纳他霉素高产菌株的链霉素抗性选育及其发酵工艺的优化

用紫外线对纳他霉素(Natamycin)产生菌褐黄孢链霉菌(Streptomyces gilvosporeus)ATCC13326菌株孢子进行诱变处理后，利用链霉素抗性突变选育得122株链霉素抗性突变株。其中纳他霉素产量高于出发菌株的有13株。突变株SG-56的生产能力达到出发菌株的146％，研究了其发酵性能，优化了培养基组成和发酵工艺条件，纳他霉素产量为2．81g／L，较出发菌株产量提高了170％。     

通过获得链霉素抗性基因(str)突变株筛选梅岭霉素高产菌株

本文通过链霉素对梅岭霉素（meilingmycin）产生菌南昌链霉菌NS－41－80菌株孢子致死浓度的测定，采用诱变剂EMS四种不同诱变剂量对菌株的孢子进行诱变处理，诱变处理的孢子涂布在含链霉素致死浓度的高氏平板上，获得了大量的链霉素抗性基因（str）突变株。然后从链霉素抗性基因突变株进一步筛选到梅岭霉素高产菌株80－5．11－221，在摇瓶条件下，只产梅岭霉素不产南昌霉素，梅岭霉素活性效价达1500μg/ml，比出发菌株NS－41－80的摇瓶发酵效价855μg/ml提高了77．9％，该菌株连续传代六代进行摇瓶发酵，其F2代和F3代梅岭霉素发酵效价稳定，F4代至F6代随着传代数增加，其梅岭霉素发酵效价急速下降。通过EMS诱变剂量分别与抗药性突变率和链霉素抗性基因突变株产梅岭霉素产量的产势统计分析表明，菌株抗药性突变与产抗生素突变密切相关，产抗生素突变的EMS诱变剂量高于链霉素抗性基因突变诱变剂量。在0．03mol/L的EMS剂量作用下，菌株致死率为99．43％，而抗药性突变率为0．0440％，建立了梅岭霉素产生菌链霉素抗性基因突变筛选方法，为南昌链霉菌高产菌种选育研究作了有益的尝试，并有助于其它链霉菌属的抗生素产生菌育种研究。     

链霉素抗性突变理性筛选avermectin高产菌株

为提高菌株avermectin的产量，本文以链霉素抗性为选择压力，对除虫链霉菌Streptomyces avermi-tilis进行紫外诱变（253.7nm,30w，照射时间45s)，得到在摇瓶发酵水平比出发菌株产量提高25%以上的4株突变株，其中2株提高水平达30%以上，实验表明了链霉素抗性突变与产抗生素突变之间的密切联系。同时，对其机理和意义作了一些探讨。     

ARTP诱变结合抗性筛选选育西索米星高产菌株

目的 利用等离子体诱变,结合抗生素抗性筛选,获得西索米星高产菌株。方法 首先通过链霉素抗性筛选,获得一株比出发菌株产抗能力高的S4;随后以S4为出发菌株,经等离子体处理40s,借助巴龙霉素抗性筛选,得到双重抗性菌株。最后对突变株进行再次诱变,并结合高浓度链霉素抗性筛选。结果 获得一株高产突变株M. inyoensis SAAP22,比出发菌株效价提高了38.18%,具有稳定的遗传性能。结论 通过等离子体诱变,结合抗生素抗性筛选,可有效提升伊尼奥小单孢菌的西索米星合成能力,所得高产菌株具有潜在应用价值。     

核糖体工程技术选育米尔贝霉素高产菌株

本实验室中保存的一株从土壤中分离得到的米尔贝链霉菌(Streptomyces milbemycinicus)27号菌株所产米尔贝霉素A3和A4的初始产量分别为61.0和23.8μg/mL。以该菌株为出发菌株，采用核糖体工程技术，结合紫外诱变技术，对米尔贝霉素产生菌米尔贝链霉菌进行诱变，并以链霉素耐受为筛选压力进行筛选。经过诱变后对单菌落进行摇瓶复筛，其中正突变株中米尔贝霉素产量最高的菌株编号是R2-6-5，其米尔贝霉素A3和A4的产量分别是105.2和38.8μg/mL，较原始菌株分别提高了72.5%和63.3%，且遗传稳定。最后，对产量变化较大的11株突变株基因组中rsmG基因和rspL基因进行突变位点分析，发现在rspL基因内均未发生突变，rsmG基因均发生突变。本研究表明，链霉素抗性降低的突变菌株确实都在相关基因内发生突变，且核糖体工程结合紫外诱变的诱变方式效果良好，能够快速有效的提高米尔贝链霉菌生物合成米尔贝霉素的能力。     

链霉素抗性筛选法在柔红霉素产生菌S.coeruleorubidus var.zhengding SIPI 1482菌种选育中的应用

采用链霉素抗性筛选法,用含链霉素的高氏一号合成培养基筛天蓝淡红链霉菌ＳＩＰＩ１４８２菌株对链霉素的抗性自发突变株,检测突变株产抗生素水平。实验结果发现,在ＳＩＰＩ１４８２菌株的莲霉素抗性自发突变株中,正向突变的频率比较高（３４％）,同时获得了产抗生素能力是原菌株的１．５倍左右的突变株。     

从氯霉素抗性突变株筛选赤霉素高产菌株

应用氯霉素抗性筛选法，将经NTG诱变处理的赤霉素产生菌——水稻恶苗病菌6028菌株(Gibberella fujikuroi 6028)原生质体涂布在含有氯霉素2000μg／ml的致死再生培养基平板上，获得了大量氯霉索抗性突变株．其中赤霉索产量高于出发菌的阳性效率达20％，同时获得了在20和60吨罐上产素能力和发酵总亿比出发菌株分别提高7．58％和9．36％的7106高产菌株，且该菌株经连续5次传代试验，产索能力无明显变化。     

放线菌野生株代谢功能的核糖体工程改造与新产抗肿瘤活性产物研究

目的利用核糖体工程技术,改造放线菌次级代谢功能,筛选获得抗肿瘤活性突变株,并对突变株新产活性产物进行研究。方法以海洋来源无活性放线菌野生株HLF-9和HLF-43为出发菌,通过单菌落挑选与平板划线培养,分离纯化链霉素抗性突变株,通过摇床液态发酵和发酵提取物乙酸乙酯萃取样品的抗肿瘤活性筛选,获得抗肿瘤活性突变株;采用活性跟踪与微量预试先导．放大实验制备组合的实验模式,与原始菌样品对照比较,在快速确定差异活性斑点基础上,组合各种色谱技术,分离纯化突变株新产抗肿瘤活性产物;根据理化性质和波谱数据鉴定化合物结构;采用MTF法测评抗肿瘤活性。结果链霉素对HLF-9和HLF-43的最低抑菌浓度分别为3和10mg·L^-1。经抗性筛选,得到对链霉素产生抗性的HLF-39突变株28株、HLF-43突变株204株。在所得突变株中,3株HLF．39突变株和14株HLF-43突变株有抗肿瘤活性,100mg·L^-1样品对K562细胞的抑制率大于20％;其中,4株分别对11、100、200和300mg·L^-1链霉素产生抗性的HLF43突变株CHS-21101、CHS-210010、CHS-220002和CHS-230001活性显著,100mg·L^-1样品对K562细胞的抑制率分别达59．5％、50．0％、44．1％和59．6％。从CHS-21101发酵物中分离得到2个该突变株新产抗肿瘤活性产物,并分别鉴定为环（4-羟脯-亮）二肽（1）和phencomycin（2）。化合物1和2对K562细胞呈抑制活性,100mg·L-1抑制率分别为33．9％和21．4％。结论利用核糖体工程抗性筛选技术,从2株无活性放线菌野生菌株成功筛选得到17株具有抗肿瘤活性的链霉素抗性突变株,从其中1株发酵物中分离鉴定了2个该突变株新产抗肿瘤活性产物。用核糖体工程技术改造无活性放线菌野生株的次级代谢功能,可筛选获得活性突变株并提供深入研究新产活性产物,从中筛选新药及其先导结构,从?     

高产纳他霉素的褐黄孢链霉菌选育

目的　以褐黄孢链霉菌 (Streptomyces gilvosporeus) S- 71为出发菌株 ,筛选纳他霉素的高产菌株。方法　紫外线对孢子悬浮液照射 4 0 s后 ,分别用链霉素抗性和琼脂块法进行筛选纳他霉素高产菌株 ,之后对高产菌株进行生产稳定性实验。结果　通过链霉素抗性法筛选获得了约 10 %的正选率突变株 ,其中突变株SG- 5 6摇瓶效价单位为 2 4 10μg/ ml,为出发菌株的 14 6 % ;通过琼脂块筛选法获得了约 1%的正选率突变株 ,其中突变株 SG- 2 0 0 2摇瓶效价单位为 2 6 5 0μg/ ml,为出发菌株的 16 1% ,该菌株无链霉素抗性标记。结论　链霉素抗性筛选和琼脂块筛选均可以获得纳他霉素的高产菌株 ,其中链霉素抗性筛选法效率高 ,琼脂块法筛选全面。     

链霉素抗性突变-万古霉素高产菌株的选育研究

以东方拟无枝酸菌(Amycolatopsis orientalis)AO-4为出发菌株，经紫外线(15w，253．7nm，距离30cm)诱变处理，筛选链霉素抗性突变株(链霉素浓度1000μg／ml)，从中获得万古霉素高产变株Amycolatopsis orientalis AO-29，其发酵效价较出发菌株提高170%。传代实验表明该变株的高产性能遗传特性较稳定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.