两种上颌前份截骨后退术对鼻部形态的影响

目的评估2种上颌前份截骨术式对患者鼻部形态的影响。方法2015年1月至2017年12月天津市口腔医院收治双颌前突患者30例,男8例,女22例,年龄19~32岁。根据入院的治疗顺序随机分为传统手术组与改良手术组,传统手术组20例,采用传统的上颌前份截骨术;改良手术组10例,采用改良上颌前份截骨术。于术前及术后1年对患者行头颅锥形束CT扫描,将获得的DICOM数据导入Proplan CMF 2.0软件,三维重建颅面部解剖结构,选取反映鼻部形态的软、硬组织标志点,同时建立3个定位平面及三维定点测量系统,测量手术前、后各标志点间的距离及角度,包括鼻唇角、上鼻唇角、下鼻唇角、鼻尖角、鼻尖倾斜度、鼻小柱倾斜度、鼻高、鼻尖深度、垂直鼻尖位置、鼻翼基底宽、内眦间距、鼻小柱高度、右侧鼻孔轴角、左侧鼻孔轴角、鼻孔面积,并采用配对样本t检验来评价2种术式对患者术后鼻部形态的影响。结果(1)传统手术组患者术后鼻唇角由术前的113.74°±9.42°增加至121.93°±4.05°,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);鼻小柱倾斜度由术前的129.86°±7.63°减少到120.06°±7.73°,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);鼻高及鼻翼基底宽度均较术前增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);但鼻尖角、鼻尖倾斜度、垂直鼻尖位置、鼻小柱高度、双侧鼻孔轴角及鼻孔面积与术前相比,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)改良手术组患者术后鼻唇角由术前的110.75°±1.67°增至122.42°±6.95°,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);垂直鼻尖位置由术前的(11.87±1.39)mm减少至(11.16±1.02)mm;但鼻翼基底宽、鼻尖角、鼻尖倾斜度、鼻小柱倾斜度、鼻高、鼻小柱高度、双侧鼻孔轴角以及鼻孔面积,手术前后比较差异均无统计学意义。结论与传统的上颌前份截骨术相比,改良术式可获得良好的手术效果,且对患者鼻部形态的影响非常小,掌握适应证,灵活应用才能获得最好的手术效果及患者满意度。     

Measurement of preoperative and postoperative nasal tip projection and rotation

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effect of columellar struts and cephalic trim on tip projection and tip rotation using digitized photographs. METHODS: Using photographs of 62 patients who underwent external rhinoplasty, we retrospectively analyzed nasal tip projection (the Goode method) and rotation (nasolabial angle) before and after surgery. A cartilaginous strut was used in 36 patients, whereas 26 patients did not receive a strut. Patients were categorized into 4 subgroups, depending on the placement of a strut (placement, strut+ vs nonplacement, strut-) and the removal of the cephalic margin (removal, cephalic+ vs nonremoval, cephalic-) of the lateral crus: strut-/cephalic-, n = 17; strut+/cephalic-, n = 23; strut-/cephalic+, n = 9; strut+/cephalic+, n = 12. RESULTS: Nasal tip projection, measured with the Goode method, increased from 0.58 to 0.60 (P = .02) in the strut+ group; in the strut- group, nasal tip projection did not change significantly. Nasolabial angle increased from 93.96 degrees to 100.92 degrees in the strut+/cephalic- group and from 88.30 degrees to 95.06 degrees in the strut+/cephalic+ group. Removal of the cephalic margin alone (strut-/cephalic+) hardly affected tip rotation (P = .05). CONCLUSIONS: The external rhinoplasty approach did not lead to a decrease in nasal tip projection. A cartilaginous strut slightly increased nasal tip projection and also increased nasal tip rotation. This effect was accentuated by the removal of the cephalic margin of the lateral crus.     

Three dimensional evaluation of soft tissue after orthognathic surgery

Background

To evaluate the nasolabial soft tissue change three-dimensionally after orthognathic surgery, using a structured light scanner.

Methods

Thirty-two malocclusion patients, who underwent orthognathic surgery, were evaluated. CBCT and 3D facial scans were obtained before surgery and 3 months after surgery. The 3D changes in the 26 landmarks, and the relative ratio of the soft tissue movement to the bony movement, were evaluated.

Results

In the Le Fort I advancement patients, the nasal tip moved 17% forward, compared to the maxillary bony movement, but the nasal prominence decreased 15%. The alar width increased 4 mm after the advancement, and the width decreased 4.7 mm after Le Fort I setback. The relative ratio of the soft tissue movement to the bony movement after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy was about 66% at the Li point in the anteroposterior direction, and it was 21% in the Le Fort I advancement and 14% in Le Fort I setback at the Ls point.

Conclusion

Alar cinch suturing may not be sufficient to overcome the effect of the maxilla advancement compressing the nasal complex. Alar width widening was prevented in Le Fort I setback. However, it is uncertain that the alar cinch suturing was solely responsible. The soft tissue around the mandible tends to accompany the bony movement more than the maxillary area. In addition, structured light scanning system proved to be a useful tool to evaluate the nasolabial soft tissue.

     

Augmentation of nasal tip projection using the inferior turbinate: review of technique and evaluation of long-term success

OBJECTIVES: To introduce the use of inferior turbinate bone as an alternative autograft for augmentation of nasal tip projection and to assess maintenance of nasal tip projection, bone remodeling, graft shaping, and ease of harvesting. METHODS: Thirteen consecutive patients in need of increased nasal tip projection underwent closed rhinoplasty during a prospective nonrandomized study in a university teaching hospital setting. An autologous demucosalized inferior turbinate bone graft was used as a columellar strut. Measurements of nasal tip projection were obtained using the Goode ratio. Photodocumentation and lateral soft tissue radiographs were obtained before surgery and between 30 and 38 months after surgery. RESULTS: In all patients, the results were as follows: (1) the inferior turbinate bone graft was easily harvested and molded into the appropriate-sized columellar strut; (2) the immediate postoperative nasal tip projection, as measured by the Goode ratio and visual assessment, was increased; and (3) the tip projections were maintained at the 30-month follow-up examination. Paired t tests revealed a statistically significant difference (P = .001 and P = .009) between preoperative and both immediate and long-term measurements. Comparison of immediate postoperative radiographs with those taken 2 years later demonstrated no remarkable change in appearance of the graft. CONCLUSIONS: The interior turbinate bone is a viable graft for augmenting nasal tip projection. Moreover, it maintains tip projection and needs little to no remodeling. The graft is easy to harvest, prepare, and place and can be used without requiring a second operative site.     

Surgical treatment of the nasolabial angle in balanced rhinoplasty

Aesthetic rhinoplasty is a complex surgical procedure that contains numerous components; when performed harmoniously, it should yield a successful, balanced result. The process begins with a comprehensive nasal analysis and surgical planning. Many surgeons concentrate on altering the nasal dorsum and nasal tip but may ignore potential contributions to overall appearance from the caudal nasal septum and nasal spine. One of the key parameters for evaluation and aesthetic treatment of the nose is the nasolabial angle. The nasal spine, caudal septum, and the medial crura of the lower lateral cartilages provide the framework for this area. Alteration of these structures, as well as nasal tip rotation and projection, may affect the resultant nasolabial angle, length of the upper lip, and overall harmony of the nose. Fullness at the nasolabial junction by a pushing philtrum may also result in an unbalanced appearance. The literature is replete with methods for categorizing the nasal tip and recommended surgical treatments. Treatment of the caudal septum and the nasal spine is often an afterthought that is left to the aesthetic judgment of the surgeon. A chart-with recommended treatment for the caudal septum and nasal spine following appropriate profile analysis-is included in the interest of a more systematic process. The chart takes account of the length of the nose, nasolabial angle, and possible presence of a pushing philtrum with suggested treatments to allow for proper tip placement and aesthetic balance to the nose. Adherence to this process provides a valuable tool for assuring a harmonious result in rhinoplasty.     

改进的上颌前部骨切开术矫治上颌前突及其术后的美学评价

目的 探讨矫治上颌前突的改进术式,以避免传统术式往往发生的继发鼻部形态改变,并可保证美容效果.方法 改进方式是根据下颌前部根尖下骨切开术的原则,在梨状孔下缘下方的前颌骨面、沿各上前牙根尖上3 mm做切骨标志点,将其相连即水平骨切开线,线两端与左右垂直骨切开线相连,呈"小牛角"形,保存梨状孔下缘骨的完整.所有患者通过术前、术后的头影测量侧位X线片,正位像片做临床资料分析.结果 32例患者随访6个月以上,均取得满意的效果,上颌突度和开唇露齿明显改善.经测量分析上唇突度与上颌中切牙突度后退的比值为0.64:1.00.鼻唇角增大15.4.(P＜0.01),人中延长和唇红变薄明显(P＜0.01),鼻尖高度和鼻翼宽度基本无改变(P＞0.05).结论 改进的上颌前部骨切开术操作简便,术后美学评价良好,未见发生牙-骨段坏死和继发鼻形态改变并发症,是矫正上颌前突畸形的首选术式之一.     

Effect of Nasal Tip Surgery on Asian Noses Using the Transdomal Suture Technique

The past two decades have ushered in a new era of nasal tip surgery. The new philosophy focuses on preserving and reorienting nasal tip structures. Modern suture techniques can give predictable results because of more precise suture placement. Only a few reports, however, have objectively evaluated the suture techniques for Asians. Accordingly, the authors aimed to assess the efficacy of the tip suture technique through projection and rotation analysis. We focused on transdomal sutures because they involve one of the most popular suture techniques. Preoperative and postoperative photographs of 85 patients who underwent rhinoplasty at Inha University Hospital between June 2002 and June 2004 were analyzed. The patients were categorized into four groups according to the techniques used. Tip projection was measured by the modified Heuzinger’s method and tip rotation by the nasolabial angle. The pre- and postoperative indexes were compared within each group and among the four groups. Paired and unpaired t tests were used for statistical analysis. When the pre- and postoperative indexes were compared within each group, only the combined technique (transdomal suture with onlay graft) showed significant tip projection improvement. All tip surgeries resulted in insignificant tip rotation increase. Comparison among the four groups showed no significant difference based on the type of tip surgery performed. The suture technique has many advantages, although it has some limitations with Asian noses, especially if used alone. Therefore, we recommend using the suture technique in combination with other tip surgical procedures, such as onlay grafts, to achieve significant tip projection.     

Surgical treatment of the nasolabial angle in balanced rhinoplasty

Nasal analysis and surgical planning are crucial for a successful, aesthetically pleasing rhinoplasty. One of the key parameters for evaluation is the nasolabial angle. The nasal spine, caudal septum, and medial crura of the lower lateral cartilages provide the framework for this area. Alteration of these structures, as well as nasal tip rotation and projection, may affect the resultant nasolabial angle, length of the upper lip, and overall harmony of the nose. Fullness at the nasolabial junction caused by a pushing philtrum may also result in an unbalanced appearance. The literature is replete with methods for categorizing the nasal tip and with recommendations for surgical treatment. Treatment of the caudal septum and nasal spine is often an afterthought that is left up to the aesthetic judgment of the surgeon. To make this a more systematic decision, in 1990 we devised a classification for analysis and treatment of this area. This study included the length of the nose, the nasolabial angle, and the presence of a pushing philtrum, with suggested treatment to allow proper tip placement and to provide aesthetic balance to the nose. The only modification was in the order of presentation of nasal types. Since that publication, the senior author has consistently followed these guidelines and has found them to be a reliable tool in creating a harmonious result in rhinoplasty.     

Intermediate crural overlay in rhinoplasty: a deprojection technique that shortens the medial leg of the tripod without lengthening the nose

OBJECTIVE: To review the indications for, surgical techniques of, and results of intermediate crural overlay of the alar cartilages in rhinoplasty. DESIGN: Prospective study of patients undergoing intermediate crural overlay of the lower lateral cartilages. The setting was a facial plastic surgery private practice. Patients included 10 primary rhinoplasty patients and 1 revision rhinoplasty patient who underwent intermediate crural overlay of the lower lateral cartilages. The main outcome measures were postoperative photographs and patient records, which were reviewed for tip projection and rotation, preservation of the double break, bossae, and knuckling. RESULTS: Intermediate crural overlay decreased projection in all 11 patients and increased the nasolabial angle in 7 patients. One patient had no change in the nasolabial angle, and 3 patients had counterrotation of 1 degrees , 3 degrees , and 4 degrees . A postoperative physical examination revealed that no patient had developed bossae, tip asymmetries, or knuckling. In addition, the double break was maintained in all the study patients. CONCLUSIONS: Intermedial crural overlay is a reliable technique for achieving tip deprojection. Overall, the nasolabial angle is maintained (although in 3 patients, clinically insignificant counterrotation did occur). In addition, the length of the intermediate crura is reduced, but the double break is preserved. In the group of patients with thin skin and tip overprojection secondary to overdevelopment of the lower lateral cartilages, intermediate crural overlay achieves tip deprojection while controlling the nasolabial angle and preserving the natural curvature of the dome.     

Aesthetic treatment of the columella

Through a transfixion incision, a rhomboidal portion of both the depressor muscle of the nasal septum and the orbicular muscle of the mouth are excised. The remaining columellar tissues are brought nearer to each other by means of a mattress suture tied over a double-foam bolus. This simple procedure yields three advantages: (1) Tip projection, (2) nasolabial angle opening, (3) Interalar distance reduction, especially in the black population, avoiding the Weir-Joseph procedures. This simple and harmless procedure renders better results than the use of cartilage grafts or silicone implants aiming to project the tip or to open the nasolabial angle. Also, in some cases the patients' smile is enhanced.     

Nasal Tip Plasty Using Various Techniques in Rhinoplasty

Rhinoplasty is one of the most common aesthetic surgical procedures in Korea today. However, simple augmentation rhinoplasty results often failed to satisfy the high expectations of patients. As a result, many procedures have been developed to improve the appearance of the nasal tip and nasal projection. However, the characteristics of Korean nasal tips including the bulbous appearance (attributable to the thickness of the skin), flared nostrils, and restriction of the nasal tip attributable to an underdeveloped medical crus of the alar cartilage and a short columella have made such procedures difficult. Currently, most plastic surgeons perform rhinoplasty simultaneously with various nasal tip plasty techniques to improve the surgical results. An important part of an aesthetically pleasing result is to ensure an adequate nasal tip positioned slightly higher than the proper dorsum, with the two tip defining points in close proximity to each other, giving the nose a triangular shape from the caudal view. From June 2002 to November 2003, the authors performed rhinoplasty with simultaneous nasal tip plasty using various techniques according to the tip status of 55 patients (25 deviated noses, 9 broad noses, 15 low noses, and 6 secondary cleft lip and nose deformities). The surgery included realignment of alar cartilage by resection and suture, fibroareolar and subcutaneous tissue resection, tip graft, and columellar strut. The postoperative results over an average period of 10 months were entirely satisfactory. There were no patient complaints, nor complications resulting from the procedures. Good nasal tip projection, natural columellar appearance, and improvement of the nasolabial angle were achieved for most patients. In conclusion, rhinoplasty with simultaneous nasal tip plasty, achieved by a variety of techniques according to patients tip status, is an effective method for improving the appearance of the nose and satisfying the desires of the patients.     

Bilateral cleft lip

The surgeon's objectives are normal nasolabial appearance and normal speech. The principles for synchronous repair of bilateral cleft lip have been established, and the techniques continue to evolve. Primary repair impairs maxillary growth, but little can be done at this time except to practice gentle craftsmanship and to minimize tension on the lower labial closure. The cutaneous lip should never be reopened for revision, and the number of secondary procedures involving the nasal cartilages should be kept to a minimum. Many adolescents with repaired bilateral cleft lip need maxillary advancement to improve projection of the nasal tip, to protrude the upper lip, and to attain normal sagittal skeletal harmony. With expected improvements in the technology of distraction osteogenesis, maxillary advancement may someday become as acceptable as orthodontic treatment.     

Rhinometry: An Important Clinical Index for Evaluation of the Nose Before and After Rhinoplasty

Background Preoperative planning and postoperative outcome assessment in rhinoplasty are important. For preoperative planning, some standard relationships are defined and evaluated primarily with standard photographs, but photographs do not necessarily reflect reality. Outcome assessment, on the other hand, is mostly subjective, and again, even photographic analyses may not address real changes after rhinoplasty. Methods “Rhinometry” is introduced as a clinical method for preoperative evaluations and postoperative judgments, and rhinometric parameters are defined. Measurements of these parameters were performed for 300 patients before rhinoplasty and in the follow-up visits 3 months postoperatively. Results Preoperatively, the nasal length and tip projection for most patients were more than ideal. There was moderate reduction in nasal length (mean, 9.21 mm) and a decrease in tip projection (mean, 3.34 mm) for the majority of the patients after rhinoplasty. Reductions in nasal length, tip projection, bony base width, alar base width, and alar base width during a smile were statistically significant. Patients who underwent surgery using the closed approach had significantly more reduction in nasal length and less reduction in tip projection. All the patients were satisfied with these pre- and postoperative data. Rhinometry changed the ideas of the authors about some changes that their operative approaches produce. Conclusions Rhinometry can change the ideas of plastic surgeons about the changes their operative approaches accomplish and can be a very useful guide for patients. It is recommended as a part of the pre- and postoperative physical examination of patients undergoing rhinoplasty.     

Objective assessment of tip projection and the nasolabial angle in rhinoplasty

OBJECTIVE: To provide an objective method to measure the extent of nasal tip projection and the nasolabial angle. DESIGN: We retrospectively studied preoperative and postoperative images using a novel approach. The constant position of the cornea in lateral views and the diameter of the iris in frontal views were used to standardize and compare digitalized images of patients before and after surgery. We tested this objective assessment technique using the digitized slides of patients with saddle nose deformities and measured changes in their nasal tip projection and nasolabial angle. We included 63 patients who had undergone an open rhinoplasty with the I-beam technique by the same surgeon over a 7-year period. We tested the reproducibility of these measurements with 10 independent investigators. We also determined whether the measurements using this objective technique correlated with the surgeon's or patients' subjective assessments of the outcome. RESULTS: We were able to use the objective measurement technique in 42 patients (67%). It was not possible to use the technique in 21 patients (33%) because the photographic conditions had not been fulfilled. The measurement variability of 10 different investigators expressed as standard deviations in percentage of the mean value was 6.7% for nasal tip projection and 1.3% for the nasolabial angle. The surgeon's subjective assessment of the outcome correlated with the objective changes of nasal tip projection (P = .045) and the nasolabial angle (P = .045). There was no correlation between the patients' assessments and the objective measurements. CONCLUSIONS: The objective measurements tested were easy to use and investigator independent. They also correlated with the surgeon's assessment of outcome.     

88例女性上颌前突患者正颌术后鼻唇区软组织的三维变化

目的探讨女性上颌前突患者正颌术后鼻唇区软组织的三维变化特点。方法北京大学口腔医院收治88例女性上颌前突畸形患者,年龄18~42岁,平均28.2岁。所有患者上颌均行Le FortⅠ型分块截骨术,通过拔除2颗上颌第一前磨牙创造间隙后退上颌骨。上颌前突并下颌后缩患者,下颌行双侧升支矢状劈开截骨术移动下颌体部,双颌前突患者下颌行根尖下截骨术。分别在术前1~3 d及术后至少6个月拍摄3dMD照片,获取面部三维图像,使用Geomagic Studio 2013软件测量手术前、后软组织三维标志点坐标以及线距、角度的变化,并进行三维偏差分析。测量结果进行配对t检验,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。结果上颌前突患者鼻下点在矢状向的距离术前为(-10.90±18.60)mm,术后为(-10.05±18.62)mm(t=-7.66,P<0.001),后退了(0.85±1.00)mm;上唇缘点术前为(-15.18±18.67)mm,术后为(-11.92±18.90)mm(t=-21.97,P<0.001),后退了(3.26±1.40)mm。鼻翼宽度术前为(37.32±2.32)mm,术后为(38.08±2.32)mm(t=-4.85,P<0.001),增加了(0.76±1.47)mm;口角宽度术前为(49.17±3.54)mm,术后为(47.68±3.74)mm(t=5.77,P<0.001),减小了(1.49±2.42)mm;人中长度术前为(15.20±2.32)mm,术后为(15.78±2.17)mm(t=-4.70,P<0.001),增加了(0.58±1.16)mm;鼻唇角术前为101.98°±9.34°,术后为109.05°±8.59°(t=-12.36,P<0.001),增大了6.99°±5.35°。三维偏差分析显示,术后鼻旁区软组织前移了(1.54±0.73)mm。结论正颌术后女性患者鼻底及上唇均显著后退,鼻旁区出现前移,并伴随鼻翼变宽、口角宽度减小、人中变长、唇红变薄、鼻唇角增大等改变。     

Nasal septum to columella attachment: A major tip support?

Objective

To determine whether surgical section of attachment of the medial crural footplates to the quadrangular cartilage produces loosening of the nasal tip.

Study Design

Prospective, observational, before-and-after study.

Setting

Tertiary care center.

Subjects and Methods

Hispanic patients undergoing septoplasty who required a transfixion incision were included. A six-month postoperative assessment of the nasal tip support was compared with preoperative values. As measures of the nasal tip support, we included tip recoil test, nasolabial angle, tip rotation angle, nasofacial angle, and the Goode method for determining tip projection.

Results

Twenty-seven patients completed the follow-up, and their results are reported. There were no statistically significant differences after septoplasty in any of the five measurements used to assess the nasal tip support (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

In this preliminary cohort of Hispanic patients, surgical section of the attachment of the medial crural footplates to the quadrangular cartilage does not produce significant changes in nasal tip support.     

Management of the Long Nose: Review of Techniques for Nasal Tip Supporting Structures

The long nose with a “plunging” tip is a deformity that involves an inferiorly rotated nasal tip, leading to an increase in the length of the nose. The anatomic basis of the long nose with a plunging tip may be divided into two types. Type 1 presents a normal alar–cartilage complex inferiorly displaced by a long nasal septum and long upper lateral cartilages. Type 2 is caused by a dislocation of the alar cartilages downward from the aponeurotic attachments to the septal angle. During the study period, the authors identified 60 patients with long noses and plunging tips. For 22 patients with type 1 long noses, the high septal incision technique was used in 12 cases and the step technique in 10 cases. The invagination procedure alone was used for 22 of 38 patients with type 2 plunging noses. Also, an extension graft with the invagination procedure was used for 6 patients, and a columellar strut graft was used for 10 patients. A high septal incision increased tip rotation without significantly changing the amount of tip projection. However, the step procedure, the invagination technique alone, septal extension graft with the invagination technique, and columellar strut grafts increased nasal tip rotation and projection. During the study period, 38 patients were identified as having a smiling deformity, which was improved using the authors’ modification procedure. On the basis of the results, the authors recommend that the appropriate treatment for each patient with a long nose and a plunging tip must be determined by preoperative and intraoperative examination findings with the patient at rest and while smiling.