转人溶菌酶基因小鼠乳腺生物反应器的建立

目的 研究人溶菌酶（human lysozyme，hLYZ）动物乳腺生物反应器制备的可行性。方法 将hLYZ基因与动物乳腺特异表达载体p205C3连接，所得重组载体p205C3-hLYZ用显微注射法建立转基因小鼠。结果 共出生了136只F0代小鼠，PER和Southern杂交检测基因整合阳性率分别为5．15％（2♀5♂）和2．94％（1♀3♂）。Western印迹检测结果表明，分泌在小鼠乳汁中的表达产物与正常hLYZ具有相同的分子量。目前转基因小鼠已经繁殖到B代，每一代基因整合阳性母鼠的乳腺均表达hLYZ，乳汁中的表达量最高达750mg/L。斑点杂交试验证明，表达有较强的组织特异性，除在乳腺表达外，仅在脾脏和小肠有一定的异位表达。结论 成功建立了hLYZ小鼠乳腺生物反应器。     

宫内缺氧减缓小鼠普肯耶细胞发育和降低小脑肽的表达

目的 探讨宫内缺氧对出生后小鼠普肯耶细胞的发育及小脑肽表达的影响.方法 20只健康成年昆明小鼠孕鼠随机分为2组:对照组与缺氧组,每组10只.自母鼠孕14 d时开始,将缺氧组的母鼠置入动物缺氧箱内,制作宫内缺氧动物模型.待母鼠分娩后,实验动物分为缺氧组和对照组,每组内有出生当日(P0)、P5、P9、P14、P21和P30...     

恶性疟原虫裂殖子表面蛋白1的17区片段基因复合核酸疫苗诱导小鼠抗体免疫性的研究

目的　检测以恶性疟原虫裂殖子表面蛋白 1的 17区片段基因为基础的复合核酸疫苗(分泌性的VR10 12 /TPA/HG MSP1 17和非分泌性的VR10 12 /HG MSP1 17)诱导小鼠的体液免疫反应和免疫血清对疟原虫生长的抑制能力。方法　以 2 0 0 μg/10 0 μl或 10 0 μg/10 0 μl每次每只VR10 12 /HG MSP1 17或VR10 12 /TPA/HG MSP1 17肌注免疫BALB/c或C5 7BL/6小鼠。用ELISA间接法测定小鼠血清的特异性抗体 ,用体外抑制试验检测免疫血清抑制疟原虫生长效果。结果　经 3次 10 0 μg/10 0 μl每次每只VR10 12 /HG MSP1 17免疫后 ,BALB/c小鼠和C5 7BL/6小鼠均产生了明显的HG和YMSP119抗体。但总体抗体水平不高。BALB/c小鼠经 3次 2 0 0 μg/10 0 μl每次每只的VR10 12 /HG MSP1 17免疫后 ,产生了较高的HG抗体 ,但MSP1 17的抗体无明显变化 ,经 3次 2 0 0 μg/10 0 μl每次每只VR10 12 /TPA/HG MSP1 17免疫后 ,仅产生较低的HG抗体 ,无MSP1 17抗体的产生。用 2 0 0 μg/10 0 μlVR10 12 /HG MSP1 17免疫的BALB/c小鼠血清做体外抑制试验 ,结果抑制效果明显。结论　VR10 12 /HG MSP1 17比VR10 12 /TPA/HG MSP 17具有更强的免疫原性 ,其免疫鼠血清能明显地抑制疟原虫生长     

CVB3感染通过MCP-1介导病毒性心肌炎小鼠单个核细胞迁移

目的:研究B3型柯萨奇病毒(CVB3)感染与病毒性心肌炎(VMC)炎症细胞迁移的关系及机制。方法:采用差异贴壁法分离小鼠心肌细胞;趋化试验分析心肌细胞培养上清对VMC小鼠外周血单个核细胞(PMNC)的趋化性;实时定量RT PCR分析心肌细胞MCP 1的表达。结果:( 1)CVB3感染心肌细胞培养上清对VMC小鼠PMNC的趋化性明显增强。( 2 )CVB3感染2小时后MCP 1的表达开始升高,至6小时达到高峰,8小时下降;随着CVB3感染量的增加,MCP 1的表达明显升高。( 3)2 5 μg/ml抗MCP 1抗体处理后,CVB3感染心肌细胞培养上清对VMC小鼠PMNC的趋化性下降5 4 % (P <0 0 1) ;5 μg/ml抗MCP 1抗体处理后,趋化性下降的幅度与2 5 μg/ml抗MCP 1抗体处理的相比未见明显差异(P >0 0 5 )。结论:CVB3感染通过MCP 1介导VMC小鼠单个核细胞迁移,这可能是CVB3感染诱发心肌组织炎症细胞浸润的重要机制之一     

慢病毒载体法制备荧光素酶转基因小鼠

目的基于慢病毒介导的转基因方法制备荧光素酶（Luc）转基因小鼠。方法制备携带Luc基因的慢病毒,将其注入小鼠单细胞受精卵卵周隙以感染受精卵,然后将胚胎移植进假孕母鼠体内以获得仔鼠,应用小动物活体成像仪及PCR等在蛋白和DNA水平上筛选和鉴定Luc转基因小鼠。结果移植慢病毒隙感染后的成活胚胎63枚。将其移植至3只假孕母鼠,其中2只怀孕,共生仔鼠11只;利用小动物活体成像仪检测Luc表达,在蛋白水平证实11只F0代中,3只（命名为S1、S2、S3）表达Luc;DNA水平检测证实,3只Luc阳性小鼠的基因组中整合有外源转基因Luc。此外,Luc转基因首建鼠基因组中整合的Luc转基因可稳定遗传至下一代,并能正常表达。Luc转基因小鼠主要脏器如睾丸、肾脏、胃、肠、肺、脑、胸腺、肝脏和心脏等均可见Luc信号,但不同脏器间Luc强度有差异。结论成功制备Luc报告基因转基因小鼠。     

SV40T胃壁细胞定位表达转基因小鼠的建立

目的 构建胃壁细胞定位表达SV40T的真核表达载体并制备转基因小鼠动物模型,为研究胃癌发病机制提供动物模型.方法 从构建的胃壁细胞特异性表达载体pcDNA3.1(-)/HKSV中酶切回收3.8kb的基因片段H -K ATPase β promoter/SV40T,通过显微注射的方法制备转基因小鼠,PCR和Southern blotting检测阳性转基因小鼠并建系繁殖,RT-PCR检测基因的表达情况.结果 将422枚注射过的受精卵移植给16只假孕雌鼠,共生出77只仔鼠,移植成功率为18.2%.在出生的77只仔鼠中,2#、4#、8#、16#、24#、51#、57#、61#、68#、73#经PCR检测为阳性首建鼠.除68#不育外,其他9个品系首建鼠共生出99只F1代鼠.8#品系23只F1代尚未发现阳性鼠,另8个品系F1代经PCR和Southern blotting检测发现31只阳性鼠,阳性率为40.8%(31/76).RT-PCR检测F1代阳性鼠均仅在胃组织中有SV40T基因的表达,而在心、肝、肾、肺、食道、肠、骨骼肌等组织中均不表达.不育首建鼠处死解剖发现胃组织有肿瘤存在.结论 建立了胃壁细胞定位表达SV40T基因的转基因小鼠动物模型.     

人Man2c1转基因小鼠模型的建立

目的 为在体内研究MAN2C1的生物学意义而建立转hMan2c1基因的小鼠。方法 构建pIRKS2-EGFP-hMan2c1重组表达载体，经体外转染实验鉴定转染的基因能在COS-7细胞表达后，注射人ICR小鼠受精卵，以制备转基因小鼠。用基因组PCR鉴定目的基因在宿主基因组DNA的整合。用RT-PCR和Westernblot分析hMan2c1在转基因小鼠的表达。结果 在116只原代小鼠中，有7只hMan2c1基因组PCR阳性。在所检测的20只F1代小鼠中，有9只hMan2c1基因组PCR阳性。在所检测的21只F2代小鼠中，有16只基因组PCR阳性。用鼠尾组织RT-PCR和Western blot检测hMan2c1基因表达，确定基因组PCR阳性的7个系中有4个系阳性。结论 建立了4个稳定表达hMan2c1的转基因小鼠系，为深入研究MAN2C1的生物学意义打下了基础。     

四环素调控的PTA1/CD226转基因小鼠的初步建立

为研究小鼠PTA1分子在体内的功能,建立四环素调控的小鼠PTA1/CD226转基因小鼠,我们构建了pBI-5-mPTA1载体,显微注射入B6D1F1受精卵,使用PCR检测新生小鼠基因组DNA中的PTA1与荧光素酶(luciferase)基因。将mPTA1和荧光素酶双阳性小鼠耳成纤维细胞转染含rtTA的pUHD17.1质粒,用含有盐酸强力霉素(Dox)的培养基进行培养,检测细胞裂解液中荧光素酶的活性。将荧光素酶表达依赖Dox的小鼠与C57BL/6小鼠交配,采用PCR对子代鼠进行检测。最终共获得7只首建鼠,其目的基因表达高度依赖Dox,并得到了其中2只首建鼠的F1代小鼠。     

米非司酮对晚孕引产新生鼠大脑皮质超微结构的影响

目的　探讨米非司酮引产对新生鼠脑组织超微结构的影响。方法　将 10只孕鼠随机分为实验组和对照组 ,每组各 5只。孕 2 0天给实验组母鼠灌服米非司酮 11 5± 1mg加麻油 1ml引产 ,对照组母鼠灌服麻油 1ml。产后 2 4小时内随机选新生鼠 1只 /窝 ,取右侧大脑顶叶皮质组织进行电镜观察。结果　与对照组相比实验组新生鼠脑组织可见 :(1)神经细胞肿胀 ,坏死。 (2 )神经毡肿胀 ,局部结构破坏。 (3)突触连续减少 ,间质水肿。 (4)神经胶质细胞肿胀 ,染色质浓染 ,泡沫细胞增多。(5 )毛细血管内皮内线粒体肿胀 ,星形胶质细胞脚板肿胀。结论　米非司酮可造成新生鼠脑组织缺血缺氧性损害。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术制备成对框基因2敲除小鼠

目的 利用成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列（CRISPR）/重组CRISPR相关核酸酶9（Cas9）技术双切口法制备成对框基因2（Pax2）敲除小鼠,为探讨Pax2基因在多个系统发育的作用提供动物模型。方法 根据Pax2基因序列设计sgRNA,设计出的sgRNA和Cas9体外转录后显微注射到C57BL/6J 小鼠的受精卵中,F0代小鼠出生后取其基因DNA测序鉴定基因型。共获得8只F0 代小鼠,使敲除成功的F0代小鼠与野生C57BL/6J 小鼠交配,获得F1代小鼠,后均采用基因成功敲除的小鼠与C57BL/6J 小鼠进行交配,可获得稳定的Pax2基因敲除小鼠。结果 成功获得可稳定繁殖的Pax2杂合子基因敲除小鼠,其Pax2基因缺失1628 bp;组织HE染色显示,敲除小鼠的肾小球数量明显减少;Western blotting结果显示,敲除小鼠的肾皮质Pax2蛋白表达较野生型小鼠减少。结论 利用CRISPR/Cas9技术可成功构建Pax2杂合子基因敲除小鼠,为进一步研究Pax2基因的作用奠定基础。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.