丝光绿蝇室内连续5代成虫产卵特征观察

目的　观察丝光绿蝇室内连续人工饲养的各代成虫产卵特征。　方法　将丝光绿蝇引入室内 ,采用人工配制的幼虫饲料在室内进行连续饲养 ,观察记录其室内第 1～ 5代成虫产卵结果。　结果　成虫第 1～ 5代产卵天数 (x± s)分别为 :5 .5 0± 0 .17,8.2 5± 0 .96 ,8.2 5± 0 .5 0 ,7.2 5± 1.5 0 ,8.5 0± 1.2 9;产卵次数分别为 :18.0 0± 1.41,2 7.75± 9.0 0 ,2 3.0 0± 8.12 ,2 3.5 0± 11.5 6 ,33.2 5± 12 .89;第 1、2、4、5代产卵指数分别为 :0 .36 0± 0 .0 18,0 .788± 0 .32 0 ,0 .6 42± 0 .2 91,0 .819± 0 .40 6。室内第 1代产卵天数少于第 2、3、5代 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,与第 4代无显著性差异 ,第 2～ 5代间产卵天数均无显著性差异 ;产卵次数及产卵指数室内第 1～ 5代间均无显著性差异。　结论　本次实验丝光绿蝇引入室内连续饲养的各代成虫产卵特征比较稳定。     

丝光绿蝇室内种群连续2代产卵动态观察

目的观察丝光绿蝇室内种群在整个产卵期内的产卵量动态变化规律.方法观察丝光绿蝇室内种群第6代及第7代成虫整个产卵期内每天的产卵量,并进行分析.结果第6代成虫于产卵期第4天和第11天出现2个产卵高峰,产卵量分别为1 252和1 290粒;第7代成虫于产卵期第1天和第8天出现2个产卵高峰,产卵量分别为858和763粒,后期产卵相对较少.结论丝光绿蝇室内种群产卵期内产卵量不稳定,后期产卵能力较低.     

丝光绿蝇2龄幼虫头节扫描电镜观察及一种新型感受器的发现（双翅目：丽蝇科）

目的对丝光绿蝇2龄幼虫头节感受器进行扫描电镜观察,补充新的形态学信息并筛选出便于物种鉴定的特征。方法2012年6—8月于北京松山国家级保护区和北京林业大学校园采集雌性丝光绿蝇,实验室饲养获得幼虫标本,扫描电镜观察头节感受器形态。结果幼虫头节触角为1个大腔锥形感受器,下颚须内围分布3个锥形、3个大腔锥形及6个小腔锥形3种不同类型的感受器,外围分布2个大腔锥形感受器。口沟基部具1对坑状感受器,下唇两侧附属器官均具1个大腔锥形感受器和1个坑状感受器。结论观察到丽蝇科幼虫新的形态学特征：下颚须的小腔锥形感受器和下唇器官的坑状感受器,其中小腔锥形感受器可作为丝光绿蝇2龄幼虫的鉴别特征。     

丝光绿蝇幼虫不同温度下的形态学变化及法医学意义

目的观察不同温度下丝光绿蝇幼虫形态学变化筛选日龄推断的指标。方法在20℃、24℃和28℃下饲养丝光绿蝇,瘦猪肉诱其产卵,每隔12h取样1次,直至50％以上幼虫化蛹为止,采用形态观察与图像分析相结合的方法对幼虫前气门、后气门、头咽骨进行观察研究。结果丝光绿蝇幼虫前气门、后气门、头咽骨均随着时间的延长发生规律性变化,幼虫后气门平均光密度、咽骨骨化面积及其平均光密度这3项指标是推断幼虫日龄较理想的指标。结论在恒温条件下,幼虫前气门、后气门、头咽骨均发生规律性变化,为法医学中尸体死后间隔时间的精确推断提供了一定的理论依据。     

丝光绿蝇研究概况

丝光绿蝇属于双翅目丽蝇科丽蝇亚科,为常见的医学媒介昆虫,能机械性传播疾病,引起蝇蛆病,其尸食性特点,又使其在环境净化、法医昆虫学领域等方面有较大的应用价值。近年来,在丝光绿蝇的营养成分、诱导其幼虫产生抗菌物质及幼虫在伤口愈合中的作用等研究方面也取得了一定进展。现就国内外关于丝光绿蝇的饲养、生物学特性、实验生态学、防治和应用等方面的研究做一概述,并探讨丝光绿蝇以后的研究方向,以期为进一步研究丝光绿蝇提供帮助。     

灭蝇灯对不同蝇种灭效的比较

为探讨有效灭蝇方法 ,用ＭＦＣＱ910 0型灭蝇灯对 6种苍蝇进行试验。1　材料1.1　灭蝇灯　为ＭＦＣＱ910 0型灭蝇灯。1.2　受试蝇种　 (1)家蝇 :由本站饲养室提供 ;(2 )巨尾阿丽蝇 :早春将鲜鱼剖开置入罐头瓶中放于草地 ,巨尾阿丽蝇在鱼体上产卵后 ,取回放实验室饲养 ,幼虫化蛹后放入装有湿锯木屑的罐头瓶中 ,盖上纱盖 ,羽化后于笼中用水、奶粉、红糖饲养 ;(3)丝光绿蝇及棕尾别麻蝇 :夏天用鱼块诱卵 ,化蛹后按蛹的体型分为两类后分别羽化 ,可得丝光绿蝇和棕尾别麻蝇 ,饲养方法同上 ;(4 )大头金蝇 :野外采蛹 ,置入装有湿锯木屑的罐头瓶中 ,盖…     

两种方法监测蝇密度结果分析II.1992～1997年数据分析

目的 :分析比较两种方法监测蝇密度的结果及差异。方法 :腐鱼酱饵法和糖醋饵 粘捕法。结果 :腐鱼酱饵法监测的蝇种以大头金蝇 ( 34% )、丝光绿蝇 ( 34% )、巨尾阿丽蝇 ( 9% )为主 ;糖醋饵 粘捕法以家蝇 ( 41% )、丝光绿蝇 ( 2 3% )、大头金蝇 ( 13% )为主。两种监测方法蝇种的季节消长走势基本一致 ,两组监测数据平方根转换后呈高度相关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,除糖醋饵 粘捕法个别年份外 ,蝇密度指数均与温度有直线回归关系 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :糖醋饵 粘捕法能反映主要防制蝇种家蝇、大头金蝇、丝光绿蝇的种群变化 ,便于统一和比较 ,其结果与传统的腐鱼酱饵法相比更具有可比性。     

保定市特殊行业蝇类幼虫孳生调查

本文报告保定市肉联厂、畜牧厂、制酒三厂蝇类幼虫孳生情况的调查结果。共发现了5科9属12种,其中舍蝇、丝光绿蝇、大头金蝇、棕尾别麻蝇为优势种,另对蝇类在不同孳生物中的孳生频率和主要蝇类幼虫的季节分布做了调查,并提出防制建议。     

家蝇和大头金蝇的产卵基质选择行为

目的了解家蝇和大头金蝇的产卵基质选择行为。方法在实验室的养虫笼内观察家蝇和大头金蝇的产卵基质选择行为;在＂Y＂形嗅觉仪中观察家蝇成虫的气味选择行为。结果对3种基质进行产卵选择时,家蝇在麦麸、瘦肉和鱼粉中的产卵量分别为86.58%、6.08%和7.34%,前者与后两者的差异有统计学意义（F=162.97;υ=2,15;P〈0.01）。而大头金蝇仅在瘦肉上产卵;在双向气味选择的嗅觉仪实验中,当以麦麸为对照时,大多数家蝇和大头金蝇雌雄蝇都选择向瘦肉定位飞行。并且大头金蝇雌雄性对瘦肉的选择率分别为85.02%和72.81%,两性之间的差异有统计学意义（F=8.66;υ=1,18;P〈0.01）,而家蝇两性之间的差异无统计学意义;当对新鲜的基质和幼虫取食过的基质进行产卵选择时,家蝇在幼虫取食过的麦麸和瘦肉上的产卵量分别为73.43%和57.57%,大头金蝇在幼虫取食过的鱼粉和瘦肉上的产卵量分别为100%和72.88%,并且它们与新鲜基质上的产卵量差异都具有统计学意义。结论产卵基质的气味与同种幼虫遗留的信息物质对家蝇和大头金蝇的产卵选择行为有显著的影响,这对于蝇类引诱剂的开发和提高蝇类产卵量具有一定的指导意义。     

白纹伊蚊和埃及伊蚊经卵传递基孔肯雅病毒的研究

本文报导了白纹伊蚊和埃及伊蚊经卵传递基孔肯雅病毒的实验结果。研究表明这两种蚊虫通过叮咬敏感宿主动物能感染和传播基孔肯雅病毒。对感染雌蚊的子1代分55批(3070只)进行基孔肯雅病毒检查,白纹伊蚊的批阳性率:幼虫为46.15％(6/13),雌性成虫为33.33％(4/12),雄性成虫为62.50％(5/8)埃及伊蚊幼虫和雌性成虫的批阳性率分别为18.18％(2/11)和22.22％(2/9)。此外,从感染白纹伊蚊和埃及伊蚊的子2代和子3代成虫中亦检查出病毒,认为这两种感染雌蚊均具有将基孔肯雅病毒垂     

家蝇室内种群第55代产卵特性比较观察

[目的]观察家蝇室内种群第55代的产卵特性,并和第1代进行比较。[方法]观察家蝇室内种群第55代及第1代每天产卵数量、所产卵的孵化数量和未孵出数量,计算每天的孵化率,并进行分析比较。[结果]两代室内种群产卵高峰均出现在产卵期d 5,在产卵期前期产卵数量较多,孵化率高,后期产卵数量少,孵化率降低。第55代所产卵总数量(粒)为15 176.67±2 625.61,高于第1代(13 178.00±1 780.89);而总孵化率(×10-2)为93.96±0.19,显著低于第1代(96.14±0.84)。[结论]家蝇室内种群前期产卵力强,后期产卵力降低,转种宜在前期进行。家蝇经55代的室内驯化饲养,与第1代相比可能有了一定的退化。     

Influence of dietary zinc on cataracts in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

The purpose of this study was to determine the cause of lens cataracts in hatchery trout fed diets containing white fish meal. After preliminary investigations, three experiments were conducted with fry of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) that were fed practical-type diets containing either 40% herring meal (control diet) or 40% white fish meal with and without various mineral supplements. In all experiments, the trout fed herring meal grew well and had normal lenses. Those fed the diet containing white fish meal without supplement grew slowly and developed bilateral cataracts determined by using a slit-lamp biomicroscope. The severity of cataracts was increased by supplementing the diet with a mixture of minerals (phosphates and carbonates of calcium, sodium and potassium). Cataracts were prevented, however, with supplemental Na2EDTA or zinc but not by supplements of manganese, copper, iron or various other minerals. The metabolic alterations responsible for the zinc-deficiency cataract were not determined.     

Polyunsaturated fats enhance peripheral glucose utilization in rats

Carbohydrate intolerance is positively correlated with saturated fat consumption. In contrast, individuals consuming diets comprised of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have a lower incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM). To test the hypothesis that dietary fats may influence insulin sensitivity, insulin-stimulated glucose utilization was estimated in vivo in rats consuming diets enriched with saturated fatty acids (SFA) (cocoa butter), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (olive oil), or PUFA derived from corn or fish sources. Each test meal provided (as percentage of calories) 45% carbohydrate, 39% fat, and 16% protein. The meals were consumed over an 8-week period. Metabolic clearance rate (MCR) for glucose was significantly higher (p less than 0.01; 5.69 +/- 0.46 and 5.18 +/- 0.29 ml/kg/min) for diets containing fish and corn oil sources, respectively, when compared to olive oil (4.34 +/- 0.32 ml/kg/min) and cocoa butter (4.61 +/- 0.11 ml/kg/min). Although the MCR between the fish and corn oil diets were not significantly different, the steady state plasma insulin concentration was lower during the fish oil meal (75 +/- 20 microU/ml) when compared to the corn meal (112 +/- 13 microU/ml). Fasting plasma insulin concentrations were significantly lower (p less than 0.01) following the PUFA diets compared to the other two diets. Fasting plasma glucose levels, despite being lower in the fish meal, were insignificantly different among the four test meals. Lastly, body weights were comparable among the four groups tested. These results suggest that diets enriched with PUFA enhance peripheral glucose utilization significantly more than diets comprised of MUFA or SFA sources.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Hazard evaluation of diisononyl phthalate and diisodecyl phthalate in a Japanese medaka multigenerational assay

Reproductive and developmental effects of diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) were evaluated in a Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) multigeneration protocol. Each phthalate was administered via fish flake diets at a concentration of 20 microg/g (1 microg/g fish/day). Two controls were included, untreated and acetone carrier. The F(0) and F(1) generation adults were reared to sexual maturation and the test was ended prior to sexual maturation of the F(2) generation. Biochemical, individual, and population parameters were evaluated: testosterone metabolism, 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) activity, survival, development, growth, gonadal-somatic index, histopathology, sex ratio, and fecundity. Male fish showed a two-fold induction of several testosterone metabolites in the DINP-treated group compared to the untreated control but not the acetone control. In a similar manner, in female fish only the DIDP-treated group expressed greater testosterone hydroxylase activity. There were neither sex- nor treatment-related differences in the results from the EROD assay. A statistically significant transient delay in red blood cell pigmentation was observed. The male-to-female ratio was consistent across treatments and the phenotypic and histological gender classifications were in agreement. Egg production was not significantly different among treatment groups. Neither phthalate elicited an effect on reproduction or development at various levels of biological organization.     

Evolution of meal patterns and food choices of Japanese-American females born in the United States

OBJECTIVES: To examine trends in meal patterns and food choices across two generations of Japanese-American females born in the USA. DESIGN: Cross-sectional cohort study. SETTING: Gardena, a suburb of Los Angeles, California. SUBJECTS: One-hundred and seventy-six Japanese-American females, participating in a morning exercise class from December 1998 to January 1999. INTERVENTION: Eighty-eight Nisei (second generation) mothers and their Sansei (third generation) daughters completed a food frequency questionnaire, answering questions regarding meal patterns and consumption frequency of 51 food items. RESULTS: The Sansei ate fewer meals per day compared with the Nisei. Mean frequencies of takeout foods and eating out were higher in the Sansei vs the Nisei. Mean intake of meats and eggs were similar between the two groups. However, mean consumption of traditional Japanese complement foods including fish, vegetables and legumes was lower in the Sansei vs the Nisei. Intake of more 'Westernized' accessory foods, including salty snacks, regular soft drinks and alcoholic beverages, was higher in the Sansei vs the Nisei. CONCLUSION: Findings from this study indicate that meal patterns and food choices have changed in succeeding generations of Japanese-American females from traditional fare to a diet containing many complement and accessory foods that are higher in fat, sugar, sodium and calories. Health professionals should be advised to consider the whole diet in making nutrition recommendations to this population as well as providing information to this group on the nutritional benefits of many traditional foods. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, 665-670.     

Biotin supplementation of practical diets for channel catfish

A purified diet and two practical-type diets were each evaluated with supplemental biotin (1 mg/kg), without supplemental biotin, and with a biotin antagonist (freeze-dried egg white) for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) over a 17-week feeding period. Omission of supplemental biotin from the casein-dextrin purified diet, with or without egg white, resulted in anorexia, reduced growth rate, lighter skin, hypersensitivity and reduced liver pyruvate carboxylase activity by this fish. Omission of supplemental biotin from either practical diet, one containing basically soybean meal and corn and another containing basically soybean meal, corn and menhaden fishmeal , caused none of these deficiency signs. The ratio of biotin to indigestible dry matter in feces was lower than that in the diet for all fish, indicating little or no synthesis of biotin by the intestinal microflora in channel catfish. Levels of total biotin, measured microbiologically, in the all-plant and in the plant- fishmeal diets were 0.37 and 0.33 mg/kg, respectively. These results indicate that practical diets for channel catfish made from the commonly used ingredients, soybean meal, corn and menhaden fishmeal , do not need supplemental biotin.     

Rats rapidly reject diets deficient in essential amino acids

Omnivores must obtain diets balanced with respect to amino acids to support growth and protein synthesis. The standard paradigm used to study behavioral responses to amino acid deficiency combines deficient diets with dietary novelty. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of amino acid deficiency on the first meal of rats without the confounding effects of novelty. We report on a series of five studies of feeding behavior in rats. Rats were fed low protein diets for 5-7 d and then exposed to diets with and without essential amino acids. Rats consistently demonstrated recognition of essential amino acid deficiency within the first meal by a significant reduction in first meal duration, rejecting the deficient diets after just 12-16 min exposure. This is the first report of a rapid effect of amino acid-deficient diets without the confounding effects of dietary novelty.     

Soyabean fortification and enrichment of regular and quality protein maize tortillas affects brain development and maze performance of rats

The brain development and performance of rats fed throughout two generations with an indigenous maize tortilla-based diet was studied. The experiment compared casein control with five different diets produced from: regular fresh masa; regular, enriched dry masa flour containing thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, Fe and Zn (REDMF); dry masa flour fortified with 60 g/kg defatted soyabean meal and enriched (FEDMF); enriched quality protein maize (QPM) flour (EQPM); QPM flour fortified with 30 g/kg defatted soyabean meal and enriched (FEQPM). In both generations, brain and cerebellum weights and myelin concentration were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in rats fed the FEDMF and FEQPM diets. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in brain DNA in first-generation rats; however, second-generation rats fed FEDMF, EQPM and FEQPM tortillas had higher cerebral DNA, neuron size and brain activity as estimated by the RNA:DNA ratio. Short-term and long-term memory performance in the Morris maze improved (P < 0.05) among rats fed the FEDMF, FEQPM and EQPM diets. Second-generation rats fed the FEDMF and FEQPM diets had a superior (P < 0.05) working memory and learning performance. The utilisation of regular or QPM tortillas enriched with selected micronutrients and fortified with soyabean is highly recommended to assure adequate brain development. The high lysine-tryptophan QPM made it possible to save half of the soyabean flour without sacrificing the nutritional value of soyabean-fortified tortillas.     

The sequential feeding of growing chickens.

1. Male chickens, I week old, were fed alternately for 6 or 12 h periods with diets complementary in their amino acid composition. The isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets were based on fish meal or sunflower meal as the sole source of protein, or fish meal-sunflower (40:60, w/w); each diet contained 120 g crude protein/kg. Other groups of chickens were given these diets ad lib. 2. Net protein utilization (NPU) values obtained after a I-week experimental period indicated that sequential feeding for bot 6 and 12 h resulted in significantly improved responses compared with chickens given the same diets ad lib. These results suggested that the two protein sources, although provided at separate times, could complement each other. 3. In certain treatments there was a 6 or 12 h fasting period between feeding periods to reduce the effect of nutrients from the previous period. 4. For alternate feeding and fasting periods of 6 h with the combined diet, food intake and gain in body-weight were both significantly reduced compared with the corresponding values for the combined diet fed ad lib. The NPU value was virtually the same for both treatments. For 12 h periods of alternate feeding and fasting the gain in body-weight was only just significantly lower than that for the control group (combined diet fed ad lib.), but the NPU value was highly significantly better than that for the control group. 5. For the treatments which included 6 and 12 h fasting periods between the two single-protein diets, the food intake and gain in body-weight were significantly lower compared with the treatment groups given alternate feeding thd fasting periods of either 6 or 12 h with the combined diet. The NPU values for the two groups given 12 h alternate feeding and fasting periods differed significantly, whereas the NPU values for the two groups given 6 h feeding and fasting periods were the same.