高糖对原代培养人血管内皮细胞TGF-β基因表达和分泌LN及C-IV的影响

小研究旨在探讨体外培养条件下高糖状态对人血管内皮细胞的影响。以原代培养人脐带静脉内皮细胞为材料,采用RT-PCR技术观察高糖状态下原代培养血管内皮细胞转化生长因子β(TGF-β)基因表达水平,用放射免疫分析法观察高糖作用下的血管内皮细胞分泌基底膜蛋白成分IV型胶原蛋白(IV-C)及从粘连蛋白(LN)的情况。在16.67mmol/L D-葡萄糖浓度作用6、12和24h,血管内皮细胞TGF-β基因表达分别增高了0．38、1．22和1．43倍,而血管内皮细胞分泌IV-C的量无变化;和16.67mmol/L糖浓度下培养24h血管内皮细胞分泌LN的量下降了55．60％。结果显示在较短时间内糖浓度升高可引起血管内皮细胞TGF-β基因表达增强,而对血管内皮细胞分泌LN起抑制作用,对IV-C的分泌无明显影响。在微血管病变早期,高糖可能通过血管内皮细胞TGF-β基因高表达而起主要作用。     

当归对高糖所致内皮细胞损伤的保护作用

目的:研究高糖培养液对体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞株ECV304的影响及当归注射液对高糖培养环境中内皮细胞功能的保护作用。方法:在RPMI1640培养液中培养内皮细胞后,分成对照组、高糖培养组、高糖+当归组、当归组,培养48h后观察各组内皮细胞形态、检测培养液中一氧化氮(NO)浓度和ECV304细胞增殖活性。结果:高糖培养ECV304细胞有肿胀现象,且数量减少;当归干预后,ECV304细胞形态与对照组相似,且数量增多。高糖培养的ECV304细胞增殖活性和NO浓度较高糖+当归组显著减少(P<0.05),而当归组与对照组无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:当归注射液可以预防高糖培养对内皮细胞增殖及分泌NO功能的损害,从而对糖尿病患者的血管损害可能起到一定的保护作用。     

L-Rap在高糖培养的人视网膜血管内皮细胞的表达变化

目的研究白细胞源性精氨酸氨基肽酶（Leukocyte-derived Arginine Aminopeptidase，L-Rap）在高糖培养的人视网膜血管内皮细胞的表达，分析L-Rap蛋白的功能。方法体外培养人视网膜血管内皮细胞，实时定量PCR检测L-Rap在高糖培养的人视网膜血管内皮细胞的表达变化，建立L-Rap的三维蛋白结构图，分析L-Rap蛋白的功能。结果L-Rap的mRNA在高糖培养的人视网膜血管内皮细胞下降，L-Rap蛋白可能对血管生成因子、免疫炎症因子以及肾素-血管紧张素系统发挥作用。结论L-Rap与糖尿病视网膜病变密切相关，可以从血管生成因子、免疫炎症因子以及肾素-血管紧张素系统这三个途径探索L-Rap对糖尿病视网膜病变的作用。     

罗格列酮对高糖环境下人脐静脉内皮细胞作用的研究

目的研究罗格列酮对高糖环境下人脐静脉内皮细胞促血管生成功能的影响及其机制。方法通过MTT检测法、细胞划痕实验,探讨罗格列酮在高糖环境下对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)的增殖与迁移能力的影响,并用ELISA方法检测经罗格列酮作用后高糖培养基上清中VEGF、SDF-1的含量,进行统计分析。结果经罗格列酮药物处理后的HUVEC增殖和迁移能力明显高于高糖组,且培养基中VEGF和SDF-1的含量也有显著升高。AKT阻断剂可以阻断罗格列酮对HUVEC增殖、迁移和分泌功能的促进作用。结论罗格列酮在高糖环境下可显著促进HUVEC的增殖、迁移和分泌功能,AKT信号通路在这一过程中发挥着重要的作用。     

葡萄糖及游离脂肪酸对人血管内皮细胞凋亡的影响

为了观察葡萄糖、游离脂肪酸（FFAs）对人血管内皮细胞凋亡的影响及葡萄糖与FFAs是否具有协同作用，将培养细胞随机分为五组进行干预：对照组；葡萄糖处理组；FFAs处理组；葡萄糖与FFAs联合作用组；渗透压对照组。通过电镜、DNA片段琼脂糖凝胶电泳、流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期。结果：高糖、高棕榈酸组见到凋亡小体等典型凋亡改变；高糖和高FFAs使细胞阻滞在G0／G1期，凋亡峰和凋亡率明显增高（P〈0．05），并呈剂量一时间依赖性；两者联用凋亡率明显高于两者单独使用（P〈0．05）；低浓度FFAs组细胞凋亡率与对照组无显著差异（P〉0．05）。高糖和高FFAs诱导内皮细胞凋亡具有时间一效应、浓度一效应关系且具有协同作用，可能参与了糖尿病血管并发症的发病过程。     

辛伐他汀抑制高糖诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞的凋亡

背景：他汀类药物对血管内皮细胞的凋亡是否有影响目前尚不明确。 目的：探讨辛伐他汀对高糖诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞凋亡的影响。 方法：用DMEM细胞培养液培养人脐静脉内皮细胞,将细胞分成空白对照组、高糖组和高糖+辛伐他汀组,用四甲基偶氮唑蓝比色法测定人脐静脉内皮细胞的存活率,流式细胞仪和Western blot分别检测细胞早期凋亡率及P53蛋白表达。 结果与结论：高糖组及高糖+辛伐他汀组细胞增殖率较空白对照组明显降低(P < 0.01),而高糖组细胞增殖率较高糖+辛伐他汀组亦降低(P < 0.01);高糖组P53蛋白表达量及凋亡率较空白对照组及高糖+辛伐他汀组明显增加(P < 0.01),高糖+辛伐他汀组P53蛋白表达及凋亡率亦明显高于空白对照组(P< 0.01)。表明高糖可通过促进促凋亡蛋白P53的表达进而促进人脐静脉内皮细胞的凋亡,而辛伐他汀可抑制此作用。     

1-磷酸鞘氨醇在高糖诱导血管内皮细胞功能损伤中的作用

 目的: 探讨1-磷酸鞘氨醇(S1P)在高糖诱导血管内皮细胞功能损伤中的作用及其机制。方法: 在高糖培养的人主动脉内皮细胞模型中,分别或同时给予S1P、鞘氨醇激酶1抑制剂和Akt抑制剂处理后,观察一氧化氮(NO)、粒细胞-内皮细胞黏附率、细胞间黏附分子1(ICAM-1)蛋白表达、内皮细胞迁移以及Akt/内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)信号途径的改变。结果: S1P明显降低高糖诱导的内皮细胞培养上清液中NO含量,促进粒细胞与内皮细胞黏附,显著增加内皮细胞ICAM-1蛋白表达,抑制内皮细胞迁移和Akt/eNOS信号通路激活。鞘氨醇激酶1抑制剂减少S1P生成后上述内皮细胞功能指标得以明显改善,Akt/eNOS信号通路恢复激活。结论: S1P促进高糖培养的内皮细胞功能障碍的形成,可能与其抑制Akt/eNOS信号通路激活有关。抑制S1P生成有望成为减轻内皮细胞功能损伤的治疗策略之一。     

高糖、高脂血症时血管内皮细胞的变化

目的 :观察高糖血症及高脂血症时大鼠胸主动脉内皮细胞的形态学变化 ,探讨其变化发生的机理。方法 :复制高糖、高脂血症动物模型 ,光镜及电镜下观察胸主动脉内皮细胞的变化特点。结果 :①高糖血症 :光镜下见胸主动脉内皮细胞肿胀、肥胖 ,个别内皮细胞突向腔面。电镜下内皮细胞表面有破损 ,并见血浆蛋白附着物 ;细胞浆内有明显的糖原颗粒 ,细胞核周池增宽。②高脂血症 :光镜下见内皮细胞肿胀、肥胀 ,个别是细胞向腔面呈出芽状生长。电镜下内皮细胞表面有指状突起 ,胞浆内见较大的吞饮泡 ,平滑肌细胞有向内膜下迁移的倾向。结论 :高糖及高脂血症时血管内皮细胞发生了一定的变化 ,可能是导致进一步血管病变的重要因素     

氧化应激与自噬在糖尿病血管并发症中的相互作用

血管损伤是糖尿病患者的常见并发症,血管内皮细胞的功能障碍是导致糖尿病血管损伤的主要危险因素。自噬是正常细胞在生长周期中必不可少的维持体内稳态的生理过程,其主要功能是细胞器回收和蛋白质的降解,异常自噬的发生将导致细胞线粒体的损伤并进而促进细胞死亡。内皮细胞线粒体是活性氧(ROS)产生的主要部位,糖尿病引起的高糖血症使细胞氧化应激水平升高,ROS产生增加,导致血管内皮细胞功能障碍。ROS可诱导细胞过度自噬,使内皮细胞发生凋亡与坏死,从而引起血管损伤。本文将对ROS及其诱导的过度自噬在促进糖尿病血管并发症中的病理生理作用和研究作一综述。     

人脐静脉血管内皮细胞缺氧复氧损伤时黏结合蛋白多糖1及细胞外信号调节酶表达与肝素酶Ⅰ的调节

背景:研究发现肝素酶可以促使肿瘤细胞的syndecan-1脱落,而且低氧增加的巨噬细胞运动也可能与硫酸已酰肝素蛋白多糖的生物合成调节相关。目的:观察肝素酶Ⅰ对缺氧复氧损伤人脐静脉血管内皮细胞黏结合蛋白多糖1及细胞外信号调节酶的调节作用。方法:采用缺氧复氧处理肝素酶Ⅰ预培养的人脐静脉血管内皮细胞,用免疫组织化学、RT-PCR及western blot检测人脐静脉血管内皮细胞细胞黏结合蛋白多糖1、ERK2的表达。结果与结论:单纯缺氧复氧后人脐静脉血管内皮细胞的黏结合蛋白多糖1和ERK2表达轻度上调。缺氧复氧处理肝素酶Ⅰ预培养人脐静脉血管内皮细胞的黏结合蛋白多糖1和ERK2明显上调,与单纯缺氧复氧处理人脐静脉血管内皮细胞相比差异有显著性意义。黏结合蛋白多糖1与ERK2上调表达成正相关。结果表明,黏结合蛋白多糖1和细胞外信号调节酶参与了人脐静脉血管内皮细胞缺氧复氧损伤的病理生理过程,肝素酶Ⅰ可能通过调节黏结合蛋白多糖1来影响细胞外信号调节酶的表达。     

血管平滑肌细胞凋亡在血管再狭窄中作用的研究进展

血管平滑肌细胞构成新生内膜增生的重要部分,且在血管腔内治疗术后再狭窄的心血管疾病的发生和发展中具有重要作用。血管平滑肌细胞凋亡能有效抑制血管球囊损伤和血管旁路移植术后新生内膜增生,从而可为血管术后再狭窄提供治疗手段。     

Cell-matrix biology in vascular tissue engineering

We are developing biocompatible small-calibre vascular substitutes based on polymeric scaffolds that incorporate cell-matrix signals to enhance vascular cell attachment and function. Our graft scaffold comprises an outer electrostatically spun porous polyurethane layer seeded with smooth muscle cells, and a luminal polycaprolactone layer for endothelial cell attachment. Vascular cell adhesion properties of three vascular elastic fibre molecules, tropoelastin, fibrillin-1 and fibulin-5, have been defined, and adhesion fragments optimized. These fragments are being used to coat the scaffolds to enhance luminal endothelial cell attachment, and to regulate smooth muscle cell attachment and function. Tropoelastin-based cell seeding materials are also being developed. In this way, vascular cell-matrix biology is enhancing graft design.     

Enhanced functions of vascular cells on nanostructured Ti for improved stent applications

Vascular tissue possesses numerous nanostructured surface features, but most metallic vascular stents proposed to restore blood flow are smooth at the nanoscale. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine in vitro vascular cell functions on nanostructured titanium (Ti) compared to conventional commercially pure (c.p.) Ti. Results of this study showed for the first time greater competitive adhesion of endothelial versus vascular smooth muscle cells on nanostructured Ti compared to conventional Ti after 4 hours. Moreover, when cultured separately, increased endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell density was observed on nanostructured Ti compared to conventional c.p. Ti after 1, 3, and 5 days; endothelial cells formed confluent monolayers before vascular smooth muscle cells on nanostructured Ti. Results also showed greater total amounts of collagen and elastin synthesis by vascular cells when cultured on nanostructured Ti. Since a major mode of failure of conventional vascular stents is the overgrowth of smooth muscle cells compared to endothelial cells, these results suggest that while the functions of both types of vascular cells were promoted on nanostructured c.p. Ti, endothelial cell functions (of particular importance, cell density or confluence) were enhanced over that of vascular smooth muscle cells. Thus, the present in vitro study showed that vascular stents composed of nanometer c.p. Ti particles may invoke advantageous cellular responses for improved stent applications.     

Effect of chronic nicotine delivery on the proliferation rate of endothelial and smooth muscle cells in experimentally induced vascular wall plaques

To study the effect of nicotine, cholesterol feeding, and their combination on endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vascular wall plaques an experimental method was established which allows the immunohistochemical detection and quantification of the fractions of endothelial and smooth muscle cells in DNA synthesis under the effect of these stimuli. For this purpose standardized fibromuscular plaques were produced by electrostimulation in the common carotid arteries of rabbits. The animals received either nicotine via implanted osmotic minipumps or a cholesterol diet or both. Plaque size was determined at the end of the experiments after 7 or 14 days as well as the fraction of endothelial and smooth muscle cells in DNA synthesis during exposure to bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). The BrdU labeling index of endothelial cells clearly increased under chronic nicotine administration for either 7 days or 14 days compared to controls. The combination of nicotine and cholesterol diet led to a more significant increase. In contrast, the BrdU labeling index of smooth muscle cells was not increased under nicotine delivery. The combination of nicotine and cholesterol, however, led to a significant increase of the BrdU labeling index of smooth muscle cells in the plaques compared to cholesterol feeding. Measurement of the plaque size revealed no difference between controls and nicotine-treated animals after 14 days of nicotine delivery, whereas the combination of cholesterol and nicotine produced increased plaque formation compared to a group of animals which received a cholesterol diet alone.Abbreviations BrdU bromodeoxyuridine - EC endothelial cell - HDL high-density lipoprotein - LDL low-density lipoprotein - SMC smooth muscle cell     

Reversible microcarrier-mediated junctional communication between endothelial and smooth muscle cell monolayers: an in vitro model of vascular cell interactions

Junctional communication between cultured monolayers of aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells was established as an in vitro model of vessel wall cell interactions. Confluent monolayers of endothelial cells on microcarriers placed on the surface of a smooth muscle cell monolayer became attached within 1 hour. After 3 hours of contact co-culture, approximately 4% of each monolayer was involved in heterocellular attachment (range 2% to 6%; 4 to 12 cells per microcarrier). Endothelial-smooth muscle cell junctions formed between the two cell populations at the sites of attachment on the lower surface of each microcarrier. When either endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells were prelabeled with [3H]uridine, intracellular nucleotide was rapidly transferred across the region of heterocellular attachment to the complementary cell population. Heterocellular gap junctional transfer was inhibited when endothelial-smooth muscle attachment was prevented by slowly rocking the culture vessel. No evidence of nucleotide transfer was obtained when endothelial cells were co-cultured with MDCK cells incapable of forming gap junctions. Contact co-culture of endothelium and smooth muscle cells were reversed by gentle agitation of the cultures; the microcarriers detached allowing the recovery of pure cell populations. The contact co-culture technique is well suited to studies of vascular cell interactions and is of general applicability to anchorage dependent cells.     

大鼠提睾肌缺血再灌注损伤时血管平滑肌细胞和内皮细胞的增殖与凋亡

目的研究大鼠提睾肌缺血再灌注后血管平滑肌细胞和内皮细胞的增殖和凋亡。方法以免疫组织化学SP法和末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导生物素标记法 (TUNEL)对大鼠提睾肌缺血再灌注后的血管平滑肌细胞和内皮细胞的Bcl-2、Bax、P53和增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA)的表达进行观察研究。结果缺血再灌注后 ,血管平滑肌细胞和内皮细胞均有Bcl-2、Bax、P53和PCNA的表达 ,在平滑肌细胞 ,Bcl-2阳性细胞数量明显高于Bax和P53。PCNA阳性细胞明显增多。在内皮细胞 ,Bax和P53的表达最强 ,TUNEL阳性细胞率最高。结论大鼠提睾肌缺血再灌注可造成平滑细胞的增殖和内皮细胞的凋亡 ,其结果可能与微循环障碍有关。     

Molecular control of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation

Changes in the differentiated state of the vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) including enhanced growth responsiveness, altered lipid metabolism, and increased matrix production are known to play a key role in development of atherosclerotic disease. As such, there has been extensive interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms and factors that regulate differentiation of vascular SMC, and how this regulation might be disrupted in vascular disease. Key questions include determination of mechanisms that control the coordinate expression of genes required for the differentiated function of the smooth muscle cell, and determination as to how these regulatory processes are influenced by local environmental cues known to be important in control of smooth muscle differentiation. Of particular interest, a number of common cis regulatory elements including highly conserved CArG [CC(A/T)₆GG] motifs or CArG-like motifs and a TGF_β control element have been identified in the promoters of virtually all smooth muscle differentiation marker genes characterized to date including smooth muscle α-actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, telokin, and SM22α and shown to be required for expression of these genes both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, studies have identified a number of trans factors that interact with these cis elements, and shown how the expression or activity of these factors is modified by local environmental cues such as contractile agonists that are known to influence differentiation of smooth muscle.     

Mechanism(s) of increased vascular cell adhesion on nanostructured poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) films

Studies have shown that poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) films with nanometer surface features promote vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell adhesion. The objective of this in vitro research was to begin to understand the mechanisms behind this observed increase in vascular cell adhesion. Results provided evidence that nanostructured PLGA adsorbed significantly more vitronectin and fibronectin from serum compared to conventional (or those not possessing nanometer surface features) PLGA. When separately preadsorbing both vitronectin and fibronectin, increased vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cell density was observed on nanostructured (compared to conventional) PLGA. Additionally, blocking of cell-binding epitopes of fibronectin and vitronectin significantly decreased vascular cell adhesion on nanostructured (compared to conventional) PLGA. For this reason, results of the present in vitro study demonstrated that cell adhesive proteins adsorbed in different quantities and altered bioactivity on nanostructured compared to conventional PLGA topographies, which (at least in part) may account for the documented increased vascular cell adhesion on nanostructured PLGA. In this manner, this study continues to provide evidence for the promise of nanostructured PLGA in vascular tissue engineering applications.     

Inducible expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 by vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and within rabbit atheroma.

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), a mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule, is expressed in cultured vascular endothelial cells activated by cytokines and is induced in rabbit aortic endothelium in vivo within 1 week after initiation of an atherogenic diet. We now demonstrate that vascular smooth muscle cells can also express VCAM-1 in rabbit atherosclerotic lesions in vivo and in response to cytokines in vitro. Immunohistochemical staining of aortas from rabbits fed a 0.3% cholesterol-containing diet revealed that a portion of smooth muscle cells within intimal foam cell-rich lesions expressed VCAM-1. The intimal VCAM-1-expressing cells localized predominantly in regions above the internal elastic lamina. These VCAM-1-positive cells had the typical spindle shape of smooth muscle cells but had reduced alpha-actin expression in comparison to normal medial smooth muscle cells, and did not bear markers for endothelium, macrophages, and T cells. In culture, rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells expressed VCAM-1 mRNA and protein in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion when exposed to interferon-gamma or Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells also expressed VCAM-1 mRNA and protein in response to lipopolysaccharide, interferon-gamma, and interleukin-4. The monokines interleukin-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha did not induce VCAM-1 expression in either rabbit or human vascular smooth muscle cells. Inducible VCAM-1 expression by vascular smooth muscle cells in vivo during hypercholesterolemia and in vitro in response to certain cytokines suggests a broader range of VCAM-1 functions in vascular biology than heretofore appreciated.     

New aspects of vascular remodelling: the involvement of all vascular cell types

Conventionally, the architecture of arteries is based around the close-packed smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix. However, the adventitia and endothelium are now viewed as key players in vascular growth and repair. A new dynamic picture has emerged of blood vessels in a constant state of self-maintenance. Recent work raises fundamental questions about the cellular heterogeneity of arteries and the time course and triggering of normal and pathological remodelling. A common denominator emerging in hypertensive remodelling is an early increase in adventitial cell density suggesting that adventitial cells drive remodelling and may initiate subsequent changes such as re-arrangement of smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix. The organization of vascular smooth muscle cells follows regular arrangements that can be modelled mathematically. In hypertension, new patterns can be quantified in these terms and give insights to how structure affects function. As with smooth muscle, little is known about the organization of the vascular endothelium, or its role in vascular remodelling. Current observations suggest that there may be a close relationship between the helical organization of smooth muscle cells and the underlying pattern of endothelial cells. The function of myoendothelial connections is a topic of great current interest and may relate to the structure of the internal elastic lamina through which the connections must pass. In hypertensive remodelling this must present an organizational challenge. The objective of this paper is to show how the functions of blood vessels depend on their architecture and a continuous interaction of different cell types and extracellular proteins.