Dental findings in high-fluoride areas in Ethiopia

A survey comprising 478 children aged 6-7 years and 13-14 years was conducted in high-fluoride areas (Wonji, 12.4 parts/10(6) F- and Awassa, 3.5 parts/10 F-) in the Rift Valley in Ethiopia. Dental fluorosis was found in 99% of the 6-7-year-old groups. Very mild to moderate fluorosis dominated in the primary teeth and moderate to severe fluorosis in the permanent teeth. All 13-14-year-old children born in Awassa of Wonji had fluorosis, mainly in the moderate to severe form. Eighty-four percent of the 13-14-year-old children not born in the area had fluorosis, mainly in the very mild form. The most severe fluorosis was seen in the last erupting teeth, but moderate fluorosis was also seen in primary incisors, indicating placental transfer of fluorides. Teeth with moderate and severe fluorosis more frequently had dental caries than teeth with no or very mild and mild fluorosis. The average DMFT was 2.46 +/- 2.34 in Wonji and 1.69 +/- 1.88 in Awassa. The average dft was 0.32 +/- 0.80 in Wonji and 0.40 +/- 0.96 in Awassa. Gingivitis was seen in 97% of the children and the average OHI-S was 1.94 +/- 0.71.     

Dental health in Icelandic urban children aged 11 and 12 years

Abstract A total of 1370 children were examined for caries, gingivitis, periodontal pocketing, calculus and loss of marginal alveolar bone. The mean DFT and DPS scores were 6.2 and 8.7 for 11-yr-old children and 8.2 and 12.1 for 12-yr-olds. The average number of initial caries lesions was 12.4 among 11-yr-olds and 15.7 among 12-yr-olds. The proximal and smooth surfaces accounted for 37% of the total DPS score in the 11-yr-old children and 43% in the 12-yr-olds. The median DPS score for the 11-yr-old boys and girls was 7, while for the 12-yr-old boys it was 9 and for the girls 11. Only 1.8% of the children were free from caries. The occurrence of gingivitis, expressed by GBI, was 20 in both age groups. 8% of the children showed no advanced gingival inflammation, while less than 1 % had bleeding gingivitis at all examined surfaces. Supragingival calculus was found in 10% of the children. Neither periodontal pocketing nor loss of marginal alveolar bone was observed.     

慢性口腔感染性疾病与心血管疾病的关系

慢性口腔感染性疾病和心血管疾病的关系日渐受到人们的关注。流行病学、分子生物学和动物实验等方面的证据表明,慢性口腔感染性疾病是导致心血管疾病发生的危险因素之一。本文从牙周炎、龋病、牙髓病这3种慢性口腔感染性疾病和心血管疾病之间的相互关系作一综述。     

Dental caries, gingivitis, and oral hygiene among schoolchildren in Kampala, Uganda

ABSTRACT – An epidemiologic survey of dental caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene was conducted on 875 schoolchildren aged 6–15 in Kampala, the capital of Uganda. Findings arc reported in detail for the African children, and in brief for the Asian children. Among the African children, DMF teeth averaged from 0.6–2.7, and def teeth from 0.0–1.9. A significantly higher proportion of the first permanent molars was carious among the 6 to 9-year-old than among the 10 to 14-year-old Africans, which is interpreted as a sign of the rapid increase in caries prevalence occurring during these years. Among the Asian children, dental caries was more prevalent and advanced. Generalized, mild gingivitis and moderate amounts of soft debris were found uniformly throughout all groups. The need for dental health education is stressed, and the case for longitudinal socio-epidemiologic studies is discussed.     

益生菌对口腔常见疾病的影响研究

口腔是一个700多种已知细菌定殖的环境。近年来,研究发现人为植入益生菌竞争拮抗口腔致病菌的作用已经越来越受到国内外学者的重视。口腔益生菌已经被证实能够通过抑制口腔致病菌防治龋齿、牙龈炎和牙周炎,亦有文献证实口腔益生菌对防治种植体周围炎具有疗效。该文从口腔致病菌和益生菌的种类,口腔益生菌影响的疾病,口腔益生菌发挥作用的机制等几个方面进行回顾和展望。     

Relationship of clinical parameters to attachment loss in subsets of subjects with destructive periodontal diseases

23 subjects were followed prior to treatment for 5 to 12 months in an attempt to relate attachment loss during this period to attachment level, probing depth, gingival redness and bleeding on probing. The subjects were divided into 3 groups based on amount and distribution of prior attachment loss: minor periodontitis, predominantly molar periodontitis and generalized periodontitis. The % of sites that exhibited attachment loss during the study period in the minor periodontitis, predominantly molar periodontitis and generalized periodontitis groups, were 1.3, 8.1 and 5.4, respectively. Subjects with minor periodontitis and predominantly molar periodontitis exhibited attachment loss more frequently in molar sites, proximal sites and sites with attachment level greater than or equal to 4 mm. In subjects with generalized periodontitis, attachment loss was related to tooth surface and attachment level, but not to tooth type. The relationship between the clinical parameters and attachment loss was improved compared with previous studies by using more homogeneous subject groups, more sensitive methods of analyzing attachment change and multivariate data analysis. However, the clinical parameters could not be used as diagnostic tests to predict attachment loss at individual sites.     

Prevalence of oral diseases in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of oral diseases in patients with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS). Thirty-five persons with SDS were compared to 20 healthy contrais. A cross-sectional survey was carried out using self-reporting questionnaires and dental radiographs collected from the subjects and their dentists. Overall, oral diseases were more prevalent among subjects with SDS when compared to contrais (p<0.001). Persons with SDS also had more caries in both primary (p<0.03) and permanent dentitions (p<0.01), and also had delayed dental development (p<0.04). Oral soft tissue pathoses, such as recurrent oral ulcerations (p<0.00) and gingival bleeding upon brushing (p<0.00), were significantly more prevalent in subjects with SDS. Pain on eating was also more frequent amongst persons with SDS (p<0.008) and was often associated with oral ulcerations (p<0.002). In conclusion, based on self-completed subject and dentist questionnaires, diseases of oral hard and soft tissues were more prevalent and severe in persons with SDS when compared with healthy contrais.     

Periosteal Gaucher-like cells in beta-thalassemia major

A 24-year-old Chinese woman who has undergone staged surgery for craniofacial deformity secondary to β-thalassemia major is presented. Local clusters of Gaucher-like cells were found in the periosteum of the mandible. The histologic and ultrastructural features of these cells are described and the pathogenesis and differential diagnoses discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of Gaucher-like cells occurring outside the lymphohematopoietic system in thalassemic patients.     

The effect of professional toothcleansing on gingivitis and dental caries in children after 1 year

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of professional mechanical toothcleansing on plaque, gingivitis, and dental caries in young children with a high caries experience. Seventy-eight children, 7 years of age, were stratified according to presence or absence of smooth surface lesions on the permanent teeth and subsequently randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group was given a thorough mechanical toothcleansing every 2 weeks. After 12 months a statistically significant difference in plaque accumulation and a minor difference in level of gingival inflammation could be demonstrated between the two groups. The incidence of dental caries in permanent teeth present at both examinations was 70% lower in the experimental group. The effect on permanent teeth erupting during the study and on primary teeth present at both examinations was not statistically significant.     

Dental health and parental attitudes in Finnish immigrant preschoolchildren in the north of Sweden

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the dental health of 100 Finnish 4-6-year-old children in Luleå, in the north of Sweden, and to compare data with those from a matched control group of Swedish children of the same age, sex and social background. The study also included altitudes to dental health among the parents. The clinical examination included registration of decayed, extracted and filled teeth and surfaces (deft and defs), gingival bleeding points (GBI) and presence of open bite or crossbite. Posterior bitewings were taken. Data concerning among other things oral habits, dietary habits and fluoride prophylaxis were taken. A questionnaire about the parents' attitudes to their own and their children's dental health as well as their opinion about the dental care received by their children was filled in. The results showed that the average defs in the Finnish group was 12.2 compared to 6.4 in the Swedish group. The percentage of children with a defs >12 was 43% in the Finnish group and 19% in the Swedish. The mean GBI% was 11.2% in the Finnish and 8.2% in the Swedish group. The results showed a statistically significant difference in toothbrushing frequencies between the groups, and a tendency to better dietary habits in the Swedish group. There were no differences in the use of fluoride tablets or fluoridated toothpaste. Forty-seven percent of the Finnish parents were denture wearers compared to 10% of the Swedish. The attitudes to dental health among the Finnish parents differed from those in the Swedish group. This difference in attitudes together with language problems were the factors found that could explain the difference in dental health between the immigrant group and the Swedish group.     

Dental fear and adult oral health in Australia

Abstract– Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between dental fear and both dental caries and periodontal indicators. Methods: A three‐stage stratified clustered sample of the Australian adult population completed a computer‐assisted telephone interview followed by a clinical examination. Oral health measures were the DMFT index and its components, periodontitis and gingivitis. A total of 5364 adults aged 18–91 years were dentally examined. Results: Higher dental fear was significantly associated with more decayed teeth (DT), missing teeth (MT) and DMFT. There was an inverted ‘U’ association between dental fear and the number of filled teeth (FT). Periodontitis and gingivitis were not associated with dental fear. The association between dental fear and DMFT was significant for adults aged 18–29 and 30–44 years, but not in older ages. Dental fear was significantly associated with more DT, MT, and DMFT but with fewer FT after controlling for age, sex, income, employment status, tertiary education, dental insurance status and oral hygiene. Conclusion: This study helps reconcile some of the conflicting results of previous studies and establishes that dental fear is associated with more decayed and missing teeth but fewer FT. That people with higher dental fear have significantly more caries experience underlines the importance of identifying and then reducing dental fear as important steps in improving adult oral health.     

Second assessment of London children involved in a scheme of dental health education in infancy

In the mid-1970's, a scheme was set up providing dental health education at home visits to mothers with young children. A free supply of fluoride supplements for their children was offered to mothers in two of the three groups taking part. In the 10th year, 126 of the children were examined for caries and gingivitis. Few statistically significant results were seen in this small sample remaining from the scheme, but trends for better dental health amongst children whose mothers had been visited at home had been seen in a previous assessment and were seen again here.     

Effect of professional toothcleansing every third week on gingivitis and dental caries in children

A previous paper reported on the 1-year effect on dental caries and gingivitis of biweekly professional toothcleansing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of a change from 2 to 3 weeks in the interval between the professional toothcleansings during the 2nd year. The DMFS increment during the 2nd year did not differe significantly between the experimental and control groups. The plaque and gingival indices, although increased during the 2nd year, were still significantly lower in children subjected to the 3-weekly cleansing than in children in the control group.     

60例原位心脏移植患者口腔健康状况调查

目的:调查分析心脏移植患者口腔健康状况,为心脏移植患者口腔疾病防治提供依据.方法:选择60例心脏移植成功患者,按术后时间分为2组(术后＜1年组和术后＞1年组),设计口腔健康状况调查表,对患者进行口腔健康和卫生行为进行问卷调查,检查患龋情况及指数牙61(-)6(｜)6(-)16的牙周状况,包括:菌斑指数,菌斑检出率,牙石...     

Modulation of clinical expression of plaque-induced gingivitis: response in aggressive periodontitis subjects

AIM: The aim of this study was to characterize the gingival inflammatory response to de novo plaque accumulation in subjects treated for aggressive periodontitis (AP). The gingival inflammatory response of the AP subjects was retrospectively compared with that of periodontally healthy individuals (PH) matched for exposure to plaque and of periodontally healthy subjects previously identified as "high responders" (HR) and "low responders" (LR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 13 AP subjects and 26 matched PH subjects participated in a 21-day experimental gingivitis trial. Plaque index (PlI), Gingival index (GI), gingival crevicular fluid volume (GCF) and angulated bleeding score (AngBS) were recorded at days 0, 7, 14 and 21. Cumulative plaque exposure (CPE), i.e. PlI over time, was also calculated. RESULTS: GCF was significantly higher in AP compared with PH group at each observation interval (p< or =0.001). In addition, GCF was significantly higher in AP group compared with either LR or HR groups at each observation interval (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that susceptibility to gingival inflammation in response to de novo plaque accumulation may be related to susceptibility to periodontitis.     

Effect of monthly prophylaxis on caries and gingivitis in schoolchildren

ABSTRACT The effect of professional prophylaxis given each month to individual children was investigated. A total of 225 schoolchildren, 10–12 years of age, participated during the experimental year. Each prophylactic session required about 15 min, and included tooth-brushing instructions, professional tooth cleansings and fluoride rinses. Significantly fewer new interproximal carious lesions were obtained in the experimental group compared with the control group. No differences were observed for occlusal, buccal or lingual surfaces. The frequency of gingivitis was significantly reduced during the year of trial in the experimental group. The efficacy of the preventive treatment was most noticeable in children with high caries experience. For clinical practice monthly prophylaxes could be recommended to the most susceptible individuals.     

Clinical and microbiological findings in elderly subjects with gingivitis or periodontitis

Abstract. The objective of the present study was to study the supra- and subgingival microflora by culture and cDNA probe methods in 20 elderly subjects who were between 62 and 93 years of age, 10 of them had gingivitis only, and 10 had periodontitis. B. forsythus (BF). P. gingivalis (PG), P intermedia (PI), P. nigrescens (PN), A. actinomycetemcomitans (AA), T. denticola (TD), and pathogen-related oral spirochetes (PROS) were studied. Oral hygiene was similar and poor in both groups. The mean probing depth at sample sites was 6.7 mm (S.D±1.3) in the periodontitis group and 2.2 mm (S.D.±1.5) in the gingivitis group (F=17.75, p < 0.001). Mean clinical attachment levels (CAL) were 4.3 mm (S.D.±2.0) and 1.7 mm (S.D.±0.9) respectively (p < 0.001). Total viable counts >1.0×10⁵ in supra-gingival plaque samples were found in all periodontitis and in eight gingivitis subjects, 70× more black-pigmented organisms were found in supra-gingival and 185 times more in sub-gingival plaque from the periodontitis group (p < 0.01). Culture data showed P nigresecens in 10% periodontitis and 50% gingivitis subjects (p < 0.03). In supra-gingival samples by the Affirm? DP test, BF was present in 50% periodontitis and 60% gingivitis while culture data were negative for all subjects, PG was found in 30%. periodontitis and 50% gingivitis subjects with TD in 70% periodontitis and in 30% gingivitis subjects. In the ub-gingival plaque samples 80% periodontitis and 70% gingivitis subjects had >1×10⁵ anaerobes. The total count of black-pigmented organisms was significantly greater in the periodontitis elders (p < 0.001). cDNA probes by the Affirm? DP test identified subgingival presence of BF (80%) PG (80%), PI(80%), AA (0%), TD (50%) in periodontitis subjects with BF (70%), PG (40%), PI (30%) and TD (20%) in gingivitis subjects. PROS were found in (80%) samples from periodontitis and in (60%) of gingivitis elderly. Only the quantities of PI (r=0.48, p < 0.01) and TD (r=0.37, p < 0.01) were associated with the disease definition. The smoking habit in the periodontitis group was significantly higher (p < 0.01). A history of smoking may contribe significantly to periodontitis in the presence of pathogens.     

Dental health status and attitudes to dental care in families participating in a Danish fluoride tablet program

The caries experience and dental fluorosis of 84 Danish children, who had used fluoride tablets for 1-4 yr in the period 1976-80, were compared with those of a group matching in sex, age, place of living, and socioeconomic status. The average age of the children at the time of examination was 5.8 yr. A recording of mothers' attitudes to dental care, knowledge about tooth brushing, attitudes to candy, and number of teeth in the maxilla showed no difference between the fluoride tablet group and the non-users' group. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to dental caries. The findings are discussed in relation to recent reports on the decline of dental caries resulting from widespread use of local administration of fluorides.