人丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制因子HAI-1在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及意义

目的 检测HAI-1基因在膀胱移行细胞癌(BTCC)中的表达,探讨与BTCC临床病理参数间的关系及其临床意义.方法 应用免疫组化SP法检测HAI-1在BTCC及正常膀胱黏膜中的表达,并结合临床病理资料分析.结果 HAl-1在BTCC及正常膀胱组织中均有表达;在BTCC中的表达阳性率明显低于正常膀胱组织,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001);HAI-1表达随肿瘤病理分级、临床分期的升高、肿瘤转移的发生而显著性降低(P＜0.001).结论 HAI-1异常表达在BTCC的发生发展过程中可能具有重要作用,HAI-1蛋白可作为判断BTCC恶性程度及预后的新型生物学标记.     

Survivin在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的:检测抗凋亡(IAP)家族中生存素(Survivin)基因在膀胱移形细胞癌(BTCC)组织及癌旁组织的表达,探讨Survivin的表达在膀胱癌发生发展中的意义.方法:采用免疫组织化学和实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-QPCR)方法,对30例BTCC患者中Survivin基因在癌组织和癌旁组织中的表达进行检测.结果:免疫染色标本中,在癌旁组织、BTCC和胚胎癌组织中Survivin的阳性表达率分别为0、60%和100%.同一患者,Survivin在BTCC的表达量远大于癌旁组织,Survivin在BTCC组织中的-△△CT值是癌旁组织的10.2829(9.0034～11.5624)倍,同时在病理分级之间和临床分期之间均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:Survivin基因在癌旁组织中有少量表达,而在BTCC组织中的表达量远远高于癌旁组织;其表达量与病理分级和临床分期均有相关性.     

Skp2和P27kip1在膀胱移行上皮细胞癌中的表达及意义

目的:探讨Skp2和P27kipl在膀胱移行上皮细胞癌(BTCC)中的表达及临床意义.方法:采用免疫组化SP法观察74例BTCC和13例正常膀胱黏膜石蜡标本中Skp2和P27kipl的表达情况,并结合临床资料分析它们的免疫活性在正常膀胱黏膜和膀胱移行上皮细胞癌上表达的差异,以及和肿瘤分级、分期、等病理参数之间的关系.结果:膀胱移行上皮细胞癌中Skp2和P27kipl阳性表达率分别为43.24%和45.95%.Skp2在BTCC中的阳性表达率明显高于正常膀胱黏膜(7.69%),在BTCC中随病理分级升高而升高,但与临床分期无明显的统计学意义,复发组高于初发组,在初法或复发组及瘤体大小组没有明显的统计学意义;P27kipl在BTCC中的阳性表达率低于正常膀胱黏膜(76.92%),并随病理分级、临床分期升高而下降,在初发组高于多复发组,其他两组病理参数组则没有明显的统计学意义;Skp2与P27kipl二者在BTCC中的表达呈负相关性(r=-0.335,P=0.004)并具有统计学意义.结论:Skp2和P27kipl在膀胱移行上皮细胞癌中的表达是判断其生物学行为的重要指标之一,并可能为以后治疗肿瘤提供一个新的靶点.     

血小板源性生长因子-D在膀胱癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的 观察血小板源性生长因子-D(PDGF-D)在膀胱移行细胞癌(BTCC)中的表达,探讨PDGF-D与膀胱移行细胞癌的发生发展之间的关系及其临床意义.方法 分别采用实时定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应(real-time RT-PCR)法和蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)法检测62例膀胱移行细胞癌组织、10例癌旁正常膀胱组织中PDGF-D mRNA和蛋白的表达,并分析其与临床病理之间的关系.结果 PDGF-D mRNA在BTCC中的表达量是正常对照组的1.89倍,PDGF-D蛋白在癌组织中的表达明显高于正常膀胱组织(相对吸光度比值:正常组0.231±0.041,癌症组0.689±0.083,P＜0.05).而且随着肿瘤病理分级的升高及淋巴结转移的出现,PDGF-D mRNA和蛋白的表达水平均逐渐升高,各组问差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).但不同分期的癌组织中PDGF.D mRNA和蛋白的表达水平的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 PDGF-D表达增强与膀胱癌的发生及分化、转移密切相关,可能在膀胱癌的发生发展中发挥重要作用.     

膀胱移行细胞癌Mta-1基因与蛋白表达及其临床意义

目的:检测膀胱移行细胞癌(BTCC)中Mta-1mRNA与蛋白表达,分析其与BTCC临床分期、病理分级、转移及复发的关系。方法:原位杂交、免疫组化方法检测42例BTCC组织Mta-1mRNA与蛋白的表达;CD34标记血管内皮细胞,计数肿瘤组织微血管密度(MVD);结合临床病理资料,分析Mta-1与BTCC的侵袭转移、血管生成及复发间的关系。结果:①Mta-1mRNA与蛋白在BTCC中高度表达,其表达阳性率分别为78.6%、73.8%,与正常组织比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),且随BTCC临床分期及病理分级的升高而增加,肿瘤复发组高于无复发组,肿瘤转移组高于无转移组(P<0.05)。②经非参数相关分析发现,Mta-1蛋白与Mta-1mR-NA表达呈高度正相关,Rs为0.945,P=0.000;CD34标染的微血管密度(MVD)与Mta-1mRNA与蛋白表达亦呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.712、0.683,P=0.000。结论:①Mta-1在膀胱移行细胞癌中高度表达,并随着肿瘤临床分期和病理分级的升高而增加,与肿瘤的转移及复发密切相关。②Mta-1参与膀胱移行细胞癌的侵袭、转移,可能与促进血管生成有关。     

膀胱癌中受体酪氨酸激酶EphA2的表达及其意义

目的 探讨EphA2在膀胱移行细胞癌(BTCC)中的表达及其临床意义.方法 采用免疫组织化学SP法检测49例BTCC及10例癌旁正常组织中EphA2的蛋白表达,应用实时定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应(real-time RT-PCR)法检测各临床标本相应的mRNA表达并通过2-△△CT方法分析相对基因表达的差异.结果 相对于癌旁正常组织而言,EphA2在BTCC中的蛋白表达显著增强(积分吸光度IA均值:正常组8364±3915,癌症组19 122±5696,P＜0.01),其mRNA表达平均上调约2.57倍;除中分化(G2)与低分化(G3)组间EphA2 mRNA表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)外,EphA2在其余各分级与分期组间的蛋白及核酸表达,差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);EphA2的表达与膀胱癌的临床病理特征密切相关.结论 EphA2表达增强可能促进了膀胱癌的恶性晋级,EphA2可作为监测膀胱癌恶性发展的指标和治疗的新靶点.     

膀胱移行细胞癌Ki-67的表达及其意义

目的:探讨Ki-67抗原在膀胱移行细胞癌(BTCC)中的定量表达及其与BTCC生物学行为的关系。方法:用流式细胞技术(FCM)对36例BTCC和10例正常膀胱黏膜细胞组织标本进行Ki-67检测。结果:Ki-67在BTCC组织中的阳性表达率为(10.89±7.88)%,在正常膀胱黏膜组织中的阳性表达率仅为(0.27±0.07)%,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);临床分期Tis~T1为(4.93±2.95)%,T2~T4为(18.34±5.24)%,病理分级Ⅰ级为(3.17±0.83)%,Ⅱ级为(10.97±2.35)%,Ⅲ级为(21.60±3.70)%,随着分期分级的增加,Ki-67的表达率也逐步增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:定量检测Ki-67能准确评估BTCC的生物学行为,Ki-67是膀胱癌的重要肿瘤标记物。     

Survivin和富含亮氨酸重复序列免疫球蛋白2在人膀胱移行细胞癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨Survivin和富含亮氨酸重复序列免疫球蛋白2(LRIG2)基因及其产物在人膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及临床意义 方法 应用免疫组织化学检测72例膀胱癌组织病理标本中的Survivin和LRIG2的表达,每例标本均选用癌组织中心、癌旁组织及其远端正常黏膜对照.结果 免疫组织化学显示Survivin蛋白在正常膀胱黏膜中无表达,在膀胱癌组织中表达明显高于癌旁组织,阳性率分别为90.28％ 、33.33％,Survivin蛋白在膀胱癌不同病理分级中的阳性表达率分别为G1组72.22％、G2组90.48％、G3组100.00％;在膀胱癌临床分期Ta～ Tis、T1～T2的阳性表达率分别81.25％、97.50％;在淋巴结转移组和非淋巴结转移组的阳性表达率为96.00％、85.11％,随着病理分级、临床分期的升高和淋巴结转移的出现,Survivin蛋白表达水平逐渐升高,各组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);LRIG2在膀胱移行细胞癌中的阳性表达率显著低于癌旁组织和正常膀胱黏膜组织,并随组织病理分级、分期的增高和淋巴结转移的出现,LRIG2阳性表达率逐渐下降,差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05);提示Survivin和LRIG2表达呈负相关(r=-0.487,P＜0.01).结论 Survivin和LRIG2基因表达与膀胱移行细胞癌的分级、分期、淋巴结转移有关,Survivin过表达和LRIG2基因突变或缺失在膀胱移行细胞癌的发生发展中可能起重要作用.     

膀胱移行细胞癌表皮生长因子及其受体表达和意义

目的 探讨表皮生长因子(EGF)、EGF受体(EGFR)在膀胱移行细胞癌(BTCC)中的表达及意义。方法 用免疫组化ABC法对56例BTCC标本和20例癌旁组织EGF、EGFR进行研究。结果 20例癌旁正常膀胱组织中EGF，EGFR几乎不表达；56例ETCC标本中EGF，EGFR表达明显，与正常组比较有显著性差异(P＜0．01)，不同分期和分级BTCC中的阳性表达率均存在显著性差异(P＜0．05)。结论 EGF，EGFR的检测可以作为判断BTCC预后的一个指标。     

HER2和PTEN在膀胱尿路上皮细胞癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨HER2和PTEN在膀胱尿路上皮细胞癌中的表达及临床意义。方法应用免疫组化法检测HER2和PTEN在62例膀胱尿路上皮细胞癌和23例正常膀胱黏膜组织标本中的表达情况,分析其与膀胱癌的发生、发展,病理分级及临床分期的关系。结果 HER2在膀胱尿路上皮细胞癌中的阳性表达率是46.77%,显著高于正常膀胱组织,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);其表达水平与膀胱癌的分级、分期相关(P0.05)。PTEN在膀胱尿路上皮细胞癌中的阳性表达率为46.77%,显著低于正常膀胱组织的100%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);其低表达与膀胱癌分级、分期相关,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。HER2和PTEN的表达呈负相关。结论 HER2的过表达和PTEN的低表达可能在部分膀胱尿路上皮细胞癌的发生发展中具有协同作用。联合检测两者的表达情况对膀胱癌预后判断及治疗选择具有重要价值。     

Hazards and complications of endoscopic transurethral ureterolithotripsy and lithoextraction and means of prevention

Complications related to ureterolithotomy and ultrasonic ureterolithotripsy performed under the control of visual endoscope were analyzed in 86 ureterolithiasis patients, methods of their prevention discussed. All the aforementioned complications were distributed into three groups: inapplicability of surgery due to anatomic and functional defects of lower and upper urinary tracts, intraoperative, and postoperative complications. The commonest ones were ureteral abruption and perforation, acute pyelonephritis, temporary vesicoureteral reflux. Their control measures were considered as relative methods of treatment: immediate surgical intervention in case of ureteral abruption, renal catheterization in patients with insignificant ureteral perforation or acute pyelonephritis. Adequate ureteroscopy, careful consideration of pro- and contraindications, catheterization of renal pelvis and urinary bladder performed within 2-3 days after the surgery and adequate antibacterial therapy are the most decisive steps in the control of aforementioned complications.     

牙体牙弓颌骨阻力中心及其临床意义

牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心在正畸矫治力系统中具有重要的意义,也是正畸学领域争论较多的一个问题。Dermaut等研究表明,当力作用于物体阻力中心时,物体将发生平动,否则将发生平动和转动的复合运动。目前,国内外多数学者认为牙体、牙弓及颌骨存在阻力中心,但其位置存在争议。本文就牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心及其临床意义作一综述。     

Characterisation and differentiation of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas - presence and expression of collagen types I and II

AIM: Chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas are rare benign skeletal neoplasms with reported overlapping histology. Aim of this study was to analyse the biochemical composition of the matrix of these tumour entities in order to further characterise the cellular phenotypes of these neoplasms using typical cell biological marker genes. METHODS: The matrix compositions of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas were analyzed by HE-histology, histochemistry, and immunolocalization techniques. Cellular gene expression patterns were detected by mRNA in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Chondroblastomas are rich in collagen type I and show foci of an osteoid-like matrix, whereas collagen type II as a typical marker of chondrocytic differentiation was not detected in any of the specimens. Chondromyxoidfiibromas had foci of chondroid appearance with chondroblastic cellular differentiation characterised by collagen type II expression. CONCLUSION: These results characterise chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas as skeletal neoplasms that have a different biology and which can be distinguished by matrix protein expression products: collagen type II, the typical marker of chondroblast differentiation, could only be detected in chondromyxoidfibromas, but not in chondroblastomas. Thus, both neoplasms are clearly different on the cell biological level.     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.