新疆地区45499例新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下筛查分析

目的探讨新疆地区新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下症(CH)的发病情况,以便做到早确诊、早治疗。方法新生儿出生后72h,采足跟血,制成干血滤纸片,用时间荧光分辨法检测干血片中促甲状腺素(TSH)的水平,TSH≥9μU/ml为阳性,阳性病人召回采静脉血,用化学发光法测甲功五项(TSH、FT3、FT4、T3、T4浓度)而确诊。确诊患儿立即口服甲状腺素片或优甲乐进行治疗并定期监测其体格和智力发育情况。结果自2003年1月至2010年12月共筛查45499例新生儿,确诊31例,检出率为1/1468,明显高于全国平均水平。结论新生儿促甲状腺功能低下症的筛查和治疗,是减少出生缺陷,提高人口素质的重要措施。     

新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下症筛查分析

目的分析和总结2002年新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下症(CH)筛查状况.方法泉州市2002年活产的新生儿出生后72小时足跟采血,滴在特殊的滤纸(美国S＆S 903滤纸)片上,用时间分辨荧光免疫分析法(TRFIA)测定促甲状腺素(TSH)浓度.对TSH超过切割值者召回复查,取静脉血采用直接化学发光免疫分析法(CLIA)测定T3、T4、FT3、FT4及TSH浓度.结果全年共筛查新生儿38 600例,疑似CH 568例,确诊CH 16例.CH发病率1/2412,甲状腺发育异常是先天性甲状腺功能低下症的首要病因.结论新生儿筛查是CH患儿早期诊断的有效方法,是开展CH早期治疗,防治智力低下残疾儿发生的有效手段.     

湖南省怀化市先天性甲状腺功能低下的筛查分析

目的 提高人口素质，预防智力障碍，减少残疾儿发病率。方法 在新生儿出生后72h采足跟血3滴，直接滴于美国产S＆S903滤纸上。采用DELFIA法进行TSH检测，确诊用ACS180Plus全自动化学发光分析仪测定血清T3、T4、FT3、FT4、TSH值。结果 ①共收集全市78家医院标本27420份，初筛阳性者65例，发现患儿14例，检出率为1／1958。②检出的CH中男性7例，女性7例，其中农村9例，城市5例。③14例CH患儿分别在生后7—14天内经血清学检查确诊，确诊后立即予以左旋甲状腺素片8—10wg／kg／日进行治疗。患儿在1月左右复查血清T3、T4、FT3、FT4、TSH值均达到正常值，生长发育基本正常。结论 ①我市发病率高于全国统计率，可能与标本量及经济条件有关。而CH发生率以靖州县最高，可能是与该县新生儿筛查率达90％有关。原因需进一步探讨。②农村出生新生儿筛查率低，原因与经济条件有关。③部分筛查有问题的新生儿家长不愿带新生儿来及时确诊，与新生儿家长对疾病的知晓少有关。④筛查结果表明新生儿筛查是早期发现CH的最有效方法，只有早诊断早治疗，才可能避免智力障碍的发生，减少残疾儿，才能提高出生人口素质。     

中山市PKU、CH、G6PD缺乏三种疾病新生儿筛查结果分析

目的　建立中山市新生儿疾病筛查方法 ,了解PKU、CH、G6PD缺乏的新生儿发病率。方法　 10 783例新生儿分别在出生时采脐血肝素抗凝和出生后 4 8h～ 72h采足跟血制成滤纸干血斑。G6PD缺乏的筛查采用脐血荧光斑点定性试验测定G6PD活性 ,PKU筛查采用荧光定量法检测滤纸干血斑中Phe含量 ,CH筛查采用DELFIA法检测滤纸干血斑中TSH含量。结果　CH发病率 1/ 2 6 96 ,G6PD缺乏检出率 3 4 6 % ,未检出PKU。结论　新生儿筛查是PKU、CH、G6PD缺乏患儿得到早期诊治避免发生体格和智能发育障碍的有效手段 ,是提高人口素质的重要措施。     

早产与宫内支原体感染研究

目的　探讨早产发生与宫内支原体感染的关系。方法　以 6 3例剖宫产早产儿为研究组和 98例剖宫产正常新生儿为对照组。统一于分娩后 4 8h内采集咽拭子标本进行解脲脲原体 (Uu)、肺炎支原体 (Mpn)、人型支原体 (Mh)、生殖支原体 (Mg)和发酵支原体 (Mf)等 5种支原体检测。结果　剖宫产早产儿Uu、Mpn和Mh阳性检出率分别为 4 2 9%、2 5 4 %、17 5 % ,而正常新生儿则为 8 2 %、2 0 %、0 % ,3种支原体两组均有明显差别 (P均 <0 0 1) ;5种支原体合并计算 ,剖宫产早产儿阳性率为 6 1 9% ,明显高于正常新生儿的 10 2 % (P <0 0 1) ,相对危险性RR值达 14 3。结论　早产与宫内支原体感染强关联。     

β地中海贫血杂合子基因突变及Gγ珠蛋白基因-158位点SNP与Hb F的关系

目的　探讨 β地中海贫血 (简称 β地贫 )杂合子基因突变类型和 Gγ珠蛋白基因启动子 - 15 8位点 (Gγ- 15 8)单核苷酸多态性与胎儿血红蛋白 (fetal hemoglobin,Hb F)水平的关系。方法　抗碱 -比色法测定 Hb F水平 ;PCR-寡核苷酸斑点杂交法检测β地贫基因型 ;限制性内切酶 Xmn 消化经 PCR扩增的Gγ基因启动子 DNA片段 ,分析Gγ- 15 8位点的单核苷酸多态性。结果　 6 3例受检的轻型β地贫中 15例 Hb F≥ 2 % (2 .0 6 %～ 10 .4 4 % )。共检出 6种β地贫基因突变 ,分别是 :CD4 1/42 (- TTCT)、CD17(A→T)、nt- 2 8(A→ G)、CD71/72 ( A)、IVS- II- 6 5 4 (C→ T)、IVS- I- 1(G→ T)。 CD4 1/42、CD17、CD71/72、IVS- II-6 5 4的杂合子在 15例 Hb F升高组和 4 8例 Hb F正常组各自所占比例相同。 6 3例个体中有 10例为Gγ-15 8(C→T)突变的杂合子 ,总检出率为 15 .9% ;其中 15例高 Hb F个体中检出 8例 (检出率 5 3.33% ) ,HbF正常的 4 8例检出 2例 (检出率 4 .17% ) ,两组检出率差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 0 1)。结论　 β地贫基因突变CD4 1/42、CD17、CD71/72、IVS- II- 6 5 4与 β地贫杂合子的 Hb F水平无关 ;而 Gγ- 15 8(C→ T)突变与广西地区 β地贫杂合子 Hb F升高密切相关。     

儿童T淋巴细胞不同剂量辐射后DNA合成的增殖反应的应答

观察儿童T淋巴细胞低剂量辐射后DNA合成的刺激效应和对大剂量辐射的适应性反应。 8例儿童外周血T淋巴细胞培养后 ,予以不同的低剂量辐射 ,用14 C TdR (14 C 胸腺嘧啶核苷 )或3 H TdR (3 H 胸腺嘧啶核苷 )掺入法观察T淋巴细胞DNA合成 ,用掺入百分率和辐射损伤减轻百分数 (DRP )分别表达刺激效应和适应性反应。T淋巴细胞经 2、 5、 10cGy照射后14 C TdR掺入与 0cGy比较分别是 10 7 7%、 12 5 5 %、 133 8% ,明显增加了DNA合成。分别予以 0 5、 1 0、 1 5、 2 0、 3 0、 4 0cGy不同剂量辐射后 ,DRP分别是 2 0 8%、 33 2 %、 5 3 4 %、 4 9 0 %、 2 8 9%。 1 5cGy辐射后 6、 2 4、 4 8、 72h ,DRP分别是2 2 2 %、 5 3 4 %、 36 6 %、 11 1%。 1 5cGy辐射后 2 4h再予以 1、 3、 5、 7Gy不同大剂量辐射 ,DRP分别是 30 7%、 4 5 1%、2 6 4 %、 11 9%。儿童T淋巴细胞经适宜的低剂量辐射后可以明显增加DNA合成 ,1 5cGy辐射后 2 4h对 3Gy大剂量辐射适应性反应表达最为充分     

三亚地区新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下症筛查结果分析

目的对三亚市新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下症(congenital hypothyroidism,CH)筛查结果进行分析和总结,进而了解三亚市新生儿CH的筛查情况及发病率。方法选取2017年09～2018年09月在三亚市妇幼保健院出生的新生儿9357例,并在72h后均予采集足底血以检测TSH含量。对筛查结果为阳性患儿,立即召回并测定TSH、FT3、FT4和甲状腺超声检查,并作出诊断。结果三亚市9357例新生儿中CH检测阳性并被确诊儿共7例,发病率约0.75‰(7/9357)。其中,高TSH血症2例,发病率约0.21‰(2/9357)。结论三亚市新生儿CH发病率出现下降趋势,而继续加强新生儿筛查工作,不仅使患儿得到早期诊断和治疗,且有效避免发生不可逆的智能障碍,提高出生人口素质。     

中山地区先天性甲状腺功能低下症筛查结果分析

目的探讨中山地区先天性甲状腺功能低下症（Congenital Hypothyroidism，CH）的发病率及疗效观察。方法1998年11月-2006年4月年间采集95471名出生48h～72h后的新生儿足跟血3滴于滤纸血片上。采用时间分辨荧光免疫法检测血斑中促甲状腺激素（thyroid stimulating hormone，TSH）值；可疑阳性者再召回取静脉血，采用化学发光法检测血清中T3、T4和TSH浓度；确诊为CH的患儿根据病情轻重，及时给予规范的治疗。结果筛查新生儿95471例，可疑阳性患儿350例，确诊40例，发病率1／2387，其中男性患儿17例，女性患儿23例，平均治疗50．2d后血清13、T4、TSH达到正常范围。结论中山地区CH发病率高于全国平均水平，早期用左旋甲状腺素片治疗CH效果满意。     

新疆地区新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下症筛查切值的研究

目的建立新生儿疾病筛查干血片法TSH测定在新疆地区新生儿先天性甲状腺功能减低症(CH)的切值(cutoff)。方法新生儿出生72h后经充分哺乳后采集足跟血滤纸标本,采用时间分辨荧光免疫法(DELFLI),检测滤纸干血斑中促甲状腺素(TSH)浓度。结果通过三年内筛查的67 314例新生儿TSH测定结果确定本实验室新生儿甲低的筛查切值为8.5μU/m L。结论新生儿TSH筛查切值的确立为新疆地区今后的新生儿CH筛查提供了依据。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.