In group A, noradrenaline (NA) was high at the O' (fasting) period, increasing further at 60' and 90'; however, circulating serotonin (p5HT) did not vary throughout OGTT. Group B, although showing high NA at O', did not show rises afterwards; whereas, significant and sustained p5HT rises registered throughout postprandial periods. In group C, both p5HT.     

个体化营养治疗对交界性糖耐量异常孕妇糖脂代谢及妊娠结局的影响分析

目的探讨个体化营养治疗对交界性糖耐量异常孕妇糖脂代谢及妊娠结局的影响。方法选取2018年1—12月医院收治的80例交界性糖耐量异常孕妇作为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组各40例。比较两组孕妇的糖脂代谢情况、妊娠结局。结果观察组治疗后的糖脂代谢指标、妊娠结局均明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论个体化营养治疗能明显改善交界性糖耐量异常孕妇的妊娠结局及糖脂代谢水平。     

Treatment with One-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol in Middle-aged Men with Impaired Glucose Tolerance—A Prospective Randomized Double-blind Study

ABSTRACT Experimental evidence suggests a specific role for the active metabolite of vitamin D (1,25(OH)₂D₃) in insulin secretion. In order to evaluate the possible clinical significance, 65 middle-aged men with impaired glucose tolerance, and normal serum levels of vitamin D metabolites, were enrolled in a three-month study where they were given either 0.75 μg alpha-calcidol (1α(OH)D₃) daily or placebo. Indices of glucose and lipid metabolism were evaluated before and after treatment. There were no significant changes during the trial neither for fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A_1C or for the intravenous glucose tolerance between the treatment and the placebo groups, nor were there any consistent changes in insulin values during the glucose tolerance test. Subjects treated with alpha-calcidol displayed a significant reduction in body weight with an average of 1.1. kg, while those receiving placebo lost no weight. Treatment did not affect the serum lipoprotein values. Thus, a modest dose of active vitamin D, which did not cause elevation of serum calcium, did not provide general improvement of glucose tolerance or of insulin secretion when given to patients with impaired glucose tolerance, but without vitamin D deficiency, over a three-month period.     

Vascular Hypertrophy in Borderline Hypertension: Relationship to Blood Pressure and Sympathetic Drive

While borderline hypertension increases the chance for cardiovascular disease, most with borderline hypertension will not experience problems. Thus, the risk of intervening probably outweighs benefit for the majority. However, those with target organ damage are probably at higher risk and might benefit from more aggressive management. Therefore, we assessed vascular hypertrophy and average home blood pressures in patients with borderline hypertension which might be of value in therapeutic planning.

Minimum forearm vascular resistance (mFAVR) was used as an index of vascular hypertrophy. Comparing ten normotensive controls to twenty individuals with borderline hypertension revealed a significant difference in mFAVR (1.7 0.06 vs 2.1 0.1, p<.05). There were obvious differences in blood pressure between normotensives and borderlines which contributed to differences in mFAVR. However, within the group with borderline hypertension, no relationship was apparent between mean blood pressure and mFAVR, r=0.13, NS. Among the borderline hypertensives, baseline plasma norepinephrine correlated with mFAVR, r=0.48, p<.05, suggesting that the sympathetic nervous system contributes to vascular hypertrophy in this group.

In a separate group of individuals with nine normotensives and nine borderline hypertensives we wished to find if average home blood pressure would correlate better with mFAVR than a single laboratory measurement. While both the home (r=0.56, page missing 244     

Fetal Outcome in Mothers with Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Pregnancy

A 75 g oral glucose tolerance test was carried out on 953 pregnant women who were identified on the basis of clinical risk factors. The tests were analysed by the WHO criteria: 826 were normal, 120 showed impaired glucose tolerance, and 7 identified diabetes. A number of obstetric and perinatal outcome measures were compared between the groups with normal and impaired glucose tolerance, and also with 135 women who had pre-existing Type 1 diabetes and delivered during the study period. There was no significant difference in the incidence of antenatal complications between mothers with normal and impaired glucose tolerance. There was a higher rate of induced labour (p < 0.05) and caesarean section (p < 0.01) in the impaired glucose tolerance group compared to the normal group, but no difference in fetal outcome or neonatal morbidity. All of these outcome measures were increased in the Type 1 diabetic pregnancies.     

Glucose Metabolism in Outpatients with New-Onset Hypertension in Chinese Han Population

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of glucose abnormalities in a Chinese Han population with untreated new-onset hypertension. Four hundred and ninety-nine new-onset hypertensive patients without diabetes were enrolled in this study. An abnormal glucose metabolism was diagnosed in 57.1% of the new-onset hypertensive patients without previously diagnosed diabetes. Stratified by age, the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes were increased with aging. Male sex, advanced age, higher serum triglycerides, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance levels were all significantly associated with the increased risks of pre-diabetes or diabetes in new-onset hypertensive patients when analyzed by the logistic regression analysis.     

Coupling between Dietary Changes,Reduced Body Weight,Muscle Fibre Size and Improved Glucose Tolerance in Middle-Aged Men with Impaired Glucose Tolerance

ABSTRACT. Fourteen middle-aged med with impaired glucose tolerance were studied prior to and 6 months after exchange of simple carbohydrates for complex carbohydrates rich in fibers and saturated for polyunsaturated fats in their diet when exchangeable. Body weight was reduced by 6.4 kg (p<0.001). Physical work capacity was unchanged. Fasting blood glucose and insulin were lowered (p<0.001) at 6 months and so were the values during an OGTT at 120 min. Both serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were reduced (p<0.01) by the changed diet, the most marked reduction being found in the VLDL fraction. HDL levels increased by 21% (p<0.01). Enzyme activities in gastrocnemius muscle specimens were subnormal and uninfluenced by changed dietary habits. The number of capillaries per fiber was normal throughout, but as muscle fiber size was reduced in relation to the decreased body weight, the number of capillaries/mm² increased during the dieting period. It is suggested that the observed improvement in insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance after a dietary period with weight reduction is related to and partly explained by shorter diffusing distances in weight-bearing muscles.     

Comparison between HOMA-IR and ISI-gly in detecting subjects with the metabolic syndrome

BACKGROUND: To verify whether, as index of insulin resistance, ISI-gly (insulin sensitivity index) is more efficient than HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment) or QUICKI (quantitative insulin sensitivity check index) in detecting patients with the metabolic syndrome. METHODS: Excluding patients with known diabetes, endocrine, liver and kidney diseases, we enrolled 553 subjects who were screened for metabolic abnormalities. After 5 days of a balanced weight maintenance diet, we performed an OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test) and measured fasting and 2-h postload blood sugar and insulin, from which we calculated ISI-gly, HOMA-IR and QUICKI, stratifying patients in tertiles. Statistical comparisons were performed for a number of metabolic variables between tertiles of the same index, as well as between tertiles of different indexes presumably expressing identical insulin resistance. RESULTS: All variables reflecting the metabolic syndrome were significantly more altered in the top as compared to the intermediate and the lowest tertile for HOMA-IR, the opposite for ISI-gly. Comparing homologous measurements of the top tertile of HOMA-IR with the lowest tertile of ISI-gly (presumably expressing identical insulin resistance), fasting glucose and insulin were significantly higher, while 2-h OGTT values were significantly lower. The opposite occurred comparing the lowest HOMA-IR to the highest ISI-gly tertile, the diagnostic predictive values of the latter in detecting metabolic derangements being also higher. Data from QUICKI 1st to 3rd tertiles exactly matched those obtained from HOMA-IR 3rd to 1st tertile. CONCLUSIONS: ISI-gly, which includes postload glucose and insulin concentrations, provides a more accurate estimate of whole-body insulin sensitivity than HOMA-IR or QUICKI, derived from fasting measurements only, thus constituting a more sensitive tool for screening and preventing metabolic abnormalities.     

Understanding Oral Glucose Tolerance: Comparison of Glucose or Insulin Measurements During the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test with Specific Measurements of Insulin Resistance and Insulin Secretion

The extent to which the oral glucose tolerance test can be used to estimate insulin secretion and insulin resistance has been evaluated by comparing glucose and insulin concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test with specific measurements of insulin secretion and insulin resistance in 85 normoglycaemic subjects and 23 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Insulin secretion was measured by the first phase insulin response to intravenous glucose and insulin resistance by the insulin tolerance test which measures the decline of plasma glucose after the injection of a bolus of insulin. The best measure of insulin secretion was the ratio of the 30 min increment in insulin concentration to the 30 min increment in glucose concentration following oral glucose loading. This correlated with the first phase insulin release following intravenous glucose (r=0.61, p < 0.001) but not insulin resistance (r= ?0.05, p >0.05). Insulin resistance could be estimated by the fasting insulin, proinsulin, or split proinsulin concentrations. However, fasting split proinsulin appeared to discriminate best between insulin resistance (r = ?0.53, p < 0.001) and insulin secretion (r = 0.07, p > 0.05). Relative insulin resistance estimated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) also correlated well with insulin resistance (r= ?0.57, p < 0.001) but not insulin secretion (r= 0.01, p > 0.05). We conclude that the oral glucose tolerance test can be used to derive estimates of the relative roles of insulin secretion and insulin resistance in population studies of glucose tolerance.