Neonatal subdural hematoma secondary to tentorial tearing--clinical analysis on 48 survived cases

In order to evaluate the treatments of subdural hematoma in neonates and to observe their prognosis, we carried out clinical analyses on 48 survived cases in the past three years from Jan. 1979 to Dec. 1981. Based on CT observations, hematomas were grouped into four types according to their locations as follows: Type I, localized around the posterior interhemispheric fissure in 25 cases (52%); Type II, extending from the posterior interhemispheric fissure to the hemispheric convexity in five cases (10%); type III, extending from incisura to the posterior fossa in 15 cases (31%); and type IV, having subdural hematoma accompanied by intracerebral hemorrhage in three cases (7%). Intracranial pressure was measured via the anterior fontanelle in 13 cases. Ten patients who had extensive hemorrhage were found to exceed above 200 mmH2O in the pressure. Ages of the patients studied were 0 to 7 days old. There were 36 mature infants (75%) and 12 cases immature (25%). The maternal history of delivery was primiparous in 27 cases (56%). The fetal presentations were 38 cephalic (79%) and 10 suction deliveries (21%). The fundus oculi was examined on 32 patients. Retinal hemorrhage was noted in 12 cases. Operations were performed on 13 patients in total; one case in type I, four cases in type II, five cases in type III and three cases in type IV. Functional prognoses were found to be as follows; Type I; normal, 15 cases, abnormal, four and undetermined, six: type II; normal, four and abnormal, one: type III; normal, 13, abnormal, one, and undetermined, one: and type IV; normal, two and abnormal, one case.     

Histopathological features of the outer membrane of chronic subdural hematoma and correlation with clinical and radiological features

We compared the histopathological features of the outer membrane of a chronic subdural hematoma (CSH) with its clinico-radiological presentation in patients. One hundred and fifty-six patients undergoing surgery for CSH were prospectively included in this study. Histopathological specimens of the outer neomembrane obtained intraoperatively were studied. Histological features were classified into four types and analyzed in relation to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at presentation and radiological features. On histopathological examination, there were no cases of type I, 42.3% cases of type II and 34.6% cases of type III and 23.1% cases of types IV CSH neomembranes. Patients presenting with a GCS <13 exclusively had type II neomembranes. Increased radiodensity and thickness of the hematoma correlated with type IV neomembranes. This study may serve as an incentive to investigate the histopathology of CSH membranes in predicting outcomes and the recurrence of subdural hemorrhage after drainage surgery.     

外伤性纵裂区血肿的显微外科治疗

目的 提高外伤性纵裂血肿的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析21例经显微手术治疗的外伤性纵裂区血肿的临床资料、手术方法和手术疗效.结果 按GOS治疗结果评定,术后随访1-9年,恢复良好16例,中残2例,重残1例,植物生存1例,死亡1例.21例均有明确出血来源,大脑前动脉远段分支破裂出血和纵裂区静脉破裂出血者以全纵裂血肿多见且手术效果较好,纵裂区脑组织挫伤出血者以局部纵裂血肿和挫伤水肿为主,部分患者预后较差.结论 正确掌握外伤性纵裂区血肿的手术指征和手术技巧,及时手术治疗,有助于改善外伤性纵裂血肿患者的预后.

Abstract：

Objective To study the treatment and clinical outcomes of traumatic interhemispheric subdural hematoma ( TISH ). Method The clinical datum, surgical management and outcomes of 21 patients with TISH treated with mircrosurgery were analyzed retrospectively. Results According to Glasgow coma scale(GCS) ,good recovery was found in 16 cases, moderate disability in 2, severe disability in 1, vegetative survival in 1, and death in 1 during postoperative follow - up period (1-9 years ). There were confirmed sources of hemorrhage in all 21 cases. The whole cerebral longitudinal fissure hematoma was more frequently seen in patients with hemorrhage from rupture of the distal part of anterior cerebral artery and veins in the cerebral longitudinal fissure, the prognosis was usually good. Local hematoma, laceration and edema in the cerebral longitudinal fissure were more frequently seen in patients with hemorrhage from brain tissue laceration of the longitudinal fissure, the prognosis was usually poor. Conclusions Good understanding of surgical indications, commanding of surgical skills and timely surgical intervention are helpful in improving the prognosis of TISH patients.     

阿托伐他汀治疗术后复发慢性硬膜下血肿的疗效观察

目的探讨阿托伐他汀治疗术后复发慢性硬膜下血肿的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析襄阳市第一人民医院神经外科自2014年1月至2015年9月收治的16例慢性硬膜下血肿颅骨钻孔引流术后复发患者,采用阿托伐他汀方案治疗,观察治疗1周、2周、1个月、3个月时的患者症状、日常生活能力（ADL）评分、血肿吸收程度判断疗效。 结果治疗1周时13（13/16,81.25%）例症状减轻,15（15/16,93.75%）例ADL评分提高（P<0.05）,2周左血肿开始减少（P<0.05）,治疗3个月时15例症状完全改善、ADL评分恢复正常、血肿完全吸收,1例症状明显改善、ADL评分恢复正常、血肿大部分吸收,1例治疗2周时并发急性胆囊炎肝功能异常者病情加重血肿扩大,行颅骨钻孔引流术后继续服药治疗后痊愈。 结论阿托伐他汀治疗手术后复发慢性硬膜下血肿有明显效果,但对于肝功能异常者需慎重。     

两种手术方法治疗慢性硬膜下血肿伴急性出血的效果分析

目的分析采用开颅清除血肿与钻孔术腔冲洗持续引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿伴急性出血的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析西南医科大学附属医院神经外科2008年5月至2017年8月收治的47例慢性硬膜下血肿伴急性出血患者的临床及随访资料,23例采用开颅清除血肿(开颅组),24例采用钻孔术腔冲洗持续引流(钻孔组)。比较两组术后置管时间、住院时间、术后1个月残余血肿量、3个月复发例数,并分析其临床效果。结果 3例患者失访,其中开颅组2例,钻孔组1例。开颅组置管时间1.9±0.7天,住院日10.8±1.3天,术后1月血肿残余2.0±0.5ml,复发0例。钻孔组置管时间5.5±0.9天,住院日11.2±1.2天,术后1月血肿残余13.4±1.8ml,复发3例;两组住院时间无统计学意义(P0.05),置管时间、术后1月血肿残余量、复发率有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对慢性硬膜下血肿伴急性出血患者,行开颅清除血肿较钻孔术腔冲洗持续引流具有置管时间短、术后1月血肿残余少、复发率低等优点。     

Infantile acute subdural hematoma

A retrospective analysis of the infantile acute subdural hematoma was made with special reference to its pathogenesis. In 11 of 15 cases, the hematomas were bilateral or a contralateral subdural fluid collection was present. In 7 of 11 patients who underwent operation the collection was bloody fluid and/or clotted blood. In 3 patients, a subdural membrane, as seen in adult chronic subdural hematoma, was found. In only 1 patient with unilateral hematoma was clotted blood present without subdural membrane. The thickest collection of clotted blood was in the parasagittal region. It is postulated that in most cases hemorrhage occurs after minor head injury, from the bridging veins near the superior sagittal sinus, into a pre-existing subdural fluid collection such as chronic subdural hematoma or subdural effusion with craniocerebral disproportion, and that infants without intracranial disproportion are unlikely to have acute subdural hematoma caused by minor head injury.     

高血压基底节区出血并脑疝58例治疗分析

目的探讨开颅血肿清除并去骨瓣减压术治疗基底节区脑出血并脑疝的效果。方法 58例基底节区脑出血并脑疝患者采用开颅血肿清除并去骨瓣减压术治疗,术后给予控制血压、预防感染、脱水及补液等综合治疗,必要时行气管切开及腰椎穿刺术。结果术后6个月,根据ADL评分:Ⅰ级1例(1.72%),Ⅱ级20例(34.48%),Ⅲ级17例(29.31%),Ⅳ级7例(12.06%),Ⅴ级7例(12.06%),死亡6例(10.34%)。结论开颅血肿清除并去骨瓣减压术可有效的降低病死率,提高患者生存质量,可作为脑疝患者的首选手术方式。     

Spontaneous Spinal Subdural Hematoma with Simultaneous Cranial Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Spontaneous spinal subdural hematoma is reported at a rare level of incidence, and is frequently associated with underlying coagulopathy or those receiving anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents; some cases accompany concomitant intracranial hemorrhage. The spontaneous development of spinal subdural hemorrhage (SDH) is a neurological emergency; therefore, early diagnosis, the discontinuation of anticoagulant, and urgent surgical decompression are required to enable neurological recovery. In this report, we present a simultaneous spinal subdural hematoma and cranial subarachnoid hemorrhage, which mimicked an aneurysmal origin in a female patient who had been taking warfarin due to aortic valve replacement surgery.     

微创血肿清除治疗对基底节脑出血大鼠锥体束的影响

目的 探讨微创血肿抽吸治疗对锥体束修复和神经功能改善的作用.方法 雄性SD大鼠48只按随机数字表法分为正常对照组(n=8)、假手术组(n=8)、脑出血自然恢复组和脑出血后6、12、24 h微创血肿抽吸组(n=8),后4组大鼠注射Ⅳ型胶原酶-肝素混合液建立基底节脑出血模型,假手术组注射等量生理盐水.造模后6、12、24 h行微创血肿抽吸治疗后3组大鼠.2周后按照"楼梯测试"前肢功能的测试方法对各组大鼠进行前肢功能评分,免疫组化染色观察内囊后肢锥体束神经丝蛋白(NF)和神经生长相关货白(GAP-43)的表达.结果 各组大鼠造模前左前肢抓取能力比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),造模后14 d微创血肿抽吸组前肢抓取功能均高于自然恢复组,其中6 h抽吸组高于12、24 h抽吸组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);免疫组化染色结果显示微创血肿抽吸组NF染色阳性纤维、GAP-43的表达明显多于脑出血自然恢复组,6 h抽吸组NF染色阳性纤维多于12、24 h抽吸组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而6 h和12 h抽吸组GAP-43的表达高于24 h抽吸组,差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05).结论 脑出血后24 h内,尤其是6 h内予以微创血肿抽吸治疗能减轻内囊后肢锥体束的损伤,利于锥体束的修复,改善神经功能.     

外伤性后颅窝血肿117例临床分析

目的 分析总结外伤性后颅窝血肿的诊断和治疗特点。方法 对1990年1月至2002年12月117例外伤性后颅窝血肿的病因学、影像学、诊断和治疗特点进行分析。结果 本组117例外伤性后颅窝血肿中硬膜外血肿76.06％(89例),其中跨幕上下者60.67％(54例),硬膜下血肿4.27％(5例),小脑脑内血肿19.66％(23例)。合并幕上对冲性脑损伤52例,合并原发脑干伤9例。本组95例行血肿清除术及综合治疗,22例采用保守治疗,其中18例小脑脑内血肿,3例后颅窝硬膜外血肿和1例硬膜下血肿(出血量<10 mL)。伤后6个月行GOS评估,死亡12例,重残2例,其余预后良好。结论单纯后颅窝血肿应及时诊断并手术,预后良好,即使合并幕上血肿,只要及时治疗,也能取得满意效果。     

Tentorial subdural hemorrhage in term newborns: ultrasonographic diagnosis and clinical correlates

Tentorial subdural hemorrhage with its supratentorial and infratentorial extensions were diagnosed by cranial ultrasonography and computed tomography in 9 term newborns. Vacuum extraction or forceps delivery was used in 6 patients. Abnormal neurologic manifestations developed after a period of normality in 8 patients. Increased intracranial pressure was the most common presentation. All patients had hemorrhage at the falcotentorial junction near the incisura; 5 also had hemorrhage around the tentorial leaflet. Posterior fossa retrocerebellar subdural hemorrhage developed in 5 patients and posterior interhemispheric subdural hemorrhage developed in 4. All 6 patients who received conservative treatment had normal neurodevelopmental outcomes. Of the other 3 patients upon whom suboccipital craniotomies were performed, only 1 had a normal outcome. Although it localized the tentorial subdural hemorrhage either at the incisura area or at the tentorial leaflet, ultrasonography failed to identify all patients with retrocerebellar or posterior interhemispheric subdural hemorrhage. Parturitional tentorial subdural hemorrhage may not be uncommon. Ultrasonography and computed tomography are complementary in the diagnosis. Surgical decompression of the posterior fossa subdural hematoma is necessary only in the presence of acute hydrocephalus or signs of brainstem compression.     

Chronic subdural hematoma of the posterior fossa associated with cerebellar hemorrhage: report of rare disease with MRI findings

Chronic subdural hematoma of the posterior fossa is an uncommon entity, and spontaneous lesions are very rarely described, occurring mostly during anticoagulation therapy. The association of the posterior fossa chronic subdural hematoma with spontaneous parenchymal hemorrhage without anticoagulation therapy was never related in the literature, to our knowledge. We describe a case of a 64 year-old woman who suffered a spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage, treated conservatively, and presented 1 month later with a chronic subdural posterior fossa hematoma.     

Arachnoid Cyst with Spontaneous Intracystic Hemorrhage and Chronic Subdural Hematoma

We report a case of arachnoid cyst in which subdural hematoma and intracystic hemorrhage developed spontaneously. Usually, arachnoid cysts are asymptomatic, but can become symptomatic because of cyst enlargement or hemorrhage, often after mild head trauma. Although they are sometimes combined with subdural hematoma, intracystic hemorrhage has rarely been observed. Our patient had a simultaneous subdural hematoma and intracystic hemorrhage without evidence of head trauma.     

A comprehensive review of therapeutic targets that induce microglia/macrophage-mediated hematoma resolution after germinal matrix hemorrhage

Currently, there is no effective treatment for germinal matrix hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH), a common and often fatal stroke subtype in premature infants. Secondary brain injury after GMH-IVH is known to involve blood clots that contribute to inflammation and neurological deficits. Furthermore, the subsequent blood clots disrupt normal cerebrospinal fluid circulation and absorption after GMH-IVH, contributing to posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). Clinically, GMH-IVH severity is graded on a I to IV scale: Grade I is confined to the germinal matrix, grade II includes intraventricular hemorrhage, grade III includes intraventricular hemorrhage with extension into dilated ventricles, and grade IV includes intraventricular hemorrhage with extension into dilated ventricles as well as parenchymal hemorrhaging. GMH-IVH hematoma volume is the best prognostic indicator, where patients with higher grades have worsened outcomes. Various preclinical studies have shown that rapid hematoma resolution quickly ameliorates inflammation and improves neurological outcomes. Current experimental evidence identifies alternatively activated microglia as playing a pivotal role in hematoma clearance. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology of GMH-IVH in the development of PHH, microglia/macrophage's role in the neonatal CNS, and established/potential therapeutic targets that enhance M2 microglia/macrophage phagocytosis of blood clots after GMH-IVH.     

显微血管减压术后颅内出血的原因及应对策略

目的 探讨显微血管减压(MVD)术后颅内出血的原因及应对策略.方法 对12例面肌痉挛、三叉神经痛MVD术后颅内出血患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并对相关文献进行复习.结果 本组患者中,小脑半球实质内血肿者3例,小脑出血破入脑室3例,蛛网膜下腔出血2例,脑室出血2例,后颅窝硬膜外血肿1例,幕上硬膜下血肿1例.1例脑室出血...     

头部外伤诱发颅内肿瘤卒中

目的 通过复习文献，对颅内肿瘤引起的颅内出血发生机制和临床特点进行探讨，旨在引起临床医师们的重视，以减少误诊误治。方法 本文报告9例误诊为外伤性颅内血肿的瘤卒中患者，其中5例术中发现颅内肿瘤同时切除，3例术后复查CT发现颅内肿瘤，二次手术切除。结果 全部病例随访6月，4例死亡，5例存活。结论 对疑为瘤卒中的颅内血肿患者，除仔细询问病史，全面体查外，术中应仔细寻找出血源，观察周围脑组织的改变，对可疑病变组织、血块及其腔壁一并切除，分送病检，从而作出正确的治疗方案。     

硬通道微创穿刺与钻孔引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的疗效对比观察

目的探讨两种不同手术方式对于慢性硬膜下血肿患者治疗效果的临床差异性。方法将收治的623例慢性硬膜下血肿手术患者的临床资料作回顾性分析及对比研究,其中335例采用YL-1微创穿刺手术,288例采用钻孔引流手术。结果在手术时间、住院时间方面,两种术式有统计学差异(P0.05)。两种手术方式的治愈率、并发症发生率无明显差异(P0.05),穿刺组有1例患者因新鲜出血行骨瓣开颅。结论对于慢性硬膜下血肿患者,钻孔引流术是经典术式,微创穿刺术亦有明确疗效,且操作方法简便、创伤小,住院周期及花费少,在临床应用中可进一步推广。     

应用Subdural专用引流管治疗慢性硬膜下血肿

目的比较钻孔闭式引流和Subdural专用引流管穿刺引流在慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)中的疗效。方法回顾分析我院收治的88例CSDH患者,46例行钻孔闭式引流(A组),42例行Subdural专用引流管穿刺引流术(B组),比较两组治疗效果。结果A组40例一次钻孔引流成功,6例因继发颅内血肿而改行开颅手术,再手术率13.04%,癫发作3例;B组41例一次性引流成功,1例因继发血肿再次手术,再手术率2.38%,无癫发作。结论Subdural引流术较钻孔冲洗闭式引流术更微创、更安全有效,并发症少,宜作为治疗CSDH的首选方法。     

深静脉穿刺管在治疗婴儿硬膜下血肿及积液中的临床应用

目的 探讨深静脉穿刺管在治疗婴儿硬膜下血肿及积液中的应用疗效.方法 使用深静脉穿剌管治疗婴幼儿硬膜下血肿及积液19例,其中急性硬膜下血肿9例,慢性硬膜下血肿6例,硬膜下积液4例,经前囟穿剌置入深静脉穿剌管于硬膜下持续引流治疗硬膜下血肿及积液,持续引流3～7 d,观察疗效.结果 均穿刺置管成功,术后1～7 d复查头颅CT,硬膜下血及硬膜下积液均基本清除,全部病例均存活.结论 深静脉穿剌管治疗婴儿硬膜下血肿及积液中是安全有效的方法.     

婴儿晚发型维生素K缺乏症颅脑CT表现

目的探讨婴儿晚发型维生素K缺乏症颅脑CT表现特征,提高定性诊断水平。方法本文回顾性分析35例维生素K缺乏症颅脑CT表现,并对临床表现和CT所见进行整理分析。结果 (1)以硬膜下血肿和蛛网膜下腔出血较多,而脑实质和脑室出血较少,多部位出血占68.6％,硬膜下血肿多累及枕部,内缘不光滑;(2)一侧或两侧大脑半球明显水肿(71.4％)而基底节正常;(3)多部位出血,明显脑水肿和伴有脑疝者预后不良。结论作者认为累及枕部的硬膜下血肿和蛛网膜下腔出血伴大脑半球广泛水肿,而基底节正常的CT表现是本病颅内出血特征性表现,有一定的定性诊断价值。