会阴型尿道下裂的矫形和尿道重建

目的 探讨采用分期手术治疗会阴型尿道下裂,行阴茎、阴囊矫形、重建缺损尿道的临床效果.方法 22例会阴型尿道下裂采用分期手术：一期手术将阴茎海绵体完全伸直,阴茎包皮内板和背侧皮肤预置于阴茎腹侧和阴囊裂缝凹陷处;二期手术重建阴茎尿道采用半环状阴茎皮岛＋半环状膀胱黏膜丛行侧面缝合形成阴茎尿道,阴囊尿道采用一期预置的组织丛行卷曲侧侧缝合重建阴囊尿道,在两尿道的接合点端端吻合,同时施行阴囊矫形.结果 22例会阴型尿道下裂矫形后几乎接近正常状态,重建阴茎尿道长度为4～9 cm,平均7 cm.手术的成功率为68%（15/22）,尿瘘发生率为32%（7/22）,5例（5/22）发生阴茎阴囊尿道交界处狭窄,经尿道扩张治疗后痊愈.结论 会阴型尿道下裂行分期手术治疗可以修复超过10 cm长的缺损尿道,而且完成手术以后外形形态较好.     

二期膀胱黏膜尿道成形术治疗重型尿道下裂的评价

目的：对膀胱黏膜尿道成形术治疗重型尿道下裂的一期或二期手术疗效进行分析与评价。方法：对1998年1月～2007年10月采用一期或二期膀胱黏膜尿道成形术进行治疗的33例重型尿道下裂进行对照回顾分析。结果：一期膀胱黏膜尿道成形术18例,一次成功率55．6％（10／18）,尿瘘发生率27．8％（5／18）,外口狭窄发生率16．7％（3／18）;二期膀胱黏膜尿道成形术15例,一次成功率66．7％（10／15）,尿瘘发生率13．3％（2／15）,外口狭窄发生率20．0％（3／15）。结论：结合临床观察及相关数据,二期膀胱黏膜尿道成形术在重型尿道下裂的治疗中似具有一定的优势,但尚需继续积累病例,通过有效的统计学分析进一步确证这一推论。     

8 cm以上复杂性尿道狭窄的外科治疗

目的探讨长段尿道狭窄手术方法的选择与疗效。方法对76例尿道狭窄8cm以上的患者采用不同尿道成形术式治疗,其中不同黏膜重建尿道42例（结肠黏膜26例,膀胱黏膜6例,口腔黏膜10例）;带蒂皮瓣一期尿道成形20例;尿道狭窄段切开、二期尿道成形（Johanson术）12例;阴茎段尿道与前列腺部尿道吻合、三期尿道成形术2例。结果术后初期（6个月内）排尿通畅67例（88％）,有并发症者10例。术后1年以上70例,其中获得随访51例,排尿通畅44例,有并发症者8例,其中采用带蒂皮瓣者发生尿道狭窄2例（18％,2／11）;Johanson术者发生阴茎弯曲2例（2／5）,其中1例成形段尿道内毛发生成和结石形成;采用口腔黏膜者发生尿道狭窄1例（1／7）,膀胱黏膜者发生尿道狭窄1例（1／3）,结肠黏膜者发生后尿道狭窄2例（9％,2／23）。结论口腔与结肠黏膜尿道成形对长段尿道狭窄是较理想的术式;结肠黏膜较适合在常规手术治疗失败后或复杂性尿道狭窄10cm以上的治疗。     

尿道板成管术在尿道下裂修复术中的应用

目的：评估尿道板成管术(Thiersch—Duplay)术在尿道下裂修复术中的价值;了解Thiersch-Duplay术的演变。方法：收集1995-2004年间尿道下裂38例临床资料(阴茎体型26例,阴茎阴囊型6例,阴囊型6例),其中阴茎下曲矫正拟行二期手术20例,手术失败18例。手术采用Thiersch-Duplay术。结果：手术成功率84.2％(32／38),其中5例并发尿道皮肤瘘,1例尿道狭窄。结论：Thiersch-Duplay术代表尿道下裂修复中基本的手术,在选择尿道下裂修复手术方式中,值得首先考虑。     

膀胱黏膜尿道成形术一期治疗尿道下裂

目的探讨膀胱黏膜尿道成形术一期治疗尿道下裂的疗效.方法 1991年8月～2003年8月对38例先天性尿道下裂患者阴茎下曲矫正后行一期膀胱黏膜尿道成形术治疗.结果 38例均一期成形,术后随访6个月～9年,尿道外口修复至正常阴茎头位置,达到外观美观,恢复正常排尿.其中2例一期手术失败,二期再行膀胱黏膜尿道成形术仍获得成功.一期手术成功率为95%,术后3例尿瘘再行尿瘘修补术,2例轻度尿道狭窄,经尿道扩张后解除.余无并发症.结论一期膀胱黏膜尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂具有并发症少,成功率高等优点.     

治疗先天性尿道下裂术式的比较

目的和方法：对 １８７ 例先天性尿道下裂的病人，其中阴茎型尿道下裂７６ 例（４０．６４％ ），阴茎阴囊型 １０２ 例（５４．５５％ ），会阴型９ 例（４．８１％ ）。用四种尿道下裂矫正术进行治疗。　结果：治疗结果表明，１１０ 例膀胱粘膜尿道成形术有很高的成功率，一次手术成功者１０５ 例（９５．５％ ）。同时发现膀胱粘膜极易成活，瘢痕挛缩引起的尿道狭窄少见，组织结构更符合生理解剖的要求。　结论：作者对长段尿道缺损中采用皮管与粘膜管结合法或采用粘膜补片法均取得良好的效果，从而拓宽了膀胱粘膜的应用范围。     

阴茎两侧肉膜蒂组织双层覆盖在Snodgrass尿道下裂修复中的应用

目的介绍一种Snodgrass尿道下裂修复中新尿道覆盖方法，并对应用结果进行评估。方法2003年4月至2006年2月收治尿道下裂患儿289例。年龄3个月-12岁，平均2．4岁。其中冠状沟型78例、阴茎体型136例、阴茎阴囊型36例、阴囊型16例、Ⅱ期手术和再手术23例。均应用自阴茎体两侧分别游离的血管蒂肉膜瓣皮下组织对Snodgrass法修复的新尿道进行交替覆盖。结果289例患儿随访3—24个月，术后出现尿瘘32例（11％），其中11例术后4周内自行愈合，实际尿瘘发生率为7％（21／289）。21例未愈尿瘘中，远端型尿道下裂（冠状沟和阴茎体型）的尿瘘发生率为5％（11／214），近端型（阴茎阴囊型和阴囊型）、Ⅱ期手术和前次手术失败再次手术者为13％（10／75）。无伤口裂开或尿道憩室病例，结合黏膜领技术可以在腹侧正中线上原位缝合阴茎皮肤。术后能获包皮环切术样满意外观者277例。结论阴茎两侧肉膜组织双层覆盖新尿道是一种防止尿瘘和伤口裂开的可靠方法，并能有效重建类似正常阴茎外观。     

镶嵌式唇黏膜和膀胱黏膜修复复杂性尿道皮肤瘘的临床疗效分析

目的:比较镶嵌式唇黏膜和膀胱黏膜在治疗尿道下裂手术后复杂性尿道皮肤瘘手术成功率和并发症发生率。方法:对符合手术指征的55例尿道下裂术后复杂性尿道皮肤瘘患者,随机分成唇黏膜取材组(36例)和膀胱黏膜取材组(19例),于术中分别应用自体游离唇黏膜和膀胱黏膜行尿道成形术,并评估手术并发症和术后尿道皮肤瘘的再发率。结果:镶嵌式唇黏膜和膀胱黏膜在治疗复杂性尿道皮肤瘘术后,均有2例出现尿道皮肤瘘,1例出现尿道狭窄,手术成功率分别为91.7%、84.2%,无统计学差异(P0.05);术后阴茎外形美观。两组术后并发症发生率也无统计学差异(11.1%vs 26.3%,P0.05)。结论:镶嵌式唇黏膜和膀胱黏膜修复复杂性尿道皮肤瘘均取得了理想的效果,但唇黏膜修复供材区创伤更小,手术简单快捷,值得在临床上推广应用。     

尿道板纵形切开卷管尿道成形术治疗小儿尿道下裂

目的探讨尿道板纵形切开卷管（TIP）尿道成形术治疗小儿尿道下裂的适用范围和疗效。方法2000年3月至2005年12月,收治尿道下裂患儿171例,手术年龄10个月～16岁,中位数3岁。尿道下裂程度按Barcat分型：前型65例（38．0％）、中间型29例（17．0％）、后型77例（45．0％）。术中根据病因分类,将尿道下裂阴茎下弯程度分为0～4级。原则上首选TIP尿道成形术式,少数无法一期完成手术者,在矫正阴茎下弯后中转其他方法。结果171例患儿中,完成了TIP手术161例（94．2％）。术中测量尿道板宽度0．6～0．9cm,平均（0．72±0．06）cm,修复尿道缺失长度0．4～4．5cm,平均（1．87±0．78）cm。阴茎下弯彻底矫正129例,新建尿道口位于阴茎头部,阴茎外观类似于包皮环切术后形态,一次性手术成功率80．1％（29/161）。1例阴茎阴囊型尿道下裂伴4级阴茎下弯者,术后1年阴茎下弯复发,行前尿道延伸再手术治愈。术后并发尿道口狭窄2例（1．2％）,经定期尿道口扩张后治愈。并发尿瘘26例（16．1％）,14例经再手术修补治愈。新建尿道裂开1例（0．6％）、新建尿道口裂开后移2例（1．2％）。结论TIP尿道成形术适用于大多数小儿尿道下裂病例的治疗。对于尿道板下组织有明显纤维索带造成严重阴茎下弯者,需横断尿道板才能彻底矫正阴茎下弯,不适用TIP手术。     

不同术式一期正位开口修复先天性尿道下裂：附114例报告

总结１１４例不同手术方式一期修复各种类型尿道下裂的经验。本组中阴茎型３０例，阴茎阴囊型６３例，会阴型２１例。阴茎型尿道下裂宜采用包皮内板转移皮瓣尿道成形术。阴囊型根据缺损尿道长短采用阴囊纵带蒂皮瓣术或包皮内板阴囊纵隔联合皮瓣尿道成形术。会阴型采用包皮内板阴囊纵隔联合皮瓣术或膀胱粘膜尿道造成形术本组一期手术的成功率为８４．８％。     

Combined free autologous bladder mucosa/skin tube for urethral reconstruction: an update

A combined free autologous bladder mucosa/skin graft was used to reconstruct the urethra in 23 patients. Although the complication rate remains high (61%), the results represent a significant improvement over the use of complete mucosal tubes to the tip of the penis. The technique is recommended for those patients with failed hypospadias surgery, where sufficient skin is not available for urethral reconstruction.     

尿道延伸术结合局部皮瓣治疗远端型尿道下裂

目的:探讨尿道延伸术结合局部皮瓣治疗远端型尿道下裂的疗效。方法:总结1年内收集的10例行尿道延伸术接使局部皮瓣治疗远端型尿道下裂患者的资料。年龄4～21岁,平均年龄12岁。结果:10例全部成功,术后随访6～12个月,阴茎外形满意,排尿通畅,无尿瘘及尿道狭窄。结论:尿道延伸术接合局部皮瓣适合于治疗远端型尿道下裂,具有手术成功率高,术后并发症少的优点。     

Ⅱ期原位皮瓣尿道成型治疗阴茎阴囊型尿道下裂26例体会

目的 探讨Ⅱ期原位皮瓣尿道成型术治疗阴茎阴囊型尿道下裂的临床疗效,提高先天性尿道下裂患者的手术治疗水平。方法 将2011年1月至2016年1月收治的26例阴茎阴囊型尿道下裂患者采取Ⅰ期阴茎伸直,包皮行阴茎腹侧皮瓣转移,6个月后行Ⅱ期原位皮瓣尿道成型术治疗尿道下裂。结果 26例患者中2例出现尿道狭窄,经规律尿道扩张后排尿症状改善;1例出现吻合口尿瘘,6个月后修补成功;所有病例均随访2~3年,排尿通畅,疗效满意。结论 原位皮瓣尿道成形,保证了成形尿道血供,降低了吻合口张力,具有损伤小,术后水肿轻,尿瘘、尿道狭窄发生率较低等优点,可有效提高手术疗效。     

成人尿道下裂分期手术探讨

目的:探讨成人尿道下裂分期手术的必要性,提高成人尿道下裂的手术成功率。方法:回顾性分析我院泌尿外科2004年1月至2012年1月收治成人尿道下裂患者52例。52例男性患者,平均年龄22岁,所有患者过去均有尿道成形手术史,患者局部阴茎皮肤有瘢痕组织,均有阴茎下弯。术中行阴茎包皮脱鞘切除腹侧瘢痕纤维索带切断尿道板,仍存在阴茎下弯患者行阴茎背侧海绵体白膜折叠伸直阴茎,伸直阴茎后前尿道缺损长度占阴茎长度比例大于50%。根据术中是否行分期手术将患者分为两组,1组(20例)患者行I期包皮带蒂皮瓣卷管术尿道成型,2组(32例)患者阴茎伸直后将整个阴茎多余包皮转移至腹侧,做成形缝合为II期尿道成型预留尿道板,6¹2个月后行阴茎腹侧皮管卷管尿道成形术。结果:两组患者分别在Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期尿道成形术后发生尿瘘比例为50%、21.9%,尿道狭窄15%、9.4%,伤口感染30%、25%,尿道裂开20%、12.5%,尿道成形手术成功率分别为25%、56.3%。两组尿道成形术后发生尿瘘和尿道成形成功率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后发生尿道狭窄、伤口感染及尿道裂开并发症的差异无统计学意义。结论:对有尿道下裂手术史的成人患者,尤其对那些阴茎下弯明显,前尿道缺损长且局部包皮材料不足的患者分期手术更适合,Ⅱ期尿道成形的成功率得到提高。     

兔阑尾黏膜预制尿道行阴茎再造的实验研究

目的 探讨以兔阑尾黏膜预制尿道行阴茎再造的可行性.方法 60只雄性新西兰兔随机分为两组,分别利用阑尾黏膜和皮片预制尿道,术后3个月行阴茎再造术.观察阑尾黏膜预制尿道后2周,1、2、3个月及阴茎再造术后1、3个月时尿道的组织学变化;对比两组阴茎再造术后1、3个月阴茎大体形态变化和逆行尿道造影改变;对比两组阴茎再造术后3个月时,尿道并发症发生率的差异.结果 阑尾黏膜预制尿道移植后,单层柱状上皮经历了早期脱落、再生,到后期逐渐萎缩凋亡,并被复层鳞状上皮逐渐移行、化生及取代的过程;阴茎再造术后 1个月,尿道已无单层柱状上皮存留,均被覆复层鳞状上皮,但上皮较薄,而再造术后3个月时,尿道复层鳞状上皮进一步增生增厚;两组再造阴茎大体形态无明显差异;逆行尿道造影显示,两组尿道早期吻合口处均存在管腔狭窄,逐渐趋于减轻;两组尿道狭窄及尿瘘并发症发生率差异具有统计学意义,阑尾黏膜组无尿路结石的发生,而皮片组由于毛发生长,6例出现毛石症,差异具有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）.结论利用阑尾黏膜预制尿道行阴茎再造术,方法可行;为避免尿道狭窄并发症的发生,宜根据尿道内上皮化生程度,调整合适的尿道预制时间.     

尿道板矫形术治疗先天性尿道下裂11例报告

目的:探讨尿道板矫形术对阴茎型尿道下裂进行I期修复的疗效。方法:沿尿道板两侧,绕尿道口呈U形切开,留取尿道板皮肤0.8cm以上,分离尿道板,切除白膜外的纤维组织,伸直阴茎,将尿道板固定于阴茎白膜上,形成尿道板皮条,留置F10～12硅胶支架管,新尿道开口于阴茎头,转移背侧包皮皮肤覆盖创面,膀胱造瘘,支架管保留2周。结果:11例阴茎型尿道下裂,阴茎伸直满意;有3例合并尿瘘,其中1例自愈,2例经手术修补,尿瘘痊愈。9例尿道开口于冠状沟。结论:该方法矫正阴茎型尿道下裂方法较简单,效果好,有较好的应用价值;但尿道口的整复尚待进一步探讨。     

Bhat's modifications of Glassberg–Duckett repair to reduce complications in management severe hypospadias with curvature

ObjectiveDisadvantages of two-stage hypospadias repair are the necessity of 2 or 3 surgeries, loss of time/money, complications like splaying of the stream, dribbling of urine or ejaculate and milking of the ejaculate due to a poor-quality urethra. The current article details our modifications of flap repair allowing to manage such patients in one stage and reducing the complications.Subjects and methodsTwenty one patients (aged 2–23 years, between January 2006 and June 2012 mean 11.5 years) of severe hypospadias were managed with flap tube urethroplasty combined with TIP since June 2006 and June 2012. Curvature was corrected by penile de-gloving, mobilization of urethral plate/urethra with corpus spongiosum and transecting urethral plate at corona. Buck's fascia was dissected between the corporeal bodies and superficial corporotomies were done as required. Mobilized urethral plate was tubularized to reconstruct proximal urethra up to peno-scrotal junction and distal tube was reconstructed with raised inner preputial flap after measuring adequacy of skin width. Both neo-urethrae were anastomosed in elliptical shape and covered with spongiosum. Distal anastomosis was done 5–8 mm proximal to tip of glans preventing protrusion of skin on glans. Tubularized urethral plate was covered by spongioplasty. Skin tube was covered by dartos pedicle and fixed to corpora. Scrotoplasty was done in layers, covering the anastomosis.ResultsType of hypospadias was scrotal 10, perineo-scrotal 5, penoscrotal 4 and proximal penile in 2 cases. Chordee (severe 15 and moderate 6) correction was possible penile de-gloving with mobilization of urethral plate with spongiosum after dividing urethral plate at corona 8, next 5 cases required dissection of corporal bodies, superficial corporotomy 5 and 3 cases lateral dissection of Buck's fascia. Length of tubularized urethral plate varied from 3 to 5 cm and flap tube varied from 5.5 to 13 cm (average 7.5 cm). Complications were fistula 2, meatal stenosis 1, and dilated distal urethra1 with overall success rate of 81%. None of them had residual curvature, torsion, splaying or dribbling urine in follow up of 10–36 (average 18) months.ConclusionsTIPU with spongioplasty of proximal urethra and dartos cover on skin tube reconstructs functional urethra. Distal end skin sutured to glans mucosa 5–8 mm proximal to the tip of glans reconstructs a cosmetically normal looking meatus. An exact measurement of the width and length of the stretched dartos, fixation of the skin tube to the corpora and covering the skin tube with dartos helps in prevention of diverticula. Elliptical anastomosis covered with spongiosum prevents fistula and stricture at anastomotic site.     

An approach for using full thickness skin grafts for complex penile surgeries in children

PURPOSE: Many problems in pediatric urology derive from a paucity of penile skin resulting from prior surgical interventions. While hypospadias surgery is most often responsible for creating this problem, excessive circumcision also can leave a patient with too little skin to cover the penis. To our knowledge we describe the first series of pediatric patients in whom FTSGs were used in a variety of difficult circumstances where penile skin was lacking. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied a cohort of 11 children 2 to 13 years old who underwent urethral repair and adjunctive skin grafting due to circumcision injuries (4 patients), traumatic urethral injury (1) or congenital lymphangiectasis (1), or for congenital hypospadias with previous failed surgery (5). In our patients available penile skin was used to reconstruct the urethra, while full thickness inguinal skin grafts were fashioned to resurface the denuded penis following reconstruction. RESULTS: All patients underwent successful reconstruction and grafting. There were no intraoperative complications. There was 100% take of the grafts. Average followup was 23 months (range 3 weeks to 8.6 years). One patient had slight chordee at 6 years postoperatively, and 1 had development of a urethrocutaneous fistula at 8.6 years. All patients reported normal caliber urinary streams. CONCLUSIONS: Use of full thickness inguinal skin grafts to resurface the penis provided patients with an esthetically acceptable result, and where necessary allowed penile skin to be used for urethroplasty. This technique is useful and justifies consideration in appropriately selected patients.