腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性坏疽性结石性胆囊炎

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性坏疽性结石性胆囊炎的手术适应证、手术技巧及并发症的防治。方法回顾分析2005年7月至2009年7月采取顺切、逆切或大部分切除等方法行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的500例急性坏疽性结石性胆囊炎患者的临床资料。结果合并胆囊胃瘘1例,同时行胃修补术;胆总管损伤4例,术中用5-0可吸收线行一期缝合,术后无胆漏、胆管狭窄发生。8例中转开腹。手术时间20～90min,平均35min;术中出血5～100ml,平均30ml。术中无肠管、血管损伤,术后无胆漏、出血发生,无其他严重并发症,全组无死亡病例。320例放置引流管,术后24～48h拔除。术后3～8d痊愈出院,平均住院时间5d。全组腹腔镜胆囊切除术成功率98.4%,中转开腹率1.6%。结论只要掌握恰当的适应证与手术时机,应用顺切、逆切或大部切除等方法,急性坏疽性结石性胆囊炎是可以安全成功施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的。     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术93例体会

目的总结腹腔镜下处理急性胆囊炎的临床经验。方法回顾性分析2003年5月-2005年5月93例急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜手术治疗的临床资料，其中15例术前确诊胆总管结石而先行内镜逆行胰胆管造影（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography，ERCP）联合内镜括约肌切开（endoscopic sphincterotomy，EST）取石，6例疑似胆道结石者行术中胆道造影。均于48h内完成LC。结果91例（97．8％）手术成功，2例（2．2％）中转开腹。手术时间35—160min，平均65min。术后胆囊管残端漏3例（3．2％），胆道残余结石3例（3．2％），经开腹手术结合ERCP、EST、鼻胆管引流（endoscopic nasobiliary drainage，ENBD）治愈，全组无医源性损伤。结论选择性应用ERCP和EST，腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎是安全可行的，但中转开腹及并发症的发生率高。     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术158例报告

目的探讨急性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术时降低并发症发生率的措施. 方法回顾性分析2001年9月～2003年12月急性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术158例临床资料. 结果除7例中转开腹(Mirizzi综合征1例,胆囊癌变2例,胆囊十二指肠瘘1例,三角区"冰冻样"粘连2例,胆总管结石1例)以外,其余151例在腹腔镜下完成.1例术后胆漏再次手术探查.10例术中胆道造影成功,显示胆总管结石3例,其中2例联合术中内镜括约肌切开取石,1例中转开腹行胆总管切开取石T管引流. 结论急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术只要适当选择病例,以安全为原则,仔细操作,联合术中造影,即可降低中转开腹率及并发症的发生率.     

腹腔镜对老年急性结石性胆囊炎治疗的可行性

目的探讨腹腔镜下采取不同术式对老年急性结石性胆囊炎治疗的可行性。方法 2001-06～2009-06对106例60岁以上急性结石性胆囊炎腹腔镜治疗进行回顾分析。结果其中90例行常规腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC),10例在腹腔镜下行胆囊造瘘术,6例行胆囊大部分切除术。中转开腹3例,无死亡,术后无严重并发症发生,均痊愈出院。结论选择LC治疗老年急性结石性胆囊炎是可行的。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除治疗急性胆囊炎312例

目的总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎的经验。方法 2001年1月至2009年3月,对急性胆囊炎312例采用常规四孔法行腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗。结果 306例成功完成腹腔镜胆囊切除术;6例中转开腹,其中1例胆囊三角粘连致密,2例术中大出血,1例术中发现胆总管结石,1例胆囊十二指肠瘘,1例Mirizzi综合征。术中无胆管损伤,术后未发生腹腔出血、胆漏及膈下脓肿等并发症。312例术后随访3～24个月,平均12个月,无腹痛、黄疸等不适。结论腹腔镜手术治疗急性胆囊炎是安全可行的,关键是术者必须充分了解腹腔镜胆囊切除术操作要点和熟练掌握操作技术,并把握好中转开腹手术的指征。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除治疗急性化脓性胆囊炎100例分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除治疗急性化脓性胆囊炎的可行性、安全性。方法对我科自2004年8月～2012年1月100例行腹腔镜胆囊切除的急性化脓性胆囊炎患者的病历资料进行回顾性分析。结果 88例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,7例行胆囊大部切除术,3例行胆囊造瘘术,2例因出血或解剖变异而中转开腹。手术时间40～240 min,出血量10～100 ml,术后胆漏2例,经保守治疗均痊愈。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除治疗急性化脓性胆囊炎是安全可行的。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道造影100例临床分析

目的:探讨并总结术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值、适应证及操作技巧。方法:回顾分析2011年4月至2015年2月为100例胆囊结石患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术中施行胆道造影的临床资料,其中急性胆囊炎43例,非急性胆囊炎57例。结果:100例均成功完成腹腔镜胆囊切除术,无一例中转开腹。术中胆道造影均顺利完成。8例患者术中胆道造影发现胆总管结石,行腹腔镜胆囊切除术、胆总管切开取石、T管引流术。手术时间65~140 min,平均(75.6±12.5)min;术中出血量10~120 ml,平均(30.6±11.7)ml;术后住院3~9 d,平均(4.3±0.8)d。术后均未出现出血、胆漏等并发症。结论:在严格掌握胆道造影适应证及腹腔镜操作技术的基础上,腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中行胆道造影是安全、可行的,可提高手术安全性,减少胆管残余结石的发生,值得大力推广。     

腹腔镜手术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎396例报告

目的:总结腹腔镜手术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的临床经验。方法:回顾分析为396例急性结石性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料。结果:364例成功完成手术3,2例中转开腹。手术时间28～110 min,平均58 min,术中出血量10～100 ml,术后无严重并发症发生,患者均痊愈出院。结论:急性结石性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术安全可行。     

腹腔镜手术时代之前21000例老年人剖腹胆囊切除术结果的纵向分析

为了客观评估腹腔镜胆囊切除术的效益,必须对剖腹胆囊切除术作出如实的评价.由于在腹腔镜外科时代,要无偏向地比较两者的效果是很难的,为此作者收集美国宾夕法尼亚MEDAR医疗档案中1986～1989年21131例>65岁施行剖腹胆囊切除术的记录进行分析,这段时间尚未开展腹腔镜外科手术,故不存在手术方法选择的偏向性.上述病例已排除了<65岁和晚期肾病2518例、胆道肿瘤1088例、无胆石症诊断记录2681例以及与胆石症表现或并发症无关原因而住院2703例等.研究对象分为3组:单纯胆囊切除术;胆囊切除术和术中胆道造影(IOC);胆囊切除术和胆总管探查术(CBDE).仔细分析各组病例在术后30天和90天的死亡率、早期和晚期并发症.结果 在全组21131例中,32.3%为 65～69岁,49.4%为70～79岁,余下的在80岁以上;女性占62.7%;慢性胆囊炎占43.3%、慢性胆囊炎伴胆总管结石占7.3%、急性胆囊炎占28.4%、急性胆囊炎伴胆总管结石占5.3%、急性胰腺炎7.6%、伴败血症3.1%、休克0.3%、急性化脓性胆管炎2.6%和胆囊穿孔0.9%.63.5%为急症手术,余为择期手术.在手术方法中,26.3%行单纯胆囊切除术,47.5%加作IOC,26.2%加作CBDE、 胆总管空肠吻合或经十二指肠括约肌成形术.     

胆囊造瘘术后胆囊十二指肠瘘三例报告

胆囊造瘘术后蕈状导尿管压迫胆囊致胆囊十二指肠瘘较罕见,我院自1974年6月至1983年6月共收治胆囊炎胆石症患者1003例(不包括中西医结合及小儿外科病例),其中胆囊造瘘35例,造瘘术后发生胆囊十二指肠瘘2例。另1例由县医院行胆囊造瘘术后3个月来住我院。现将3例报告如下。例1.男,56岁。因急性化脓性胆囊炎合并弥漫性腹膜炎于1980年8月7日行胆囊造瘘术,术后逆行造影提示胆总管结石。1980年12月13日再次入院,术前经造瘘管逆行造影显示胃窦部、十二指肠球部、降部显影,胆总管,左右肝管未见造影剂充盈。1980年1月8日第二次手术,术中发现胆囊与十二指肠粘     

Laparoscopic tube cholecystostomy: still useful in the management of complicated acute cholecystitis

The preferred treatment for acute cholecystitis is laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Conversion to open operation may be necessary in cases where the anatomy is unclear or complications are encountered. Laparoscopic tube cholecystostomy remains an alternative to open surgery in cases where the gallbladder is judged too inflamed to allow for laparoscopic removal and in cases where the patient is too sick to tolerate a more extensive procedure. It also provides access for diagnostic cholangiography. We report three patients with acute cholecystitis who underwent laparoscopic cholecystostomy and interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy without complications. Laparoscopic tube cholecystostomy is safe and remains a useful option in select patients with complicated acute cholecystitis.     

刮吸解剖法在急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨刮吸解剖法在急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）中的应用价值。方法2002年8月-2008年1月,借助腹腔镜多功能手术解剖器（laparoscopic Peng,s multifunctional operative dissector,LPMOD）应用刮吸解剖法对820例急性胆囊炎施行LC。对有胆道相对探查指征的158例（143例有胆总管扩张）行术中胆道造影,发现胆总管结石17例,其中14例完成腹腔镜下胆总管探查术（laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE）。结果812例LC成功,8例中转开腹。LC平均手术时间55 min（25-120 min）,LC＋LCBDE平均手术时间95 min（80-130min）,术中平均出血量25 ml（0.5-80 ml）,术后平均住院5 d（3-9 d）。无胆管损伤、胆漏、术后出血等并发症。804例随访2-18个月,平均11个月,2例胆总管残余结石（1例行开腹胆总管切开取石,1例行EST取石）,其余患者未发现与手术相关并发症。结论在急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应用刮吸解剖法能有效防止术中胆道损伤,安全可靠,值得临床推广。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎（附238例报告）

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）治疗急性胆囊炎及慢性胆囊炎急性发作的疗效。方法2003年5月-2007年11月对238例急性胆囊炎及慢性胆囊炎急性发作施行四孔法LC,腹腔内压力控制在11-13mm Hg,对一些年老体弱的患者,气腹压力控制在10mm Hg。若术中探查发现胆囊三角水肿明显,解剖困难,则逆行切除胆囊;若术中发现胆囊管内结石嵌顿,则尽量将结石挤入胆囊后切除胆囊,为防止胆囊管内结石进入胆总管,术中经胆囊管行胆道造影,除外胆管结石。结果220例LC成功;18例中转开腹：术中出血及解剖困难12例,术中发现胆管结石6例。2例术后出血,经二次手术止血后康复出院。6例术后2-4d发生胆漏,引流量较少,每天50-80ml,采取保守治疗（禁食,静脉补液和静脉用抗生素）后治愈。238例术后随访1-12个月,平均6个月,未出现术后并发症。结论LC治疗急性胆囊炎或慢性胆囊炎急性发作可行且有效,但应选择恰当的手术时机,解剖胆囊三角显露胆囊管是手术的关键,当腹腔镜手术遇困难时,应适时中转开腹手术。     

Intraoperative cholangiography in laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis

In our prospective study we wanted to prove whether the safety of laparoscopic treatment of acute cholecystitis could be improved by intraoperative cholangiography. From July 1993 to June 1998 210 patients with acute cholecystitis underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In 23 cases (10.9%) a conversion was necessary. 189 patients underwent a laparoscopic cholangiography. In 2 cases (1.1%) an incision of the common bile duct was detected which had been mistaken for the cystic duct. So the cutting of the common bile duct could be prevented. In 12 patients (6.3%) unknown common bile duct stones were found. The complication rate was 9.5% without any mortality or major injury of the common bile duct.     

腹腔镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合术64例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合的可行性与适应证。方法回顾性分析行腹腔镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合治疗胆总管结石64例临床资料,其中慢性胆囊炎、胆囊结石伴胆总管结石54例,急性结石性胆囊炎伴胆总管结石4例,单纯性胆总管结石6例,合并胰腺炎6例。结果64例全部获得成功,无一例中转开腹。全组腹腔镜手术时间50~120 min,平均(68.5±15.6)min,取石时间10~65 min,平均(28.5±10.6)min,术中出血20~120 ml,平均(25.4±16.7)ml,肛门排气恢复时间6~52 h,平均(12.5±9.3)h。手术并发症发生率为7.8%(5/64):胆漏2例,腹腔引流管引出胆汁量20~80 ml/d,经充分引流后痊愈;切口感染2例,脐部切口疝1例,无腹腔内脏器损伤及大出血等严重并发症。住院时间6~18 d,平均(7.2±2.1)d。均获随访,时间3~12个月,平均(7.3±1.9)个月,经B超或MRCP检查均未见结石残留及胆管狭窄。结论只要掌握好适应证,腹腔镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合术治疗胆总管结石是一种安全可行的手术方法。     

Emergency cholecystostomy and subsequent cholecystectomy for acute gallstone cholecystitis in the elderly

BACKGROUND: The morbidity and mortality rates associated with acute cholecystitis are higher in the elderly. This study reports the results of treatment of acute cholecystitis in the elderly with emergency ultrasonographically guided percutaneous cholecystostomy followed by elective cholecystectomy after endoscopic treatment of any common bile duct stones diagnosed by percutaneous cholangiography. METHODS: From January 1989 to December 1998, 92 patients aged over 70 years were treated for acute gallstone cholecystitis. A group of 84 patients with ultrasonographic signs of severe cholecystitis or an American Society of Anesthesiologists score of II to IV were submitted to ultrasonographically guided percutaneous cholecystostomy. Transcatheter cholangiography was performed in all patients and endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed before operation in patients with common bile duct stones. After resolution of the acute phase and treatment of any associated diseases, patients were submitted to cholecystectomy. RESULTS: Cholecystostomy was performed successfully in 83 patients and permitted resolution of the acute attack in all after a mean period of 1.8 days. Cholangiography yielded a diagnosis of non-gallstone obstruction in one patient and common bile duct stones in 19 patients; preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone extraction was performed in 18 patients. Elective cholecystectomy was then performed in 70 patients with no deaths and a morbidity rate of 24 per cent. CONCLUSION: Combining emergency ultrasonographically guided percutaneous cholecystostomy, preoperative endoscopic treatment of common bile duct stones and subsequent elective cholecystectomy constitutes an optimal treatment regimen for acute gallstone cholecystitis in selected elderly patients with a mortality rate of zero in the authors' experience.     

Laparoscopic cholecystostomy with delayed cholecystectomy as an alternative to conversion to open procedure

Background: Acute cholecystitis carries the highest incidence of conversion from planned laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open surgery due to unclear anatomy, excessive bleeding, complications, or other technical reasons. Methods: Laparoscopic tube cholecystostomy was performed instead of immediate conversion to laparotomy in 9 patients with acute cholecystitis after unsuccessful attempts at laparoscopic dissection. Elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done 3 months later. Results: Following this approach eight patients were treated successfully. After 3 months the acute process had subsided sufficiently to allow a safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy. One additional patient died of acute leukemia 6 weeks after cholecystostomy. Before adopting this technique we subjected 171 patients with acute calculous cholecystitis to laparoscopic cholecystectomy; there was an 11% (19 cases) rate of conversion. Since cholecystostomy has begun to be offered as an alternative to conversion, 121 patients with acute cholecystitis have had laparoscopic cholecystectomy and only 2 cases (1.5%) have been converted to immediate open cholecystectomy. Conclusions: We recommend the alternative of performing a cholecystostomy with delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy instead of conversion to open procedure when facing a case of acute cholecystitis not amenable to laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Partial cholecystectomy as a safe and viable option in the emergency treatment of complex acute cholecystitis: a case series and review of the literature

Partial cholecystectomy (PC) is an alternative choice to standard cholecystectomy in situations with increased risk of Calot's components injury. We reported our experience with the patients treated with PC and reviewed the literature. Fifty-four patients with complex acute cholecystitis underwent PC, including conventional partial cholecystectomy (CPC; n = 48) and laparoscopic partial cholecystectomy (LPC; n = 6). The clinical diagnosis was verified by ultrasonography. In addition, we reviewed 1190 published cases (1972-2005) who underwent a "nonconventional" surgery for severe cholecystitis, including cholecystostomy, CPC, or LPC. Review of the literature, including our cases, showed a male:female ratio of 1.3:1. The major operative indication was severe acute cholecystitis. Procedures included cholecystostomy (65.8%) and PC (34.2%). In the follow-up (n = 1190), biliary leak (4.8%), retained stones (4.6%), recurrent symptoms (2.3%), wound infections (1.9%), persistent biliary fistula (0.9%), and prolonged biliary drainage (0.2%) were found, with an overall mortality rate of 9.4 per cent. In 133 patients, because of postoperative complications (e.g., recurrent symptoms, remaining common bile duct stones, or persistence of bile fistula), reoperation was necessary, including 121 cases (90.1%) of cholecystectomy, whereas the other 11 patients underwent other procedures such as common bile duct exploration or closure of the fistula. The surgical trend for complex acute cholecystitis treatment has been changed from only cholecystostomy to a spectrum of cholecystostomy, CPC, and LPC with the progressive increase of PC. The proportion of the LPC compared with CPC has also increased during recent years. It seems that PC is a safe procedure for treating complicated acute cholecystitis. Whether the indication and need for alternative techniques to standard cholecystectomy is changing should be evaluated in future studies.     

Selective use of tube cholecystostomy with interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis

HYPOTHESIS: Tube cholecystostomy followed by interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a sale and efficacious treatment option in critically ill patients with acute cholecystitis. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study within a 4 1/2%-year period. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: Of 324 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 65 (20%) had acute cholecystitis; 15 of these 65 patients (mean age, 75 years) underwent tube cholecystostomy. INTERVENTION: Thirteen patients at high risk for general anesthesia because of underlying medical conditions underwent percutaneous tube cholecystostomy with local anesthesia. Laparoscopic tube cholecystostomy was performed on 2 patients during attempted laparoscopic cholecystectomy because of severe inflammation. Interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted after an average of 12 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Technical details and clinical outcome. RESULTS: Prompt clinical response was observed in 13 (87%) of the patients after tube cholecystostomy. Twelve patients (80%) underwent interval cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted in 11 patients and was successful in 10 (91%), with 1 conversion to open cholecystectomy. One patient had interval open cholecystectomy during definitive operation for esophageal cancer and another had emergency open cholecystectomy due to tube dislodgment. Two patients (13%) had complications related to tube cholecystostomy and 2 patients died from sepsis before interval operation. One patient died from sepsis after combined esophagectomy and cholecystectomy. Postoperative minor complications developed in 2 patients. At a mean follow-up of 16.7 months (range, 0.5-53 months), all patients were free of biliary symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Tube cholecystostomy allowed for resolution of sepsis and delay of definitive surgery in selected patients. Interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy was safely performed once sepsis and acute infection had resolved in this patient group at high risk for general anesthesia and conversion to open cholecystectomy. Just as catheter drainage of acute infection with interval appendectomy is accepted in patients with periappendiceal abscess, tube cholecystostomy with interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy should have a role in the management of selected patients with acute cholecystitis.     

Electrosurgical laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Though laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become widespread, questions remain as to its success rate, its role in acute cholecystitis, the role of cholangiography, and whether laser use is necessary. To attempt to answer these questions, the first 100 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy at Emory University using electrosurgical diathermy were reviewed. Patients underwent cholecystectomy for biliary colic (87), gallstone pancreatitis (1), and acute cholecystitis (12). The average length of hospital stay was 29 hours (range: 12 hours to 5 days). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was not possible in 7 patients because of gangrenous cholecystitis (2), adhesions from previous surgery (2), equipment failure (2), and choledochoduodenal fistula found at surgery (1). Two patients developed bile leaks from accessory bile ducts that healed spontaneously. There were no other complications. The average time required to complete the laparoscopic cholecystectomy was 115 minutes (range: 45 to 238 minutes) and was not significantly different in those patients undergoing intraoperative cholangiography (117 minutes) versus those without (109 minutes). Common duct stones were uncommon in this series. Thirty-three patients underwent intraoperative cholangiogram. One patient was found to have a common duct stone, which was pushed into the duodenum using a Fogarty catheter (American Edwards Laboratories; Anasco, Puerto Rico) inserted through the cystic duct at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Twelve patients with acute cholecystitis underwent an attempt at laparoscopic cholecystectomy that was successful in nine. These procedures were difficult and lengthy (mean of 143 minutes). Causes for failure were gangrenous cholecystitis (2) and equipment failure (1). In conclusion, laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be performed with a high success rate (93%) and low morbidity (2%). No complications seemed attributable to electrosurgical dissection.