多层螺旋CT脑灌注成像与血管成像联合评价颈动脉狭窄性短暂性脑缺血发作

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT脑灌注成像(CTP)与CTA联合评价颈动脉狭窄性短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)的价值。 方法 对26例临床诊断TIA患者行头颅CT平扫、脑CTP和颈动脉CTA。评价脑CTP的达峰时间(TTP)、脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)以及颈动脉的狭窄程度及斑块的性质。选取20名无TIA病史的志愿者作为对照。 结果 26例中,21例头颅CT平扫正常,5例有腔隙性脑梗死。脑CTP检查正常9例,异常17例,患者患侧与对侧的TTP、CBF差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。CTA显示颈动脉狭窄19例,发现颈动脉斑块44处。随访6个月中3例发生脑梗死。 结论 脑CTP结合CTA对评价TIA具有较高的临床应用价值。     

320排容积CT全脑灌注成像在急性缺血性脑血管病中的应用

目的探讨320排容积CT全脑灌注成像在急性缺血性脑血管病(AICVD)中的应用价值。方法对20例临床拟诊为AICVD患者,于发病24h内行头颅CT平扫和全脑CT灌注(CTP)成像检查,获得脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)、达峰时间(TTP)等参数,同时获得动态CT血管成像(4D-CTA)图;于CTP检查后24h内复查MR,分析其CTP、4D-CTA及MRI表现。结果常规CT平扫示8例有脑缺血病灶,12例未见明显异常。全脑CTP20例患者共发现与临床症状相对应的32个缺血灶,MRI发现26个病灶表现为梗死灶。4D-CTA显示责任血管不同程度狭窄或闭塞,20例患者中14例血管狭窄,2例闭塞,4例正常。结论 320排容积CT全脑灌注成像可同时获得CTP、4D-CTA图像,实现对AICVD的全面评价。     

64层螺旋CT脑灌注成像诊断急性脑缺血性疾病

目的探讨64层螺旋CT脑灌注成像在急性脑缺血性疾病中的诊断价值。材料与方法20例急性脑缺血性疾病的患者行64层螺旋头颅CT平扫、CT脑灌注成像(CT perfusion,CTP)检查,将CT平扫图像与CTP图像及各参数比较,同时梗死区与周围半暗带及健侧各CTP参数比较。结果首次头颅CT平扫发现脑梗塞病灶12例,复查头颅CT检出腔隙性脑梗塞2例;CTP发现18例病灶,2例腔隙性脑梗塞CTP未见异常。在灌注异常的CTP图像中,测定病灶中央、周围区及健侧的脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、对比剂平均通过时间(MTT)及达峰时间(TTP),病灶中央与周围区、病灶与健侧对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论64层螺旋CT脑灌注成像能提高急性脑缺血性疾病病灶的检出率。分析CTP各参数可区分脑梗死区及缺血半暗带,有助于临床对治疗方案的选择及对预后的判断。     

64排螺旋CT脑灌注成像对早期脑梗死的诊断价值

目的:探讨64排螺旋CT脑灌注成像(CT perfusion imaging,CTP)对早期脑梗死的诊断价值。方法:临床拟诊早期脑梗死患者38例,均在症状出现24 h内行头颅CT平扫及CTP检查。将脑梗死核心区、缺血半暗带(ischemic penumbra,IP)区与健侧对应区的情况做对比分析。结果:38例患者中,15例头颅CT平扫发现可疑脑梗死区,主要位于大脑半球,表现为密度轻度减低、局部脑沟稍变浅等;其余23例患者CT平扫未发现异常。38例患者的CTP检查均发现灌注异常区,表现为脑梗死区脑血流量(cerebral blood flow,CBF)与脑血容量(cerebral blood volume,CBV)均较健侧对应区明显下降,对比剂平均通过时间(mean transit time,MTT)较健侧对应区缩短,对比剂达峰时间(time to peak,TTP)较健侧对应区明显延长,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。早期脑梗死患者IP区与梗死核心区比较,CBF、CBV、MTT及TTP差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);IP区与健侧对应区比较,CBF、MTT、TTP差异均有统计学意义(P0.05、0.01),CBV差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。获得随访的18例患者中,经积极溶栓等治疗后梗死区缩小6例,梗死区消失5例,仅表现为梗死区TTP和MTT延长、CBF和CBV变化不大3例,梗死区无明显变化4例。结论:64排螺旋CTP检查可以准确地提示早期脑梗死。     

全脑CT灌注成像诊断小体积急性脑梗死及其评估病灶体积与弥散加权成像的相关性

目的 观察全脑CT灌注成像(CTP)对小体积(体积≤8 ml)急性脑梗死(ACI)的诊断价值,分析CTP定量参数图评估的ACI灶体积与弥散加权成像(DWI)的相关性。方法 回顾性对比分析58例经DWI证实的小体积ACI患者的全脑CTP及DWI资料,统计ACI灶数目,以DWI结果为标准,评价CTP图及脑血容量(CBV)、脑血流量(CBF)、平均通过时间(MTT)及达峰时间(TTP)图诊断ACI灶的敏感度。设置CBV绝对值<2.0 ml/100 g及相对MTT>145%,评估是否存在缺血半暗带,并获得核心梗死区;比较ACI灶核心梗死区及缺血半暗带与其对侧镜像区和核心梗死区与缺血半暗带的CBV、CBF、MTT及TTP的差异,观察CTP各参数图与DWI评估ACI灶体积的相关性。结果 DWI共于58例ACI检出70个小病灶。CTP检出41例55个小病灶,其中8个为假阳性病灶,CTP检出ACI灶的敏感度为67.14%(47/70),CBV、CBF、MTT及TTP图的诊断敏感度分别为37.14%(26/70)、42.86%(30/70)、62.86%(44/70)及64.29%(45/7...     

640层容积CT 4D-CTA技术在脑血管病成像中的应用

目的 探讨640层容积CT 4D-CTA技术在缺血性脑血管病成像中的临床应用价值.方法 对45例拟诊为缺血性脑血管病的患者进行640层CT扫描,经Toshiba Aqulilion One 320工作站获得4D-CTA、3D-MIP、VR、4D-CTP图像;观察分析图像质量、血管狭窄程度及CTP参数特点.结果 45例中41例均获得高质量的4D-CTA图像,优良率为91.11%(41/45).36例患者脑血管狭窄或闭塞、2例为大脑中动脉支架术后、1例为动脉瘤术后、1例为烟雾病患者,5例患者正常.4D-CTA显示8例患者的侧支循环较3D-MIP多.10例CTP未见异常,35例异常灌注主要分3类:第Ⅰ类(n=11)为延迟时间(DLY)、达峰时间(TTP)、通过时间(MTT)均升高,脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)正常或轻度升高;第Ⅱ类(n=9)为DLY、TTP、MTT升高,CBF、CBV轻度降低;第Ⅲ类(n=15)为DLY、TTP、MTT升高,CBF、CBV明显降低.结论 640层容积4D-CTA可动态观察颅内血管形态、评价脑组织血流灌注情况,可为缺血性脑血管病变诊断与治疗提供有价值的信息.     

全脑CT灌注参数快速评价脑梗死核心及缺血半暗带

目的 探讨全脑CT灌注(CTP)参数 快速评价脑梗死核心和缺血半暗带的方法。方法 对31例疑似急性缺血性卒中(AIS)患者行全脑 CTP联合头颈部CTA检查,获得CBF和MTT及头颈部CTA图。CTP检查结束3天内行头颅MR检查。观察梗死核心在CBF及DWI图像的部位、数量、面积;测量梗死核心、缺血半暗带及各自镜像区的CBF和MTT,计算相对CBF(rCBF)、相对MTT(rMTT)。结果 31例疑似脑梗死患者,CBF共检出24例33个梗死灶,10例存在缺血半暗带。MRI共检出26例97个梗死灶。CBF及DWI测量梗死核心区面积相关性良好(r=0.98,P=0.07)。脑缺血半暗带区CBF为(6.79±1.29)ml/(100 g·min),MTT为(17.07±3.13)s,rCBF为0.71±0.09,rMTT为1.53±0.19。结论 选择MTT延长区与CBF明显减低不匹配区可较快速、准确地检出缺血半暗带。诊断患者有无脑梗死时,CBF与DWI具有良好的一致性,但CBF不能取代DWI进行脑梗灶数量的诊断。     

头颅CT血管成像评估缺血性卒中患者侧支循环情况及脑灌注状态的价值分析

目的：探究头颅CT血管成像（computed tomography angiography,CTA）评估缺血性卒中患者侧支循环情况及脑灌注状态的价值。方法：回顾性分析靖江市人民医院2021年2月—2023年2月接诊的缺血性卒中患者128例进行研究,患者均进行头颅CT血管成像检查,分析所有患者灌注参数、侧支循环情况以及头颅CT血管成像的评估价值。结果：头颅CT血管成像检查结果：(1) 27例患者的平扫无异常,101例患者有明显病灶。实施头颈部多时相CTA,128例患者一侧脑血管狭窄甚至闭塞;57例患者侧支循环建立不良,其余患者侧支循环建立均良好。所有患者中评分为1分的患者19例,2分患者38例,3分患者45例,4分患者26例。(2)侧支循环良好组患者病灶侧脑血流量（CBF）低于健侧,平均通过时间（MTT）、峰值时间（TTP）长于健侧,差异显著（P <0.01）,病灶侧及健侧脑血容量（CBV）比较差异无统计学意义（P> 0.05）;侧支循环不良组病灶侧CBV、CBF低于健侧,MTT及TTP长于健侧,差异显著（P <0.05）。(3)侧支循环不良组rCBV、rCBF显著低于...     

CT灌注成像对急性缺血性脑卒中患者脑组织血流灌注情况、脑侧支血流循环状态及责任血管狭窄的评估价值

目的 探究CT灌注成像（CTPI）对急性缺血性脑卒中患者脑组织血流灌注情况、脑侧支血流循环状态及责任血管狭窄的评估价值。方法 选取攀枝花市中西医结合医院2021年3月～2022年3月收治的51例急性缺血性脑卒中患者,入院后行CT平扫及CT灌注成像。分析患者不同区域脑血流量（CBF）、脑血容量（CBV）、对比剂平均通过时间（MTT）、对比剂峰值时间（TTP）,比较不同侧支血流循环状态CTPI参数情况及责任血管不同狭窄程度。结果 CTPI显示,46例脑组织血流灌注发生异常,CTPI阳性率为90.20%(46/51)。患者患侧梗死病灶区及缺血半暗带CBF值、CBV值均小于健侧,MTT值、TTP值均长于健侧（P<0.05）。侧支循环良好者患侧CBF值小于健侧,MTT值及TTP值均长于健侧（P<0.05）,而患侧与健侧CBV值比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;侧支循环不良者患侧CBF值及CBV值均小于健侧,且MTT值及TTP值均长于健侧（P<0.05）。CTPI提示AIS脑组织血流灌注异常患者责任血管重度狭窄或闭塞发生率高于CTPI提示血流灌注正常患者（P<0....     

缺血性脑卒中早期临床与CT灌注对比研究

目的探讨缺血性脑卒中早期临床与CT灌注(CTP)相关性。方法 58例缺血性脑卒中患者行头颅CT、CT血管造影(CTA)、CTP检查(发病时间均在72 h以内),记录病灶侧及健侧的脑血流量(CBF)、脑血流容积(CBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)及达峰时间(TTP)。采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评价患者神经功能缺失程度。急性卒中治疗Org 10172试验(TOAST)分型对患者进行临床病因分型。结果大动脉粥样硬化卒中(LAA)患者的病灶侧CBF与健侧相比差异有统计学意义(Z=-5.373,P<0.01)。小动脉闭塞性卒中或腔隙性卒中(SAO)患者病灶侧CBF与健侧相比差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.427,P<0.05)。LAA型缺血性脑卒中患者与SAO型患者相比NIHSS评分、病灶侧CBF、MTT、TTP及相对BCF(rCBF)、相对MTI(rMTT)、相对TTP(rTTP)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而健侧各参数差异无统计学意义。LAA型缺血性脑卒中患者的NIHSS评分与相对BCF(rCBF)呈负相关(r=-0.577,P<0.01),SAO型NIHSS评分与rCBF无相关性。结论 CT灌注对缺血性脑卒中早期病情评价有重要作用,指导临床治疗。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.