八例Askin瘤的影像诊断

目的研究Askin瘤的影像表现，提高对该病的认识及鉴别诊断能力。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的8例Askin瘤的影像表现。8例均行X线检查，7例行CT检查，1例行MR检查，4例行核素骨扫描。结果8例Askin瘤均表现为位于胸壁或胸腔的软组织肿物，其中左侧4例，右侧4例。6例大病灶密度不均匀，2例较小病灶内密度或信号均匀；CT扫描4例可见囊变、坏死区。CT、MRI、核素骨扫描共显示肋骨破坏6例，其中CT显示4例，MRI显示1例，核素骨扫描显示放射性核素浓集3例。胸腔积液6例。瘤肺交界面清楚1例，不清楚7例。8例病灶中均未见钙化。结论Askin瘤影像学表现为胸腔或胸壁的软组织肿物，但不具有特异性，对发生于儿童及青少年的胸壁肿物，应注意鉴别诊断。     

Thoracoabdominal peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors in childhood: radiological features

Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) are extremely uncommon, malignant neoplasms affecting mostly children and young adults. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data and radiological studies of four such cases. All cases were pathologically proven. Plain films, US, and CT scans were used. The youngest child had a huge pelvic tumor and two adolescents each had a chest wall (Askin) tumor. The fourth patient had a most unusual location of the PNET in the anterior mediastinum. The CT findings are emphasized. We emphasize that the markedly abnormal CT findings are not specific for PNET. Received: 13 February 1999; Revised: 2 July 1999; Accepted: 9 February 2000     

外周性原始神经外胚层肿瘤的CT表现

目的：探讨外周性原始神经外胚层肿瘤（pPNETs)的CT特征,提高对本病的认识水平。方法：回顾分析6例经病理证实的pPNETs CT表现。结果：5例发生在骨骼的pPNETs,CT表现为溶骨性骨质破坏和明显的软组织肿块。骨质破坏区无骨膜增生、骨质硬化和瘤骨形成;软组织肿块的密度可均匀或不均匀。1例放疗后软组织肿块有明显缩小。1例发生在右胸腔的pPNETs(Askin瘤）,CT表现为巨大软组织肿块,侵犯纵隔,密度不均匀,有中度不均匀强化,周围骨骼无破坏。手术切除后4个月,在右胸壁再发密度均匀的小肿块,有中度均匀强化。结论：pPNETs的CT表现缺乏特征性,但能较好地显示肿瘤的内部结构、明确肿瘤的范围,且助于本病的鉴别诊断、判断手术可切除性、检出远处转移和评价治疗效果。     

Askin瘤的影像诊断

目的:分析8例Askin瘤的影像征象。材料和方法:回顾性分析8例Askin瘤的胸部平片、B超和CT资料。年龄13~62岁,平均29.8岁。全组均拍摄正侧位胸片和CT扫描,6例胸壁肿瘤行B超检查。全组均经病理组织学和免疫组织化学检查证实。结果:6例原发于胸壁软组织,肿瘤较小(平均大小3cm),术后半数近期复发,复发灶平均大小为5.5cm。2例原发于纵隔,肿瘤平均大小为7cm。瘤实质主要为软组织,散在液化、坏死或出血。CT增强后扫描呈不规则强化。5例受累胸膜表现为不规则状、结节状增厚。结论:Askin瘤典型影像表现为胸壁、胸膜和纵隔病灶相互融合成巨大肿块。因此,面对青少年患者的胸部软组织肿瘤,鉴别诊断时应考虑到Askin肿瘤。     

Askin tumor of thoracopulmonary region in a child: Case report and literature review

Askin tumor is an uncommon malignant neoplasm of the thoracopulmonary region mainly occurring in children and adolescents. In this case, Computed Tomography (CT¹) imaging features of Askin tumor and differential diagnosis criteria with others possible chest neoplasms are presented.     

MRI and pathological findings in two cases of askin tumors

Summary Askin tumors are primitive peripheral neuroectodermal tumors (PPNET) located in the thoracopulmonary region. This entity was first proposed in 1979 by Askin et al. These highly malignant tumors occur primarily in children and young adults. Pre- und postoperative MRI findings are presented for two pathologically proven cases. MRI is the most appropriate imaging modality for the diagnosis and eventual follow-up for these tumors. They appear homogenous, and iso- or discretely hypointense in comparison to the spinal cord on T1-weighted images and hyperintense on proton density and T2-weighted images. They show a very stark contrast enhancement after i. v. injection of paramagnetic contrast agents. Sharp tissue borders, and exact tumor extension were shown in both cases. The high signal intensity on T2-weighted images was not altered by chemotherapy.     

Pulmonary sling in the adult.

Although an aberrant left pulmonary artery, usually called a pulmonary sling, is a serious anomaly in neonates and young children, it can be seen initially in adulthood. To date, all adult patients have been without symptoms or associated anomalies. Radiographic findings are somewhat different in adults, although at both ages a soft tissue mass is visible between the esophagus and the distal trachea. In adults, the anomalous left pulmonary artery is more likely seen as a right-sided mediastinal mass on the posteroanterior chest film. A pulmonary sling is apparently a benign and asymptomatic condition in adults.     

FDG PET/CT findings in recurrent malignant schwannoma

Malignant schwannoma is an uncommon but aggressive sarcoma that most commonly arises in young and middle-aged adults. We present a 28-year-old male patient with a recurrent chest wall malignant schwannoma. An FDG PET/CT was performed to evaluate the management of the patient. The PET/CT images showed hypermetabolic mass lesions in the left upper chest wall and increased FDG uptake in the left axillary region. The pathologic results confirmed the PET findings. We conclude that FDG PET/CT could play an important role in the staging, restaging, and post-therapy follow-up of malignant schwannomas.     

Local recurrence of breast cancer demonstrated on 99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy

We present a postmastectomy patient in whom a mass was palpated in the chest wall. It appeared to be difficult to determine whether the chest wall mass was local recurrence of breast cancer or granulation induced by mastectomy on computed tomography (CT). The mass was successfully demonstrated on 99mTc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) scintigraphy as an area of increased accumulation, and was considered to be a recurrent tumor. Surgical resection was performed, and the mass was histopathologically proven to be recurrence. 99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy may contribute to the detection of local recurrence or distant metastasis in addition to the diagnosis of primary breast cancer and axillary metastasis.     

A case of mesenchymal hamartoma of the chest wall of a child

Mesenchymal hamartoma of the chest wall is a rare benign tumor that usually occurs in infants and children. The clinical presentations and imaging features are atypical and difficult to differentiate from malignant tumors. In this article, we present a case with a large mesenchymal hamartoma tumor of the chest wall. A large right-sided chest wall mass was discovered in a 6-month-old boy by his mother. Chest X-ray revealed a thoracic mass with well-defined margins on the right side that expanded into the right ribs. Chest computed tomography showed that the mass originated from the thoracic wall. The patient underwent complete removal of the mass, and histopathology results confirmed a mesenchymal hamartoma.     

Chondromyxoid fibroma of the foot

 Chondromyxoid fibroma is a rare benign cartilaginous tumour seen most frequently around the knee in children and young adults. Up to 17% occur in the foot, where more aggressive appearances have been reported. Four cases of chondromyxoid fibroma in the forefoot are presented, demonstrating the wide range of radiological appearances of this primary tumour. Three of the four tumours recurred, one at 19 years after surgery. These cases illustrate the need for thorough preoperative assessment to ensure complete surgical resection in an attempt to reduce the incidence of local recurrence.     

Askin瘤的MSCT表现及临床特征分析

目的 探讨Askin瘤的MSCT特点及临床特征.方法 回顾性收集12例经手术或穿刺病理证实的Askin瘤临床及影像学资料,总结分析Askin瘤的MSCT及临床特征.结果 12例Askin瘤患者,7例病灶位于胸壁;7例以发现迅速增大的疼痛性肿块就诊(58.3%,7/12);9例行手术切除及术后放化疗,随访1年内6例复发或转移(66.7%,6/9).Askin瘤MSCT表现多为胸肺交界区的不规则软组织肿块,直径2.0~13.0 cm,密度不均匀,11例囊变(91.7%,11/12),1例钙化(8.3%,1/12),边缘不清(100%,12/12),增强扫描多呈中度以上不均匀明显强化(100%,12/12),其中侵犯胸膜并向外生长11例(91.7%,11/12),9例伴有胸水(75.0%,9/12),1例伴有纵隔淋巴结肿大(8.3%,1/12),4例伴有邻近肋骨或脊柱骨质破坏(33.3%,4/12).结论 Askin瘤多表现为胸肺交界区的不规则软组织肿块,短期迅速增大,肿块呈弥漫、浸润性生长,钙化及邻近淋巴结转移少见.     

Chest wall tuberculosis: a review of CT appearances

Tuberculous abscesses of the chest wall, though uncommon are not infrequently encountered in countries endemic to the disease. This pictorial review of 14 patients highlights the varied appearance of tuberculosis (TB) of the chest wall on CT. The patients ranged in age from 9 to 55 years (a mean of 25 years) with a preponderance of chest wall lesions in young adults and in females (male to female ratio of 2:5). Cases in which there was no involvement of the chest wall other than of the spine have been excluded. In all cases CT demonstrated peripherally enhancing chest wall collections some of which were accompanied by changes in adjacent bone. Enlargement of intrathoracic lymph nodes with comparatively lesser involvement of lung parenchyma and pleura was also seen.     

Radiotherapy in the treatment of locoregional relapses of breast cancer

Locoregional recurrences of breast cancer are associated with considerable morbidity and frequently present with concurrent metastatic disease. Yet patients without systemic spread can be treated with curative intent. In a retrospective analysis, the results of treatment of these patients have been evaluated at our institution. Between 1987 and 1996, 113 patients with locoregional breast cancer relapse, without systemic manifestation, received irradiation after local tumour excision. 13 patients (11.5%) had already received radiotherapy as part of their primary treatment. In these cases, only the area involved was treated. In all other patients, the chest wall and the ipsilateral lymph nodes were irradiated. Median dose was 50 Gy (range 20-65 Gy). Median follow-up was 4.4 years. 76 patients (67.3%) presented with chest wall recurrence only, 25 patients (22.1%) with nodal relapse only and 12 patients (10.6%) with combined relapses. 93% of patients had local control of disease after treatment. Local control rate after 5 years was 59%. 63 patients (55.8%) died within the follow-up interval, 45 patients (39.8%) owing to metastases, 4 patients (3.5%) owing to local failure and 8 patients (7%) owing to causes unrelated to tumour. Overall survival after 5 years was 43%. In multivariate analysis, positive hormone receptor status, small tumours on relapse and chest wall relapses alone were associated with improved survival. Radical local therapy is necessary in order to achieve and maintain local control and to prevent secondary dissemination in patients with only local recurrence of breast cancer.     

Paracardiac pleural Castleman disease: radiographic and MR findings

Castleman disease is a rare benign lymphoid tumour of uncertain aetiology that usually appears as a solitary mediastinal mass. We report a rare case of Castleman disease in the right paracardiac pleural space, occurring in a young woman with non-specific chest discomfort. MRI showed a well-defined, oval mass that was slightly hyperintense on T(1) weighted images, inhomogeneously hyperintense on T(2) and enhanced T(1) weighted images. The patient underwent radical tumour resection and has remained well for 8 years.     

Macrocystic lymphatic malformation of the chest wall and axilla: A case report in a 45-year-old man

Lymphatic malformations (LMs) are rare, with more than 90% occurring during childhood. Most LMs are located in the head, neck and axilla. LMs in chest wall are extremely rare, particularly in adults. This report describes a 45-year-old man with a large macrocystic LM in the right anterior chest wall. Computed tomography showed a ∼15 cm sized, well-defined, homogeneous and hypoattenuated mass without enhancement in the right anterior chest wall. On ultrasonography (US), the mass was circumscribed and anechoic, with internal septations and posterior acoustic enhancement. Following surgical excision, the mass was diagnosed as a macrocystic LM.     

Chondrosarcoma presenting as an anterior mediastinal mass

We describe a chondrosarcoma presenting as an anterior mediastinal mass. The tumour was unusual in that it simulated more commonly occurring mediastinal tumours. There was relatively little destruction of the anterior chest wall and very little calcification within the lesion.     

Mediastinal lipoblastoma of infancy

We report the case of a rapidly expanding mediastinal and chest wall lipoblastoma in an 11-month old infant. Clinical presentation was respiratory distress and chest radiographs revealed a large soft tissue mass in the anterior mediastinum without specific features. CT scanning demonstrated a mass of principally fat attenuation, with enhancing hyperdense soft tissue whorls, which had a compressive effect on normal intrathoracic structures. At surgery the tumour was removed without complication and histology demonstrated an encapsulated, well differentiated lipoblastoma.     

Treatment of a Recurrent Chest Wall Desmoid Tumor Using a CT-Guided Steroid Injection

We report on a 41-year-old woman with a chest wall desmoid tumour who was successfully treated with a computed tomography (CT)-guided steroid injection. She presented with a palpable mass in the right upper chest wall and was treated by surgical excision and postoperative radiation therapy due to recurrence of the mass at the surgical site. At 20 months after the second operation, a recurrent mass was again detected in the anterosuperior portion of the previous surgical site on CT. We performed a CT-guided steroid injection weekly for 4 weeks by applying a mixture of 3 mL of triamcinolone acetonide (40 mg/mL) and 3 mL of 1% Lidocaine, administering 4-6 mL of the mixture, to the lesion. Six months later, CT showed a marked decrease in the size of the mass.     

Incidental localized (solitary) mediastinal malignant mesothelioma

Primary mediastinal mesotheliomas are rare tumours. The mesothelial lining cells of the the pericardium are suggested as the most probable cells of origin. Most of these tumours appear either as a diffuse or nodular thickening of the pericardium that encase and even invade the heart. Localized mediastinal mesotheliomas are distinctly uncommon. We report the imaging findings of a solitary malignant mediastinal mesothelioma that presented mainly as a cystic anterior mediastinal mass. On chest radiography, the tumour appeared as a right paramediastinal soft tissue mass located adjacent to the right middle and lower lobes. On CT, a large, well-circumscribed, right anterior mediastinal mass with a central zone of fluid attenuation was observed. This mass had a thin, smooth wall of uniform thickness as well as a small component that demonstrated soft tissue attenuation. There was no plane of separation between the tumour and aorta/superior vena cava. At surgery the tumour could be dissected easily free from the pericardium and great vessels and it was removed totally. Histopathological examination of the tumour revealed a malignant epitheloid mesothelioma.