36例致心律失常性右室心肌病的心电图特征和临床观察

目的探讨致心律失常性右室心肌病(ARVC)的心电图特征和临床表现。方法回顾分析符合欧洲心脏病协会ARVC诊断标准的36例患者的心电图参数、临床表现、超声心动图、腔内电生理检查等临床资料。结果36例中男26例、女10例,年龄37±13岁;33例表现为心悸、胸闷,11例同时伴有晕厥,2例有家族性猝死史。心电图研究发现10例(28%)出现Epsilon波,29例(81%)右胸(V1～V3)导联QRS波时限≥110ms;在29例无右束支传导阻滞的患者中,右胸导联分别有16例(55%)出现T波倒置、18例(62%)出现S波升支时间≥55ms;17例(47%)QRSd1/QRSd2(V1～V3导联与V4～V6导联QRS波时间平均值之比)≥1.2;24例(67%)出现室壁阻滞;27例(75%)记录到持续性或非持续性室性心动过速。29例超声心动图表现为严重的右室受累。25例行腔内电生理检查,20例诱发出右室起源的室性心动过速,即刻射频消融成功11例。结论ARVC好发于青年男性,是引起晕厥、室性心律失常和室壁运动异常的重要原因,Epsilon波、右胸导联QRS波时限≥110ms与T波倒置、右室起源的室性心律失常为其特征性的心电图改变,QRSd1/QRSd2≥1.2、室壁阻滞、右胸导联S波升支时间≥55ms有助于该病的诊断,经导管射频消融治疗室性心动过速成功率低。     

第18课 罕见的束支传导阻滞

这份心电图(图1)是一例无症状、无器质性心脏病的52岁女性患者,该患者至门诊部是因常规心电图显示若干异常:①QRS电轴90°,②QRS时间0.14s,③肢体导联QRS形态提示束支传导阻滞,但仅根据这些尚难确定究竟是哪一种(右或左)束支传导阻滞。初看时,Ⅰ和aVL导联粗钝的S波提示右束支传导阻滞,而下壁导联的QRS形态(单相R波和继发性ST-T改变)较支持左束支传导阻滞伴电轴相对右偏。④胸导联(图形)使该问题更复杂化,因为V1导联(图形)提示右束支传导阻滞,而V5和V6导联呈单相R波完全与左束支传导阻滞相一致;此外,V5导联呈典型左束支传导阻滞时…     

致心律失常性右心室心肌病右胸导联QRS时间延长的临床意义

目的探讨致心律失常性右心室心肌病右胸导联QRS时间延长的临床意义。方法收集致心律失常性右心室心肌病25例,分析临床和常规体表心电图特征,测量QRS时间、Q-T间期等各项参数,计算右胸导联(V1～V3)和左胸导联(V4～V6)QRS时间的平均值及两者之比。结果25例致心律失常性右心室心肌病病例的年龄(37.1±15.0)岁,其中男性12例,女性13例。常规心电图中Epsilon波阳性(第1组)11例(44.0%),其中63.6%(7/11)见于V1～V3导联;Epsilon波阴性14例(第2组)。所有患者的平均QRS离散度为36.3±27.2ms,Q-T离散度为57.2±27.1ms。平均QRS时间右胸导联[QRS1=(V1+V2+V3)/3]为0.13±0.03s,而左胸导联[QRS2=(V4+V5+V6)/3]为0.11±0.02s,差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.01)。QRS1/QRS2值为1.0～1.9,其中16例(61.5%)≥1.2。发生晕厥第1组8例(72.7%),而第2组4例(28.6%)(P<0.05)。两组的QRS1分别为0.14±0.04s、0.13±0.02s,QRS2分别为0.12±0.03s和0.11±.017s,QRS1/QRS2值为1.22±0.26和1.21±0.13,差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论右胸导联平均QRS时间延长有助于诊断致心律失常性右心室心肌病,但能否作为致心律失常性右心室心肌病预后的不良因素尚须进一步研究。     

心房颤动合并双重室性逸搏伴室性融合波群1例

患者男性,62岁.因胸闷、黑矇10余年,晕厥间歇发作3天入院.有原发性高血压、心律失常病史10余年.心电图(图1)见各导联P波消失,代之以大小不等、形态不一的心房颤动波.QRS波群主要呈3种类型:(1)完全性左束支传导阻滞型(V_1;导联R_1、V_5导联R_4、R_5).(2)完全性右束支传导阻滞型(V_1导联R_(2-4)、V_5导联R_(1～3)).(3)中间型:可见两种,一种QRS波群时间基本正常(Ⅲ导联R_2、aVF导联R_4),另一种时间稍宽Ⅲ导联R_4).此3种类型QRS波群间歇出现,R-R间期基本规则,频率约38次/min.右束支传导阻滞型QRS波群提示冲动源     

Brugada波1例

患者男,44岁。心慌气短,胸前不适月余就诊。查体血压120/80 mmHg,彩色多普勒心脏B超结果正常,血脂血糖在正常范围,心电图示:窦性心律、心率85次/分,QRS间期0·09s,Q-T间期0·34s,平均心电轴+52°,ST-T在正常范围,V1、V2导联呈RS型,ST段呈下斜型抬高,T波倒置,QRS波终末与抬高的ST段融合,呈右束支阻滞图型,心电图诊断:①窦性心律;②Brugada波。随访心电图未见变化,无心律失常发生。讨论国内有关书中提出Brugada波后,有关文章相继刊出。右胸导联ST段抬高,右束支传导阻滞和T波倒置称为心电图右胸导联3联征,亦即Brugada波的典型表现…     

交接性与室性双重性并行心律1例

患者女 ,76岁。因胸闷、心悸 10年 ,加重 1W ,临床以冠心病、心律失常收住院。心电图 (图 1)分别是V3 及aVF连续记录示 :P波规律出现 ,心率 75次 /min ,P R间期 0 15s,QRS波于胸导联呈完全性右束支传导阻滞图形 ,肢导联呈左前分支传导阻滞图形。V3 中可见R6、R12 、R15提前出现 ,其QRS形态与主导心律相同 ,此提前的QRS前均有P波 ,P R间期不固定 ,但均 <0 12s,故为交接性QRS与窦性心律形成的房室干扰 ;R3 、R9呈“交接性逸搏”形式 ,仔细观察提前出现及延迟出现的交接性QRS之间间距基本相等 ,故为交接性并行心律 ,V3 提前的R…     

室性早搏揭示3相完全性右束支阻滞

患者男性 ,6 1岁。因畏寒、发热、咳嗽、头晕 2d就诊检查 ,既往有冠心病史。心电图示 :窦性心律 ,心率 75次 /min ,P R间期 0 16s,QRS时间 0 12s ,电轴 +6 3° ,V1呈rsR′型 ,SⅠ、V2 ～V6 宽钝 ,各导联均见提前出现的宽大畸形的QRS T波 ,联律间期相等 ,代偿完全。早搏长间歇后第 1个窦性下传心搏QRS波形态时限恢复正常。心电图诊断 :①窦性心律 ;②室性早搏 (PVS)揭示 3相完全性右束支传导阻滞 ;讨论　 3相右束支传导阻滞又称快频率依赖性右束支传导阻滞 (RBBB)。诊断要点为 :心率加快达临界心率时即出现RBBB ,心率减慢低于…     

室性期前收缩揭示左束支传导阻滞掩盖的陈旧性下壁心肌梗死1例

患者男性，70岁。1年前有急性下壁心肌梗死合并右心室心肌梗死史(经临床血清心肌酶谱及心电图证实)。近期门诊随访，常规心电图(图1)示窦性心律，心率98次／min，P—R间期0．174s，QRS时间0．15s，V1导联呈rS或QS型，Vd导联呈宽大R型，为完全性左束支传导阻滞；长aVF导联中R3、R8及I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ导联中R2略为提前，QRS波群时间0．1s，Ⅲ导联呈Qr型，II、aVF导联呈QR型，Q波时间为0．04—0．06s。QRS波群与其前P波的间期短于窦性时的P—R间期。可能为来自左心室的期前收缩与来自右束支正常传导的室性融合波群，使QRS波群“正常化”，并揭示下壁心肌梗死。心电图诊断：窦性心律，完全性左束支传导阻滞，室性期前收缩或室性融合波群揭示陈旧性下壁心肌梗死。     

间歇性双束支传导阻滞1例

患者男,72岁。临床诊断:原发性高血压,冠心病。曾描记心电图为窦性心律,完全性右束支传导阻滞。入院前因情绪激动突然出现心悸、胸闷、气促及头昏,但无晕厥。当即描记心电图为三度房室传导阻滞。给予扩张冠状动脉、营养心肌及地塞米松等治疗,病情好转。在治疗期间检查心电图发现房室传导及束支传导情况多变。入院时V_1导联心电图(附图上)见P波规律出现,P-P间期0.72s,心房率83次/min,心室率40次/min,每2个P波有1个P波下传心室,P-R间期0.12s,下传的QRS呈右束支传导阻滞型。心电图诊断:莫氏Ⅱ型房室传导阻滞(2:1下传)伴完全性右束支传导阻滞。附图中见P-P规则,P-P间期0.48s,心房率125次/min;R-R间期不等,分别为1.08s、1.20s、1.40s,平均心室率49次/min,房室传导比例为2:1—3:1。QRS波群呈3种形态:第2、5个QRS形态正常,呈rS型,P-R间期0.12s;第3、6个QRS呈左束支传导阻滞型,P-R0.44s;第1、4个QRS呈右束支传导阻滞型,P-R间期0.12s。心电图诊断:高度房室传导阻滞(2:1—3:1),间歇性双束支传导阻滞。附图下见P波规律出现,心率88次/min,P-R间期0.12s,QRS波群呈rsR＇型。心电图诊断:窦性心律,完全性右束支传导阻滞。     

左右束支非等速非同步传导阻滞1例

患者,男,73岁.因水肿10 d加重伴咳嗽气促3 d入院,临床诊断为冠心病、心律失常、心功能3～4级、2型糖尿病、肺部感染.图1为人院常规同步12导联心电图检查:窦性心律,心率88次/min,P-P相对固定;P-R间期呈3:2文氏变化:140 ms/180 ms/脱落.QRS波群间期增宽0.12 s呈3:2周期性变化:P-R 140 ms时,V1联呈R型,Ⅰ导联S波粗钝为完全性右束支传导阻滞;P-R 200 ms时,V1导联呈QS型,Ⅰ导联R波完全性左束支传导阻滞;之后QRS波群脱落.周而复始构成3:2房室文氏传导伴QRS波群完全性右束支/左束支传导交替阻滞.心电图诊断:窦性心律,完全性左、右束支非等速非同步传导阻滞.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.