肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术的疗效与安全性探讨

目的 评价经肾上盏入路行PCNL的疗效及安全性.方法 2007年10月至2009年10月行经肾上盏入路PCNL治疗肾结石患者42例.其中鹿角形结石10例,肾盂结石22例,肾上盏结石7例,下盏多发结石3例;合并输尿管上段结石4例,合并肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄(UPJO)2例;结石长径2.0～6.5 cm,平均3.4 cm.B超引导下选取肾上盏穿刺,穿刺点选在第10或11肋间,建立经皮肾通道(16～26 F).经皮肾镜或输尿管镜下气压弹道或钬激光碎石. 结果 42例均一期成功建立经皮肾通道并碎石.单通道取石36例(85.7%),双通道取石6例(14.3%).手术时间30～140 min,平均65 min.术后发热4例(9.5%),输血1例(2.4%),肾盂穿孔1例(2.4%).无气胸、血胸、腹腔脏器损伤.一期结石清除率88.1%(37/42),3例(7.1%)行二次肾镜取石,2例(4.8%)辅助体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)治疗. 结论经肾上盏入路PCNL活动范围大,对于部分复杂性肾结石碎石取石方便,是一种安全有效的方法.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)guided by ultrasonography through upper pole access. Methods From October 2007 to October 2009, 42 patients with upper urinary tract calculi underwent PCNL through upper pole access.Among these cases, there were 10 cases of staghorn calculi, 22 cases of renal pelvis calculi, 7 cases of the upper calyx calculi, 3 cases of the lower calyx calculi, 4 cases combined with ureter calculi and 2 cases combined with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. The stone measured from 2.0 to 6.5 cm (average: 3.4 cm) in length. Working tunnels (F16-F26) were established through the 10th or llth intercostals. Pneumatic or holmium laser lithotripsy was used to disintegrate and remove stones by nephroscopy or ureteroscopy. Clinical data including operation time, complications and stone free rate were analyzed retrospectively. Results All the operations were completed in one session, single tract was used in 36 cases(85.7%), double tracts were used in the other 6 cases(14.3%). The stonefree rate after one session was 88.1% (37/42), 3 cases(7.1%) received a second-session PCNL, 2 cases (4.8%)underwent ESWL after operation. The mean operative time was 65 min(30- 140 min).Postoperative surgery-related infection rate was 9. 5% (4/42). One patient (2. 4%)required blood transfusion. Perforation of the pelvis occurred in 1 patient(2.4 %). No pleural or important organ injury occurred. Conclusion The upper pole access for PCNL can be convenient to remove stones,this method is a highly efficient and safe technique.     

腰肋悬空仰卧位下经皮肾镜取石术的临床研究

目的 研究腰肋悬空仰卧位下PCNL治疗肾和输尿管上段结石的安全性及有效性.方法2010年3-10月采用腰肋悬空仰卧位PCNL治疗泌尿系结石患者173例.平均年龄(50±11)岁.结石位于左侧70例,右侧97例,双侧6例.肾结石166例,输尿管上段结石7例.结石最大径1.5～6.0 cm,平均(2.9±1.0)cm.该体位将患侧肩部及臀部分别用3 L水袋或气囊垫高,使患侧腰肋部悬空,同时建立腰桥.均采用椎管麻醉,B超引导下穿刺肾盂或目标肾盏成功后,依次扩张通道至16 F或20 F,用钬激光或EMS碎石清石系统碎石. 结果 173例均穿刺成功并能良好耐受手术,患者无因体位不适终止手术者.平均手术时间(86±34)min.一次性结石清除率为80.3%(139/173),残留结石34例,其中行二期手术取净结石16例.术后输血治疗1例;无胸膜、腹腔脏器损伤等并发症发生. 结论腰肋悬空仰卧位下PCNL安全有效,患者耐受性好.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in a new operative position, flank suspended supine position. Methods The new position hold affected flank suspended by raising the ipsilateral shoulder and haunch with two 3-liter saline bags, and set up waist bridge simultaneously. From March 2010 to October 2010, a series of 173 patients underwent PCNL with the new supine position under epidural anesthesia. The average age was (50± 11) years, and the average bulk of the stone was (2. 9±1.0) cm. All patients were placed in the new supine position. Under ultrasound guidance, the desired calix or pelvis was punctured near the posterior axillary line, then dilating the tract and establishing the 16 F or 20 F tract for PCNL. Results The pelvicaliceal system could be successfully approached in all patients. The procedure was well tolerated in all patients. Mean operation time was (86 ± 34) min. 80. 3% of the patients were rendered free of stones by the initial PCNL. Thirty-four cases had residual stones, and a second PCNL was performed in 16 cases to clear the residual stones. Only 1 patient required blood transfusion.None of the patients suffered visceral injury. Conclusion The new supine position is safe and effective for PCNL.     

折叠式结石拦截器在经皮肾镜取石术中的应用

目的 探讨折叠式结石拦截器在经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗肾结石中的有效性和安全性.方法 回顾分析108例行PCNL肾结石患者临床资料.术中应用折叠式结石拦截器56例,未应用52例.2组患者性别、年龄、结石大小比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).比较2组在结石清除率、手术时间、术中出血量、住院天数和并发症等差异. 结果 2组结石清除率分别为94.6%(53/56)和82.7%(43/52),手术时间分别为112、142 min,出血量为205、245 ml,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2组住院时间分别为2.8、3.0 d,并发症发生率分别为16.1%(9/56)和15.4%(8/52),2组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论折叠式结石拦截器使用简单、方便、安全,PCNL术中能有效阻止结石碎片下滑进入输尿管,提高结石清除率、缩短手术时间、减少手术出血量、不增加手术并发症.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous nephrolitholomy with a PercSys accordion stone management device in the treatment of renal calculi. Methods The data of 108 patients with renal calculi who underwent PCNL were retrospectively analyzed. Outcomes of 56 patients who underwent PCNL with the PercSys accordion device (group A) were compared with the outcomes of 52 patients who underwent PCNL without the accordion device (group B). Clinical data including stone-free rate, operative time, estimated blood loss, length of hospital stay and complications were compared. Results The stone-free rates of group A and group B were 94. 6% and 82.7%, operative time was 112 min and 142 min, the mean blood loss was 205 ml and 245 ml, respectively. The differences between the 2 groups were significant(P＜0. 05). The length of hospital stay was 2.8 d and 3.0 d, the complication rates were 16.1 % and 15.4%. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups for these 2 aspects(P＞0. 05). Conclusions The PercSys accordion device can be easily inserted and deployed during PCNL. It successfully prevents antegrade stone fragment migration, increases the stone-free rate and reduces the operative time and blood loss.     

全麻下血管化游离皮瓣修复术后患者谵妄的危险因素

Objective To investigate the risk factors for postoperative delirium in patients after vascular free flap reconstruction performed under general anesthesia.Methods Two hundred and sixteen ASA Ⅰ-Ⅲ patients aged 18-80 yr undergoing vascular free flap reconstruction surgery were enrolled in this study.Patient characteristics before and during operation were recorded.The patients were followed up for 5 days after operation.Their level of consciousness,severity of pain and sleep quality were evaluated daily.The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the occurrence of delirium during the 5 days after operation:delirium group and non-delirium group.The method of CAM-ICU was reed in the diagnosis of postoperative delirium.Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for postoperative delirium.Results logistic regression analysis showed that old age,history of alcohol abuse and sleep diacrder after operation were risk factors for delirium developed after free flap surgery.Conclusion Old age,history of alcohol abuse and sleep disorder after operation were the risk factors for postoperative delirium in patients after vascular free flap reconstruction performed under general anesthesia.     

Emergency percutaneous thoracic endovascular aortic repair for patients with traumatic thoracic aortic blunt injury: A single center experience

Purpose:To analyze the efficacy and outcome of percutaneous thoracic endovascular aortic repair(TEVAR)in patients with traumatic blunt aortic injury in our single-center.Methods:From January 2014 to December 2018,a total of 89 patients with traumatic blunt aortic injuries were treated with emergency TEVAR in our center.Their clinical data such as demographics,operative details and postprocedure outcomes were analyzed retrospectively in this study using SPSS 20 software.Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range.Categorical variables are expressed as the numbers and percentages of patients.Results:The median age of the patients was 37 years,and 76(85.4%)were males.All the patients were involved in violent accidents and combined with associated injuries.Two patients died while awaiting the operations and 87 patients underwent emergency percutaneous TEVAR,with a 100%technique success.The mean time interval from admission to operating room was(90.1±18.7)min,and the mean procedure time was(54.6±11.9)min.Eighty(92.0%)patients were operated on under local anesthesia,while other 7(8.0%)patients were under general anesthesia.Two cases underwent open repair of the femoral arteries because of the pseudoaneurysm formation of the access vessels.A total of 98 aortic covered stent grafts were deployed,of which 11 patients used two stent grafts(all in dissection cases).The length of the stent was(177.5±24.6)mm.The horizontal diameter of aorta arch at the proximal left subclavian artery ostium was(24.9±2.4)mm,the proximal diameter of the covered stent was(30.5±2.6)mm,and the oversize rate of proximal site was(22.7±4.0)%.The proximal landing zone length was(14.1±5.5)mm.The left subclavian artery ostium was completely covered in 5 patients and partially covered in 32 patients.No blood flow reconstruction was performed.The overall aortic-related mortality was 2.25%(2/89).Among 87 patients,the median follow-up time was 24 months.Postoperative computed tomography angiography scans demonstrated no residual pseudoaneurysm,hematoma or endoleak.One patient complained of mild left upper limb weakness during follow-up due to left subclavian artery occlusion.Neither late death,nor neurological or other complications occurred.Conclusion:Emergency percutaneous endovascular repair is a less invasive and effective approach for the treatment of traumatic blunt aortic injuries.Long-term results remain to be further followed.     

全麻下血管化游离皮瓣修复术后患者谵妄的危险因素

Objective To investigate the risk factors for postoperative delirium in patients after vascular free flap reconstruction performed under general anesthesia.Methods Two hundred and sixteen ASA Ⅰ-Ⅲ patients aged 18-80 yr undergoing vascular free flap reconstruction surgery were enrolled in this study.Patient characteristics before and during operation were recorded.The patients were followed up for 5 days after operation.Their level of consciousness,severity of pain and sleep quality were evaluated daily.The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the occurrence of delirium during the 5 days after operation:delirium group and non-delirium group.The method of CAM-ICU was reed in the diagnosis of postoperative delirium.Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for postoperative delirium.Results logistic regression analysis showed that old age,history of alcohol abuse and sleep diacrder after operation were risk factors for delirium developed after free flap surgery.Conclusion Old age,history of alcohol abuse and sleep disorder after operation were the risk factors for postoperative delirium in patients after vascular free flap reconstruction performed under general anesthesia.     

Prostate calculi in cancer and BPH in a cohort of Korean men：presence of calculi did not correlate with cancer risk

Prostatic calculi are common and are associated with inflammation of the prostate. Recently,it has been suggested that this inflammation may be associated with prostate carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between prostatic calculi and prostate cancer （PCa） in prostate biopsy specimens. We retrospectively analyzed 417 consecutive patients who underwent transrectal ultrasonography （TRUS） and prostate biopsies between January 2005 and January 2008. Based on the biopsy findings,patients were divided into benign prostatic hyperplasia and PCa groups. TRUS was used to detect prostatic calculi and to measure prostate volume.The correlations between PCa risk and age,serum total PSA levels,prostate volume,and prostatic calculi were analyzed. Patient age and PSA,as well as the frequency of prostatic calculi in the biopsy specimens,differed significantly between both the groups （P〈0.05）. In the PCa group,the Gleason scores （GSs） were higher in patients with prostatic calculi than in patients without prostatic calculi （P = 0.023）. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis,we found that patient age,serum total PSA and prostate volume were risk factors for PCa （P = 0.001）,but that the presence of prostatic calculi was not associated with an increased risk of PCa （P = 0.13）. In conclusion,although the presence of prostatic calculi was not shown to be a risk factor for PCa,prostatic calculi were more common in patients with PCa and were associated with a higher GS among these men.     

Cervical Epidural Anesthesia: A Safe Alternative to General Anesthesia for Patients Undergoing Cancer Breast Surgery

Background General anesthesia (GA) is the standard anesthesia for patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy (MRM) for breast cancer. Cervical epidural anesthesia (CEA) is practiced less often because of its reported complications. This prospective study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of CEA as an anesthetic technique for MRM. Patients and Methods Fifty breast cancer patients with ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) grade I or II underwent MRM under CEA from September 2004 to January 2006. Anesthesia was induced with 10 ml of 1% lignocaine; adrenaline was administered through an 18-gauge catheter in C₆–C₇ or C₇–T₁ epidural space. Postoperative analgesia was maintained with 0.125% bupivacaine through the epidural catheter. Results In 49 (98%) patients surgery was conducted smoothly under CEA with good analgesia. 44 patients were awake during surgery. Five patients had to be given intravenous sedation with midazolam, and in one case the procedure was terminated after accidental dura puncture. There were no clinically significant variations in perioperative pulse and respiratory rate, and there was no fall in mean arterial blood pressure during the procedure. The mean preoperative anesthesia time and total cost of the procedure was 20.36 + 2.75 minutes and 12.19 + 2.2￡, respectively. All patients were started on a liquid diet and mobilized 4 hours after surgery. Conclusions Cervical epidural anesthesia is a safe alternative to GA and was preferred by our patients because of its lower cost and reduced perioperative morbidity.     

PERFACT procedure to treat supralevator fistula-in-ano: A novel single stage sphincter sparing procedure

AIM: To prospectively perform the PERFACT procedure in supralevator anal fistula/abscess.METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging was done preoperatively in all the patients. Proximal cauterization around the internal opening, emptying regularly of fistula tracts and curettage of tracts(PERFACT) was done in all patients with supralevator fistula or abscess. All types of anal fistula and/or abscess with supralevator extension, whether intersphincteric or transsphincteric, were included in the study. The internal opening along with the adjacent mucosa was electrocauterized. The resulting wound was left open to heal by secondary intention so as to heal(close) the internal opening by granulation tissue. The supralevator tract/abscess was drained and thoroughly curetted. It was regularly cleaned and kept empty in the postoperative period. The primary outcome parameter was complete fistula healing. The secondary outcome parameters were return to work and change in incontinence scores(Vaizey objective scoring system) assessed preoperatively and at 3 mo after surgery.RESULTS: Seventeen patients were prospectively enrolled and followed for a median of 13 mo(range 5-21 mo). Mean age was 41.1 ± 13.4 years, M:F-15:2. Fourteen(82.4%) had a recurrent fistula, 8(47.1%) had an associated abscess, 14(82.4%) had multiple tracts and 5(29.4%) had horseshoe fistulae. Infralevator part of fistula was intersphincteric in 4 and transsphincteric in 13 patients. Two patients were excluded. Eleven out of fifteen(73.3%) were cured and 26.7%(4/15) had a recurrence. Two patients with recurrence were reoperated on with the same procedure and one was cured. Thus, the overall healing rate was 80%(12/15). All the patients could resume normal work within 48 h of surgery. There was no deterioration in incontinence scores(Vaizey objective scoring system). This is the largest series of supralevator fistula-in-ano(SLF) published to date. CONCLUSION: PERFACT procedure is an effective single step sphincter saving procedure to treat SLF with minimal risk of incontinence.     

微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗孤立肾结石的疗效分析

目的 探讨微创经皮肾取石术(MPCNL)治疗孤立肾结石的临床疗效.方法 2000年8月至2010年8月,242例孤立肾结石患者接受MPCNL治疗.GFR 17～108 ml/min.SCr(108±20)μmol/L,高于正常者19例,平均(181±32)μmol/L.结石位于左侧116例,右侧126例,合并输尿管结石15例.结石大小1.1 cm× 1.8 cm～3.9 cm×5.8 cm. 结果平均手术时间68 min.一期结石清除率79.3%(192/242),残留结石≤4 mm者16例,残留结石5～19 mm者34例.二期MPCNL及ESWL术后1个月复查,结石总清除率88.0%(213/242).术后发热18例,输血21例,因术后严重出血行肾动脉造影及肾出血动脉超选择栓塞治疗10例,肾周血肿1例,气胸1例. 结论 MPCNL治疗孤立肾结石创伤小、并发症少、结石清除率高,应作为孤立肾结石患者的首选治疗方案之一.

Abstract：

Objective To report our experience with minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (MPCNL) in treatment of renal calculi in solitary kidneys. Methods From August 2000 to August 2010, 242 patients with renal calculi in solitary kidneys were treated by MPCNL, the data were reviewed retrospectively. Results The mean operative time was 68 min, the clearance rates were 79.3% (192/242) after first session and 88. 0% (213/242) after second-look MPCNL and ESWL, respectively. Postoperative fever happened in 18 cases. Twenty-one cases required transfusion, 10 cases received angiography and embolization. One case experienced perirenal hematoma and 1 case had pneumatothorax. Conclusions MPCNL has the advantages of less bleeding, high clearance rate and short hospital stay. MPCNL is an effective and feasible treatment option for renal calculi in solitary kidneys and should be the first line choice.     

三种经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗上尿路结石对照分析

目的：比较李氏肾镜与标准经皮肾镜及微创经皮肾输尿管镜治疗上尿路结石的有效性与安全性,提高上尿路结石的治疗水平.方法：2005年1月～2009年1月,三种经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗上尿路结石132例,其中包括肾结石87例（包括肾脏单发及多发结石56例,鹿角型结石31例）,输尿管上段结石45例.标准经皮肾镜取石术34例,年龄34～78岁,平均57岁;结石大小2.3～5.8 cm,平均3.5 cm;鹿角型结石14例.微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术52例,年龄31～77岁,平均51岁;结石大小2.1～5.0 cm,平均3.3 cm;鹿角型结石8例.经皮李氏肾镜取石术46例,年龄29～81岁,平均55岁;结石大小2.0～5.5 cm,平均3.0 cm;鹿角型结石9例.对三组患者手术时间、留置造瘘管时间、I期结石清除率及手术出血进行比较.结果：李氏肾镜治疗输尿管上端结石（L4）手术时间（56±5）min,治疗上尿路结石I期手术清除率为80.43%,出血量为（156±38）ml,输血率2.17%,与标准经皮肾镜及微创经皮肾输尿管镜比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.对李氏肾镜治疗6例肾盂单发结石患者实行＂无管化＂,均恢复较好,无一例发生出血、漏尿及感染.结论：李氏肾镜在微造瘘经皮肾手术中较标准肾镜和输尿管镜代肾镜具有操作更简化、手术效率更高、剩余结石更少、并发症减少等优点.     

上尿路结石的手术方式选择(附2 528例临床报告)

目的分析上尿路结石的各种手术方式，探讨临床治疗中合理的术式选择。方法回顾性分析1997年2004年收治的2528例上尿路结行患者的临床分类、手术方式及并发症。结果单纯性肾结石和输尿管上段结石以ESWL治疗为主，3个月内结石排净率为86％。5％形成石街，9％经2—3次ESWL治疗无排石现象，转手术率14％；中、下段结石采用输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石治疗为主，结石排净率为92％。经皮肾穿肾镜取石，肾盂和输尿管上段结石的取净率为100％；鹿角形结石的取净率为95％；复杂性肾结右选择升放性手术取石或联合方式治疗为主，因肾脏无功能而行一侧肾切除7例（1．6％），下术后输尿管漏7例，切口经久不愈3例，肾脏大出血5例，无死亡病例。结论上尿路结石的微创手术可以避免开放于术对患者造成的痛苦，减少术后并发症，但也不能盲目采用，对于复杂性结石，开放手术仍有实际应用价值。     

B超引导下经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石1289例临床总结

目的 探讨B超引导下PCNL治疗上尿路结石的有效性与安全性. 方法 2004年6月至2009年7月行超声引导下PCNL 1289例.其中输尿管上段结石386例;肾单发结石463例,多发结石355例,鹿角形结石85例.结石大小0.8 cm×1.2 cm～9.0 cm×5.3 cm,平均2.1 cm×3.1 cm.伴不同程度肾积水935例. 结果 1289例无中转开放及死亡.平均手术时间90(55～220)min,平均术中出血量175(60～800)ml.术中、术后输血31例,术后因出血行超选择性肾动脉栓塞术14例(1.09%).一期单通道取石1105例,二通道取石108例,三通道取石76例.一期结石取净率85.03%(1096/1289);193例结石残留者中,67例行ESWL,126例行二期PCNL,其中85例结石取净.总结石取净率91.62%(1181/1289).结论 B超引导下PCNL治疗上尿路结石具有定位准确、工作通道建立安全简便、结石取净率高、创伤小、并发症少等特点,手术适应证选择、手术技巧掌握、相应配套设施的保障是PCNL成功的关键.     

复杂肾结石经皮肾镜取石术后结石残留的原因与处理

目的:探讨复杂肾结石PCNL术后结石残留的原因及处理方法.方法:回顾分析我院行二期PCNL取石的35例复杂肾结石患者的临床资料,既往有开放手术史17例,2例因术中出血影响视野改二期手术,合并肾盏憩室内结石2例.结果:除2例需辅助ESWL治疗外,其余33例在B超和输尿管镜辅助下,行二期PCNL全部成功取净残留结石.其中3例因残留结石所在肾盏位置远离经皮肾通道或在与皮肾通道平行的肾盏内,重新建立另一通道取石;1例行3通道取石.结论:术中出血、肾盏憩室内结石、既往开放手术史和肾内集合系统解剖异常,是PCNL术后结石残留的主要原因;术中B超及软镜的应用,可以清楚显示有无残留结石及其所在肾盏的位置;了解结石与经皮肾通道的位置关系,帮助引导最大限度地清除结石.     

联合B超和C臂双重定位引导经皮肾穿刺在上尿路结石治疗中的应用

目的:探讨联合B超和C臂双重定位引导经皮肾穿刺建立工作通道在上尿路结石治疗中的应用价值。方法:选择204例上尿路结石拟行PCNL治疗的患者,术中联合B超和C臂双重定位引导经皮肾穿刺,分别建立1～4个工作通道,同期或分期进行碎石清石处理。结果:204例患者共建立经皮肾穿刺工作通道271个,均为一期完成。其中每侧肾脏单通道199个,2个通道57个,3个通道11个,4个通道4个。总净石率91%。无一例并发肠道、肝、脾、肺及腔静脉等器官损伤。胸腔积液6例,均保守处理治愈;气胸2例,行抽气处理治愈。无术后因大出血需动脉栓塞治疗患者,无中转开放手术患者。结论:联合B超和C臂双重定位引导经皮肾穿刺可提高穿刺的准确性和成功率,增加安全性,减少并发症的发生。     

上尿路结石二次经皮肾镜取石术操作的原因探讨

目的:总结上尿路结石行二次(或二次以上)经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)操作的原因,提高PCNL技能。方法:回顾性分析我院行PCNL治疗的1 041例上尿路结石患者的资料,对其中进行二次(或二次以上)PCNL操作的病例,根据其行二次PCNL操作的原因进行总结和分析。结果:1 041例上尿路结石患者(共1 203侧上尿路)中进行二次(或二次以上)PCNL操作的病例共252侧(20.9%),行二次PCNL操作的理由包括:结石负荷大、分布广182侧(72.2%);通道或肾集合系统黏膜出血29侧(11.5%);脓肾(感染)22侧(8.7%);孤立肾或肾功能不全7例(2.8%);集合系统穿孔3侧(1.2%);未发现或未能进入残留结石所在肾盏的盏颈口4侧(1.6%);通道建立失败以及不合理3侧(1.2%);麻醉意外等2例(0.79%)。二次PCNL操作时行局部麻醉204侧(81.0%),全麻48侧(19.0%);俯卧位221侧(87.7%),侧卧位31侧(12.3%)。1 203侧上尿路行一次PCNL操作的清石率为74.1%;行二次PCNL操作后的清石率为91.0%;252侧行二次PCNL操作的患者清石率为80.9%。1 203侧上尿路仅行一次PCNL操作的951侧上尿路患者的平均住院时间是10.8d,行二次PCNL操作的252侧上尿路患者的平均住院时间是13.4d。结论:结石负荷大、分布广,脓肾(感染)以及出血是上尿路结石行二次PCNL操作的主要原因。二次PCNL操作对于减轻第一次PCNL出血和感染的风险,提高清石率有很好的作用。但其增加患者的痛苦和住院时间。     

经皮肾微造瘘吸引碎石清石鞘在微创经皮肾镜取石术中的应用

目的：探讨应用专利设计的经皮肾微造瘘吸引碎石清石鞘（简称专利鞘）治疗上尿路结石的临床疗效和安全性.方法：回顾性分析2008年8月～2009年10月应用专利鞘行微创经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNI.）治疗上尿路结石患者198例的临床资料,其中肾结石138例,输尿管上段结石46例,单侧肾结石并同侧或对侧输尿管结石12例,双肾结石并双侧输尿管上段结石2例.均应用专利鞘进行MPCNL,并对手术时间、肾盂内压、清石率、手术并发症等进行分析.结果：198例均一期建立通道.采用单通道取石192例,双通道取石5例,三通道取石1例.平均手术时间（46±10.8）min,术中监测肾盂内压力平均（0.28±0.068）kPa（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）;术后血红蛋白含量较术前平均下降（4.2±1.5）%,术中输血5例,术后2例出血严重者经高选择性肾动脉栓塞治愈.一期清石率为95.95%.术后3天出现体温≥38.5℃者3例.结论：应用专利鞘行MPCNL治疗上尿路结石安全、高效,临床效果显著.     

GPS导航超声系统实时定位穿刺PCNL处理复杂肾结石22例报告

目的：探讨GPS导航超声系统（SonixGPS）引导定位穿刺在经皮肾取石术（PCNL）中的优势及安全性。方法：2012年5月～2012年9月，我们应用SonixGPS行经皮肾穿刺，建立Ft。皮肾通道进行取石处理复杂肾结石22例，其中男17例，女5例，年龄46～70岁，平均51．2岁。重复。肾畸形合并结石1例，肾多发结石16例，铸型肾结石2例，输尿管上段结石并肾结石3例。全部患者采用全身麻醉，用预先消毒好的超声探头在11肋间或12肋缘下区域扫查，了解结石的分布、位置、大小及和集合系统的关系情况，确定穿刺径路，皮肾通道建立成功后全部应用钬激光进行碎石。结果：借助SonixGPS穿刺，22例患者全部一次成功。除1例多发结石因残余结石行二期PCNL外，其余21例患者均一期取石成功，无一例出现术中或术后严重并发症。结论：SonixGPS可以实时追踪并显示穿刺针的方向和深度，特别对于经皮肾穿刺取石手术初学者，可以帮助清楚显示穿刺针位置，提高穿刺成功率，缩短学习曲线，可为PCNI。超声定位穿刺提供一种新的选择。     

无管化标准通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石67例

目的探讨无管化标准通道经皮肾镜取石术在治疗上尿路结石方面的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2013年7月采用无管化标准通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗67例上尿路结石患者的临床资料。其中单发肾结石24例,多发肾结石13例,不完全性鹿角形结石8例,连接部及输尿管上段结石22例,结石最大直径0．9～3．0cm。我们对于非复杂型上尿路结石,肾皮质厚度≥1cm、无严重尿路感染、无活动性出血、无集合系统穿透性损伤及满意的清石病例,术后仅留置双J管而不放置肾造瘘管。结果所有患者均一期手术成功。平均手术时间36．7±2．3min;术后第l天疼痛评分为2．9±1．5mm,术后平均住院时间（4．1±0．8）d;术前、后平均血红蛋白下降值为（1．0±0．5）μ/L;结石清除率100％。无输血病例及选择性肾动脉栓塞病例;无感染性休克和肾周积液发生。结论在经过严格筛选病例基础上,无管化标准通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石是安全可行的。     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in semisupine position: a modified approach for renal calculus

Conventional percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is usually performed in a prone position, which compresses the thorax and results in difficulty in rescue during operation. When PCNL is performed in a supine position, the flank renal puncture area is limited, so it is difficult to treat disseminated and complex renal calculi. Herein, we introduce a modified semisupine position for performing PCNL, which has numerous benefits as well as safe and effective. Between May 2002 and May 2009, a total of 452 patients with renal calculi were treated with semisupine PCNL. The patient was placed in 45° semisupine position during the procedure, with the affected flank arched as much as possible. In this series, no one converted to open surgery. The average operating time was (115.2 ± 44.5) min. Single tract PCNL was performed for 80.97% of the cases, two tracts 13.94%, three tracts 4.65%, and four tracts 0.44%. The upper, middle, and lower calix tracts accounted for 12.1, 63.0, and 24.9%, of procedures, respectively. Stone-free rate was 85.7% overall, 92.2% for single calculus (83/90), and 72.9% for staghorn calculi (78/107). Major postoperative complications occurred in 3.3% of the cases. This study demonstrated PCNL in a semisupine position is an effective alternative for treating renal calculi, which combines the advantages of PCNL in a prone position, and PCNL in a supine position. The semisupine position allows easier irrigation of stone fragments, is more comfortable for the patient, and facilitates monitoring of anesthesia.